• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.183-190
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• 2013

Establishment of a new concept of environmental friendly livestock manure management is required based on the facts. But now liquid fertilizer quality in korea shows a large difference among regions and the regulations are uncertain. Focusing on precedent study on main level-grading factors of liquid fertilizer quality certification, the study collected laws and standards related to liquid fertilizer of livestock manure at home and abroad and produced evaluation standards. Liquid fertilizer was divided into four factors (fertilizing value, harmfulness, stability and uniformity). According to each item, scores were awarded based on 16 details: fertilizing value (Nitrogen concentration, the whole concentration of Nitrogen, Phosphoric acid and Kalium), harmfulness (heavy metals, pathogenic microorganism and antibiotics), stability (maturity degree and odour), uniformity (EC, BOD, SS, moisture content and salt). The grade of liquid fertilizer, A (42~48), B (34~41), C (26~33) were rated using total scores.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.32-37
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• 2005

This study was conducted the slurry pig manure treatment by condensation drying of liquid from the slurry manure with a heat-pump and electric heater combined with air flow channel system. The system was designed as liquid and solid matters separation of slurry manure, and it can doing continuous input of slurry manure from a pig house, and it can operated year round use for pig farms. The separation of liquid and solid matters from slurry manure needed the prevention of solid accumulation in the system. The system was designed as closed space from outside air space for maximized evaporation of liquid and the condensation of liquid from slurry manure. The system can be operated the pig slurry manure treatment regardless of seasons in a yew. The separated evaporation water from the pig slurry manure by the heat-pump was satisfactorily pure water that can be used as washing water in livestock farms. The system can applicate to about 100 heads of pig, and the proper area of evaporation plate system was considered around $10\;m^2$. The input electrical energy of about 15 kWh which the cost equal to 250,000 won per month.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제58권6호
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• pp.31-38
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to assess nonpoint sources (NPS) pollution affected by liquid manure and regulating gate in a small agricultural watershed. The study area, which is a wide plain farmland, was operating by the Buyong regulating gate in order to maintain irrigation water level during irrigation period. Consequentially, runoff only occurs through the gate at each event in rainy season for avoiding farmland inundation. In addition, the usage ratio of liquid manure in the study area has been increased greatly since 2014. Discharge loads at the Hwaingsan bridge subwatershed were 1.2 times for T-N, 4-10 times for T-P, and 3-8 times for TOC compared with the Soyang watershed (control) during study period. The reason was that NPS pollutants from upper Gpeun and Sangri bridge subwatersheds, which are widely spraying with livestock liquid manure, were stack at this subwaterehd because of regulating gate in non-rainy seasons. A number of agricultural watersheds in Saemangeum watershed are affected by regulating gate and vigorous livestock activities so that substantial management schemes under controling regulating gate are needed for minimizing livestock related NPS.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제11권3로
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• pp.189-196
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• 2005

본 연구는 국내에 설치되어 있는 액비저장조의 운영실태를 조사하고, 액비저장조에서 발생되는 악취물질을 구명하고자 수행하였다. 1. 국내에 200톤 규모의 액비저장조를 설치한 60 농가를 대상으로 한 본 조사에서 약 $93\%$가 액비저장조를 제대로 가동을 하고 있었으며 이중 $57\%$가 액비제조시 폭기 처리하고 있었다. 2. 조사 농가 중 년간 액비의 활용 횟수는 2회가 $50\%$로 나타났고 액비의 부숙 효과를 높이고 악취를 저감시키기 위한 목적으로 $64\%$가 미생물제제를 첨가하고 있었다. 반면에 액비 이용시 인력 장비의 비용 및 악취물질 발생 저감을 위한 첨가제 비용이 $43\%$로 조사되어 액비이용 시 문제점으로 지적되었다. 3. 액비 제조 형태별 악취물질 발현양상으로 호기 제조시 액비저장조내에서는 iso-valeric acid가 0.012에서 0.07ppm, Propionic acid가 $0.17\~2.85ppm$의 범위로 검지되었으며 혐기 제조시에는 n-Butyric acid가 1.5에서 2.3ppm, n-valeric acid가 $1.3\~1.8ppm$, acetaldehyde가 0.8에서 2.1ppm로 검지되어 호기 제조방법과 혐기 제조방법 모두 휘발성 지방산의 농도는 악취방지법의 규제농도 이상이었다. 부지경계선에서의 악취물질을 보면 호기시에는 미검출로 나타났고 혐기 제조시에는 Acetaldehyde가 $0.4\~0.9ppm$ 수준으로 검지되어 악취방지법의 규제농도를 초과였다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.22-30
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• 1999

