• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.586-596
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• 1998

The relevance and importance of buffalo production under coconut plantations in the North Westen Province of Sri Lanka was studied in three districts (Bingiriya, Pannala, Kuliyapitiya). The objective of the study was to collect baseline information on socioeconomic and cultural aspects of buffalo production, with a view to promote and disseminate new technologies. The survey technique used consisted of a formal survey using a structured questionnaire (71 households) and rapid appraisal (55 households). The results indicate the existence of a wide stratification of dariy farmers which ranged from skilled dairy operators with high levels of production and management of efficiency to marginal subsistence farmers with low levels of productivity. The most frequent family size of households ranged from 4-5 members (58%), and the average family size was 4.7. The actual average land ownership accounts to 2.4 ha of upland and 0.5 ha of lowland, but when their accessibility to common property resources are taken into account, the land availability was assessed at 13 ha and 0.7 ha of upland and lowland, respectively. The highest average monthly income (Rs. 13,590) was received by farmers with off-farm employment (primary) who are also engaged in livestock production (secondary), and livestock contributed 43% of the total income. Livestock farmers who practised integrated crop farming as a secondary source of income received a monthly income of Rs. 10,843, and those involved in crop production as the primary source received the lowest average income (Rs. 7,295). The survey revealed a high investment cost on concentrate feeds (47%) for milk production. However some farmers obtained higher milk yields (11 litres/cow/day) at lower ration costs, and this could be attributed to the entrepreneurship skills and management efficiency. The study area had a well developed market infrastructure for fresh milk, principally due to the existence of the Nestle's company and the Coconut Triangle Milk Union. On an average the producer collected Rs. 10 per litre of milk marketed.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.85-97
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• 2019

Background: Despite the increasing role of dry forests in climate change adaptation and mitigation, these versatile resources has got less attention in the national and regional planning, their potential to enhance the local and national economy has been overlooked, and their contribution to sustainable environmental management has not been recognized. Hence, the objective of this study was to assess the socioeconomic contribution of dry forests and forest products to climate change adaptation in the Liben Woreda, Southern Oromia region of Ethiopia. Methods: For this study, an integrated qualitative and quantitative approach was used. A total of 74 households from villages in the Bulbul, Boba, and Melka-Guba kebeles were randomly selected for the household survey. Results: Results showed that 75% of the respondents in the area indicated that climate change has become their major sources of vulnerability, where drought has been manifested in the form of crops failure and massive death of livestock particularly cattle species. The main income strategies of the study households include livestock, crop, forests such as gum and resins, firewood and charcoal and non-farm activities such as in the form of petty trade, wage and aid. The average total household income was ETB 11,209.7. Out of this, dry forest income constituted 15% of the total income. In addition to using dry forests as rangeland for livestock, the communities collect wood for construction, fodder, traditional medicine, and forest food both for subsistence and for sale. On the other hand, dry forest products could be considered as less vulnerable, rather resilient livelihood strategies to climate- and environment-related risks compared to livestock and crop production such as in the face of drought periods. More than 48.6% of the households argued that the income generated from dry forests increased substantially due to increment in the level of engagement of family members in forest based income activities. On the other hand, 35.8% of the households responded that livestock production, particularly camels and goats, have been making the livelihood strategies of the respondents more resilient indicating the shift made from grazers browsers to livestock. In general trends show that, the trends of livelihood dependency on dry forest were highly increasing indicating the importance of dry forest income in responsse to frequent droughts. Conclusions: Dry forest income has been becoming crucial livelihood staretgy in response to frequent droughts in the study area and hence, it is important to improve the management of dry forests for livelihood enhancement, while also securing their long-term ecological functions.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.3420-3429
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• 1974

This study was performed to estimate the daily water consumption for watering livestock and home use, and to organize the water systems in the rural districts of Korea. For these purposes, 560 farms and other 40 urban families were randomly chosen and investigated about their water systems and daily water consumption seasonally from July 20 to August 31, 1973, and other 82 livestock raisers' useful data for watering livestock helped the study to assess the consumption of livestock water and compare it to that of general farms which bred some domestic animals as their sidelines. The results of data showed that the daily consumption of water was varied with the difference of districts and seasons in which the investigations were conducted. The results were summarized as follows. 1. The mean consumption of water for home use was varied with the range of 30.2-48.7 lit./day in summer and 22.4-45.2 lit./day per a person, respectively, in the rural districts, which showed that the water consumption in summer was more than in autumn. 2. The mean consumption of livestock water in the general farms approached to about 15.8-37.1 lit./day per cattle, 3.87-16.45 lit./day per a pig, and 0.19-1.03 lit./day per chicken, but it was slightly reduced in autumn; 10.89-37.09 lit./day per cattle, 3.87-12.63 lit./day per a pig, and 0.06-0.94 lit./day per chicken. The ratio of livestock water consumption to home use amounted to the range of 10-25%. 3. The mean consumption of livestock water used at the livestock raisers amounted to 134 lit./day per dairy cow, 67.4 lit./day per cattle, 43.29 lit./day per a horse, 13.24 lit./day per a pig, 0.438 lit./day per a layer, and 0.177 lit./day per a broiler, which showed that the daily water consumption for larger livestock was about two times as much as the farms, but it was approximately of the same for small ones. 4. The factors affecting the amount of water consumption for home use were statistically analyzed to find the kind of water sources and the class of water systems by the factorial arrangement method to the fundamental experimental unit, Suwon area of 100 of families, in which the former was very significant while the latter was significant. However, the standard of living and their interactions were not significant. 5. Almost 83.24% of the sampled farms used some kinds of wells as their water sources, of which 32.06% was of hard water, and of which 11.l% or 2.6% contained much of iron or organice materials, respectively, examining them by a simple technique of sensibility, 6. The resulting chart of the farm water systems was summarized as Fig. IV-6. Observating the safe distance from contamination sources, the ratio of 42.4% of sampled farms whose water sources were wells, confronted highly to the danger of contamination to their water sources. And other dangerous sources of contamination such as toilets, stalls, and compost heaps were situated nearly to the water sources, and most of them were able to make their spoiled water infiltrated into the ground. Thereafter, it was recommended to develop some protecting methods and to install some suitable faculties to clean water.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.71-76
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• 2014

