• 한국농업기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국농업기계학회 1993년도 Proceedings of International Conference for Agricultural Machinery and Process Engineering
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• pp.686-695
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• 1993

A flywheel-type, inclined axis chopper for small-area rice and livestock farmers, has been developed at IRRI Agricultural Engineering, The prototype is belt-driven by a 2.6kW engine and uses four angled blades rotating below a fixed counteredge. Manual feeding is facilitated by a convenient spout presenting the crop to the inclined blade housing and also suction created by the rotating blades . The distance between the rotating blades and the bottom of the housing determines the length of chops, set here for 25 cm. The unit would cost $200 without the engine. Tests with napier grass, corn stalks , and rice straw showed satisfactory performance within the acceptable clearance, speed and moisture content ranges of the material presented. Highest capacities were 1186, 1148 and 744kg/hr for napier grass, corn stalks and rice straw, respectively. Corn stalks required the highest power demand at 2.3kW engine would be adequate as power source. The chopper performance was comparable to higher cost commercial chippers in terms of capacity and specific energy.

• 한국농업기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국농업기계학회 2002년도 동계 학술대회 논문집
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• pp.383-388
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• 2002

본 연구에서 구성한 바이오필터 시스템은 암모니아 가스를 대상으로 여러 조건에서 성능을 구명하였으며, 필터 설계시 중요 인자인 송풍량, 온도, 함수율, 압력강하, 체류시간들간의 관계를 구명하였다. 필터 내부의 온도 변화는 체류시간 및 압력손실에 거의 영향을 주지 않았으며, 함수율의 변화가 체류시간과 압력손실에 미치는 영향은 함수율 값이 증가할수록 체류시간은 감소했으며 반대로 압력손실은 증가하는 결과를 보였다. 이는 필터 내부의 공극률 변화로 생긴 결과라 판단된다. 송풍량은 바이오필터 효율에 절대적으로 영향을 미치며 송풍량이 증가할수록 체류시간은 감소하며 초기 제거율도 떨어진다. 미생물의 투입 여부에 따른 제거율은 미생물 접종을 하지 않은 경우 초기 흡착에 의한 영향으로 제거율이 높다가 시간이 지남에 따라 차츰 낮아져 90% 이하로 떨어지는 경향을 보였고, 균주를 접종한 경우에 있어서는 시운전 기간 동안 거의 100% 가까운 제거 성능을 보였다. 본 연구는 실험실에서 암모니아 가스만을 대상을 하여 실험하였다. 따라서 실제 축사에서 발생하는 다양한 성분의 악취와 농도에 대한 성능 검증과 개선에 대한 연구가 보다 장기간에 걸쳐 이루어져야 할 것이다. 또한 소요되는 에너지와 운전비용의 절감 등의 유지관리, 바이오필터와 타 방식과의 조합, 그리고 다양한 전처리 방식의 개발 등 여러 측면에서 바이오필터 성능 개선에 대한 연구가 병행되어야 할 것으로 판단된다.

• Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.59-64
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• 2002

Odor generated during composting of livestock manure is mainly due to ammonia emission. Biofiltration is a desirable method to control composting odor. This study was conducted to analyze the efficiency of using fresh compost as a biofilter. A mixture of cattle manure and recycled compost was composted in a bin equipped with a suction-type blower. The exhaust gas was filtered through the fresh compost. Residence time was controlled by the flow rate of exhaust gas and the depth of filtering materials. At the aeration rate of 30 L/min(experiment I), ammonia reduction rate varied from 100% to -15% for biofilter A(residence time 56.5 s) and almost 100% for biofilter B(residence time 113 s). At the aeration rate of 30 L/min, the cumulative ammonia reduction rate was 80.5% for biofilter A and 99.9% for biofilter B. At the aeration rate of 50 L/min(experiment II), the lowest reduction rate showed a negative value of -350% on the 8th and 9th day for biofilter A(residence time 33.9 5), and 50% on the loth day for biofilter B(residence time 67.8s). At the aeration rate of 50 L/min, the cumulative ammonia reduction rate was 82.5% fur biofilter A and 97.4% for biofilter B. Filtering efficiency was influenced by residence time. The moisture content(MC) and total nitrogen(T-N) of the filtering material were increased by absorbing moisture and ammonia included in the exhaust gas, while pH was decreased and total carbon(T-C) remained unchanged during the filtering operation.