본 연구는 사일리지용 옥수수(Zea mays L.)에 액상분뇨를 축종과 N수준을 달리하여 시용했을 때 사일리지용 옥수수의 사초수량, 무기물함량 N균형, 토양화학성분 및 토양침투수중 질산태질소함량 변화를 구명하고자 7처리 (화학비료표준구 $200kg\;N;ha^{-1}$, 소액상분뇨구 200, 320, $440kg\;N;ha^{-1}$, 돼지액상분뇨구 200, 320, $440kg\;N;ha^{-1}$를 난괴법 3반복으로 배치하여 1997년 5월부터 1997년 8월까지 수원의 축산기술연구소 사료포장에서 수행하였으며, 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 사일리지용 옥수수의 평균 건물률은 액상분뇨 시용처리에 따른 차이가 없었으나, 건물수량에 있어서는 유의적인 차이가 있었다(P<0.05). 또한 평균 건물수량은 돼지 액상분뇨구가 소액상분뇨구보다 높은 경향이었다. 옥수수의 무기물함량중 칼륨, 칼슘, 마그네슘은 가축액상분뇨의 시용량이 증가됨에 따라 증가하였다(P<0.05). 사일리지용 옥수수의 질산태질소함량은 소액상분뇨구에서 시용수준에 의한 영향을 밖지 않았으나 돼지액상분뇨구에서는 시용수준이 증가됨에 따라 증가하였다. 액상분뇨의 시용은 시험후 토양의 pH. 치환성양이온함량을 증가시켰다. 표토(0-10cm)중 유효인산함량은 돼지 액상분뇨 $440kg\;N;ha^{-1}$구에서 $340mg\;kg^{-1}$으로 가장 높았다. 토양침투수중 질산태질소 농도는 돼지액상분뇨 $440kg\;N;ha^{-1}$구에서 증가하였다. 가축액상분뇨 시용량이 많을수록 N 수지량은 증가되었다. 이상의 연구결과를 볼 때 소액상분뇨구 보다 돼지액상분뇨구의 평균건물수량이 높았고, N 수지량은 시용수준의 증가에 따라 높아졌다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.203-210
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• 1999

가축액비의 영양성분 중 질소(N)는 환경적인 면과 사초수량을 고려했을 때 잠재력이 가장 높다. 본 연구는 추파용 연맥에 가축액비의 N 함량을 기준으로 시용수준을 달리하여 시용했을 때 추파용 연맥(Avena saliva L.)의 무기물 함량 및 질산태질소 함량 그리고 토양화학성분 변화를 구명하고자 7처리(화학비료표준구 $120kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$, 우분액비구 120, 240, $360kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$ 돈분액비구 120, 240, $360kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$)를 난괴법 3반복으로 배치하여 1997년 수원에서 수행하였다. 대조구와 비교하여 추파용 연맥의 무기물 함량은 액상분뇨의 시용량이 증가됨에 따라 증가되는 경향을 보였다. 추파용 연맥의 질산태질소 함량은 $1,881-2,605mg\;kg^{-1}$의 범위를 보였으며, 금비구>우분액비 $360kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$구>돈분액비 $240kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$구 순이었다. 액상분뇨의 시용량이 증가될 수록 토양중 치환성 양이온 함량이 높아지는 경향을 보였다. 토양중 전질소 및 무기태질소량은 액상분뇨 시용량에 따라 달랐는데 그 중에서도 돈분액비 $360kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$ 구에서 가장 높았다. 토양침투수중 질산태질소 농도는 시험기간중 심한 변이를 나타내지 않았다. 이상의 결과로 볼 때 토양중 질소량은 돈분액비 $360kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$구, 돈분액비 $240kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$ 순이었다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.366-368
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• 2013

BACKGROUND: Composting is the most frequently used waste management process for animal manure in Korea's livestock industry. In the composting process, a large amount of nitrogen (N) is volatilized to the atmosphere as amonia ($NH_3$). However, quantitative information of $NH_3$ emission from composting of liquid manure is required to obtain emission factors for management of livestock manure in Korea. METHODS AND RESULTS: To evaluate the $NH_3$ emission from composting of liquid manure affected by aeration, we conducted composting of liquid pig manure with three forced aeration systems. The aeration conditions were continuous (A60), cycle of 30 min aeration and 30 min pause (A30S30) and without aeration(A0). All treatments were aerated 12 hour per day with these aeration systems. The total ratio of $NH_3$ volatilization loss to total N content in liquid manure throughout composting period was estimated to 19.9% for A0 treatment, 25.9% for A30S30 treatment and 36.3% for A60 treatment. The A30S30 and A60 aeration systems increased $NH_3$ volatilization by 30.2 and 82.3% compared with systems without forced aeration. CONCLUSION(S): Ammonia emission during liquid pig manure composting was highly affected by forced aeration. The development of liquid pig manure composting systems with forced aeration would be considered both reducing ammonia emission and efficiency of composting.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.722-727
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• 2017

Livestock manure is known to be the main cause of non-point pollution in agricultural areas. The pollutant reduction ratio of livestock manure recycling to fertilizers was measured in order to analyze the effect on the water quality of the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) system in Korea. The reduction ratio has been applied by theoretical consideration without a survey, and there is no value for Total Organic Carbon (TOC) newly introducing any organic items. The reduction ratio of each pollutant from this study was revealed as follows: TOC, BOD, T-N and T-P were 0.34, 0.60, 0.37, and 0.42 for individual farm and 0.38, 0.61, 0.45 and 0.44 for entrustment facilities, respectively. The reduction ratio of individual farm was surveyed as TOC 0.63, BOD 0.62, T-N 0.42 and T-P 0.32 for liquid fertilizer, and TOC 0.30, BOD 0.64, T-N 0.40 and T-P 0.48 for compost. The total reduction ratio was derived by multiplying the ratio for liquid fertilizer and compost by the respective load. Compared to the pollutant reduction ratio of the individual farm with entrustment facilities marking the higher in liquid fertilizer and the lower in compost. Through this study, we found the difference of pollutant reduction ratio between a livestock manure recycling process and facilities. Although phosphorus is known as a preservative matter, the treatment efficiency of T-P is analyzed to decrease by chemical precipitation.

• 한국태양에너지학회 논문집
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.19-26
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• 2016

Biomass has been used for energy sources from the prehistoric age. Biomass are converted into solid, liquid or gaseous fuels and are used for heating, electricity generation or for transportation recently. Solid biofuels such as bio-chips or bio-pellet are used for heating or electricity generation. Liquid biofuels such as biodiesel and bioethanol from sugars or lignocellulosics are well known renewable transportation fuels. biogas produced from organic waste are also used for heating, generation and vehicles. Biomass resources for the production of above mentioned biofuels are classified under following 4 categories, such as forest biomass, agricultural residue biomass, livestock manure and municipal organic wastes. The energy potential of those biomass resources existing in Korea are estimated. The energy potential for dry biomass (forest, agricultural, municipal waste) were estimated from their heating value contained, whereas energy potential of wet biomass (livestock manure, food waste, waste sludge) is calculated from the biological methane potential of them on annual basis. Biomass resources potential of those 4 categories in Korea are estimated to be as follows. Forest biomass 355.602 million TOE, agricultural biomass 4.019 million TOE, livestock manure biomass 1.455 million TOE, and municipal organic waste 1.074 million TOE are available for biofuels production annually.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제47권6호
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• pp.432-436
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• 2014

While searching for healthier diets, people became more attentive to agricultural organic products. However, organic foods may be more susceptible to microbiological contamination because of the use of livestock manure compost and liquid manure, potential sources of pathogenic bacteria. This study was undertaken to investigate the persistence of Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Listeria monocytogenes in soil, liquid manure amended soil, and liquid manure. Loamy soil, liquid manure amended soil, and liquid manure were inoculated with S. enterica, E. coli O157:H7, and L. monocytogenes. Samples were incubated in consistent moisture content at $25^{\circ}C$. Samples had been periodically collected during 120 days depending on the given conditions. S. enterica and E. coli O157:H7 survived over 120 days in loamy soil and over 60 days in liquid manure amended soil, respectively. L. monocytogenes decreased faster than other pathogens in soil. S. enterica, E. coli O157:H7, and L. monocytogenes survived for up to 5 days in liquid manure. S. enterica and E. coli O157:H7 in soil decreased by 2 to $2.5log\;CFU\;g^{-1}$ for 120 days. S. enterica and E. coli O157:H7 in liquid manure amended soil decreased slowly for 21 days. However, S. enterica, E. coli O157:H7, and L. monocytogenes sharply decreased after 21 days. S. enterica, E. coli O157:H7, and L. monocytogenes in soil increased by 0.5 to $1.0log\;CFU\;g^{-1}$ for 7 days. Foodborne pathogens in soil and liquid manure amended soil gradually decreased over time.