• 한국기계가공학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.24-29
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• 2020

In South Korea, agricultural mechanization has been carried out in paddy field, but not in the upland field during recent decades. Among crops such as root vegetables, leafy vegetables from upland field, corn is used as forage for livestock as well as food for men. The corn harvester needs to be developed to replace men's labor in rural area to follow the recent needs in the farm industry. The corn harvester is comprised of three parts such as cutting part, feeding part and pick-up part. The feeding part is so long for cut corns to be delivered from the cutting part to the pick-up part. Structurally, the load from the long moment arm is likely to be big. Thus, the setup to measure the stress on the duct of the feeding part was configured with the data acquisition system. The strain gages were attached on several points that seem to be loaded a lot comparatively. The stress was measured and the measured stresses were divided by the yield stress to get the safety factor. And then, we made sure the safety factors were above 1 on the all points. In conclusion, the feeding part of the corn harvester which convey the cut corn from the cutting part from the pick-up part can be regarded to be made safe structurally.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.24-41
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• 1995

본 연구는 선진국의 축산분야의 전자기술 응용사례에 관한 문헌연구를 통하여 전자기술과 마이크로프로세서가 현대 축산의 환경계측제어 및 사양관리 자동화에 어떻게 응용되고 있는 가를 분석하고, 그들의 응용기술을 선발하는데 목적을 두고 수행하였다. 그리고 다음과 같은 분야를 중점적으로 조사분석하였는데, 연구결과에 의하면 우리나라의 실정에 맞게 선진국의 기술을 개선하여 충분히 응용할 수 있으리라 사료된다. 조사 연구된 분야는 환경계측제어 분야와 사양관리 자동화 분야로, 환경계측제어에는 온도, 상대습도, 암모니아 농도, 사료 및 물 소비량에 대하여 분석하였으며, 사양관리 자동화에는 낙농을 위하여 컴퓨터 보조 사료급여 시스템, 젖소 성능과 건강의 모니터링, 관리 시스템을 위한 처리제어의 가능성을, 양돈을 위하여 혼합사료의 상차와 하자, 돈방에 습식사료를 배분하는 것의 정확도, 섭취시간의 제어, 트랜스폰더 - 사료급여를 분석하였다.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.341-346
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• 2004

Recent livestock people concern not only increase of production, but also superior quality of animal-breeding environment. So far, the optimization of the breeding and air environment has been focused on the production increase. In the very near future, the optimization will be emphasized on the environment for the animal welfare and health. Especially, cattle farming demands the precision livestock farming and special attention has to be given to the management of feeding, animal health and fertility. The management of individual animal is the first step for precision livestock farming and animal welfare, and recognizing each individual is important for that. Though electronic identification of a cattle such as RFID(Radio Frequency Identification) has many advantages, RFID implementations practically involve several problems such as the reading speed and distance. In that sense, computer vision might be more effective than RFID for the identification of an individual animal. The researches on the identification of cattle via image processing were mostly performed with the cows having black-white patterns of the Holstein. But, the native Korean and Japanese cattle do not have any definite pattern on the body. The purpose of this research is to identify the Japanese black cattle that does not have a body pattern using computer vision technology and neural network algorithm. Twelve heads of Japanese black cattle have been tested to verify the proposed scheme. The values of input parameters were specified and then computed using the face images of cattle. The images of cattle faces were trained using associate neural network algorithm, and the algorithm was verified by the face images that were transformed using brightness, distortion, and noise factors. As a result, there was difference due to transform ratio of the brightness, distortion, and noise. And, the proposed algorithm could identify 100% in the range from -3 to +3 degrees of the brightness, from -2 to +4 degrees of the distortion, and from 0% to 60% of the noise transformed images. It is concluded that our system can not be applied in real time recognition of the moving cows, but can be used for the cattle being at a standstill.

• Annals of Laboratory Medicine
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• 제38권6호
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• pp.555-562
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• 2018

Background: The emerging mobile colistin resistance gene, mcr-1, is an ongoing worldwide concern and an evaluation of clinical isolates harboring this gene is required in Korea. We investigated mcr-1-possessing Enterobacteriaceae among Enterobacteriaceae strains isolated in Korea, and compared the genetic details of the plasmids with those in Escherichia coli isolates from livestock. Methods: Among 9,396 Enterobacteriaceae clinical isolates collected between 2010 and 2015, 1,347 (14.3%) strains were resistant to colistin and those were screened for mcr-1 by PCR. Colistin minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined by microdilution, and conjugal transfer of the mcr-1-harboring plasmids was assessed by direct mating. Whole genomes of three mcr-1-positive Enterobacteriaceae clinical isolates and 11 livestock-origin mcr-1-positive E. coli isolates were sequenced. Results: Two E. coli and one Enterobacter aerogenes clinical isolates carried carried IncI2 plasmids harboring mcr-1, which conferred colistin resistance (E. coli MIC, 4 mg/L; E. aerogenes MIC, 32 mg/L). The strains possessed the complete conjugal machinery except for E. aerogenes harboring a truncated prepilin peptidase. The E. coli plasmid transferred more efficiently to E. coli than to Klebsiella pneumoniae or Enterobacter cloacae recipients. Among the three bacterial hosts, the colistin MIC was the highest for E. coli owing to the higher mcr-1-plasmid copy number and mcr-1 expression levels. Ten mcr-1-positive chicken-origin E. coli strains also possessed mcr-1-harboring IncI2 plasmids closely related to that in the clinical E. aerogenes isolate, and the remaining one porcine-origin E. coli possessed an mcr-1-harboring IncX4 plasmid. Conclusions: mcr-1-harboring IncI2 plasmids were identified in clinical Enterobacteriaceae isolates. These plasmids were closely associated with those in chicken-origin E. coli strains in Korea, supporting the concept of mcr-1 dissemination between humans and livestock.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.457-464
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to develop a pilot scale bio-filter system removing ammonia gas with microorganisms. The system consisted of chaff(filter medium), a blower, a temperature sensor, a moisture sensor, a solenoid valve, and a heating system. Temperature and moisture contents were controlled via a PC to provide the microorganisms with proper environment. The microorganisms used in this study were Bacillius. coagulans NLRI T-6 and Pseudononas. putida NLRI S-21 of bacilli. Performance tests were performed to evaluate gas removal rate during 20 days. The result was shown that the removal rate was high in early days and gradually dropped below 90% without injecting the microbes. However, it was shown that when injecting the microbes, the removal rate was almost 100% and pH value was maintained at between 7 and 9 during the whole twenty-day period.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.81-90
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• 1988

Agricultural and municipal wastes arc serious nuisance. in Korea. Disposal of these wastes by land application, incineration or burial have created serious environmental problems such as air pollution and ground water contamination. Uncomposted waste materials are also potential sources of plant and soil pathogens. As available sites for waste burial become more difficult to find and air quality standards for incineration become stricter, composting as a method for treating solid wastes will become more attractive. This article discussed the recent topics on composting to further develop a rational strategy. The future of composting is developed based on the interacting factors of the price of energy and fertilizer, public policy, economic considerations, and biotechnology.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.182-190
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• 1996

A macerating technique which can apply to the mechanical production system of the agricultural by-product was developed to increase the utilization of agricultural waste and solve the shortage problem in the forage supply for the livestock production. The macerating method is to shred the agricultural by-product by the two rolls which rotate at different speeds each other. The testing macerator was built and the optimum operating conditions are suggested. Results of this research are as follows: 1. The increase of the base roll speed and speed ratio between two rolls shows the better shredding index but decrease the drying rate. The optimum conditions of the base roll speed and the speed ratio between two rolls for the rice straw are 1200 rpm and 1.7-2.0 respectively. 2. The macerated alfalfa was dried to the 15%(w.b.) within 3 hrs in a field at speed ratio of rolls, 2:1 and base roll speed, 1800rpm. 3. The milled surface and straight knurled surface for the macerating roll have same effect on the drying rate of material. Both rolls have self-cleaning functions during operation.