The Netherlands produce more than 11 million tonnes of milk per year, and approximately 60% of the milk is exported. Dutch milk production is five times higher than that of Korea, even though Korea comprises a land area three times greater than the Netherlands. Upscaling and intensification have characterized the Dutch way of dairy farming since 1960, and adverse effects of the intensification of dairy farming became evident from the late 1970s and early 1980s onwards. The transition toward a more sustainable farming system is a central element of the Dutch agenda for the reconstruction of the livestock production sector. The environmental problems in Dutch dairy farming in the 1980s have led to the establishment of the experimental dairy farm "De Marke" which aims at improving the utilization of fertilizers and feeds, through minimizing nutrient requirements, maximizing the use of nutrients in organic manure and homegrown feeds, and through the targeted use of fertilizers and feeds. 85 cows at "De Marke" produce 720 tonnes of milk per year, using 55 ha of pasture in a sustainable manner. That means, 150,000 ha of pasture are required to produce 2 million tonnes of milk, which the current milk production of Korea. It is urgent to provide sufficient pasture for sustainable milk production in Korea, and primarily the transition to pasture of surplus rice paddies, resulting from of a decrease in rice consumption, should be considered.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.105-112
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• 2007

본 연구는 축산 농가에 적용할 광역방제기를 개발하는데 있어 선행되어야 할 팬의 성능을 실험하고 분석하는데 목적이 있다. 연구에 사용된 방제기 팬은 최고 살포거리가 140m이고 유효 살포거리가 100 m가 되도록 설계 및 제작되었다. 따라서, 멀리 살포될 수 있도록 설계된 팬의 풍량은 $3,600\;m^3/min$, 정압은 100 mmAq로 하였다. 이러한 팬의 성능을 측정하고 분석하기 위하여 덕트를 이용한 풍동실험장치를 구성하였다. 본 실험에 앞서, 풍량 $600\;m^3/min$, 전압 500 mmAq을 요하는 팬을 이용하여 기초 실험으로 수행하였다. 덕트 끝단에 설치된 스로틀 밸브를 통하여 풍량을 조절하며, 송풍출구와 정류격자 사이에 설치된 피토관을 이용하여 전압과 정압을 측정하였다. 풍량은 5개의 구간으로 나누고, 각 풍량에서 덕트 단면 내의 10개 지점에서 피토관 측정을 하였다. 이렇게 풍동실험을 통해 나온 결과를 예측된 결과와 비교하여 방제기 팬의 성능을 분석하였다. 측정 결과 풍량에 따른 축동력은 예측한 성능곡선과 비교하였을 때 실험 팬의 최적설계사양과 같은 최소의 오차가 났으며, 동력 효율이 최대로 나타났다. 소음측정 결과는 92.1 dB로 나타나 환경기준인 85 dB에는 미달되지만 밀폐된 실험장소를 감안한다면 기준에 적합한 것으로 판단되었다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제11권7호
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• pp.721-727
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• 2002

The characteristics of drinking groundwater quality at Chung Cheong Nam Do was analyzed by investigating the 3,086 groundwater data which were carried out the water quality inspection from Jan. 1998 to Dec. 1998. It was found that all the mean concentration of items was not over the drinking water quality standard except Zn at Yeongee area. The highest mean concentration of nitrate was $8.2 mg/{\ell}$ at Hongsung area. And the mean concentrations of nitrate and ammonium at Sucheon, Yesan, Yeongee were relatively higher. It was considered that the groundwater of that area was contaminated by breeding livestock as farm pollutants. The mean concentrations of chloride, hardness and evaporation residual at coastal regions were higher than inland regions. Especially the mean concentration of chloride was 2.5 times higher. It was considered that the groundwater at coastal regions was affected by seawater. It was found that the correlation between Fe and Mn was relatively high(r=0.776) and the correlation between hardness and evaporation residual was very high(r=0.983). The rainfall series and detection rate of E-coli had the hydrologic persistence. The correlation between the detection rate and rainfall series over 150 mm was very high (r=0.9146). Therefore it is surely required to control the groundwater sanitation in the rainy season.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.44-52
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• 2020

Objective: Minerals are one of the important nutrients for supporting the growth of sheep grazing in the highland, northwest of China. The experiment was conducted to investigate the relationship of both macro and micro minerals in sheep grazing in the highlands of six districts located in the Qilian Mountain of China. Methods: Samples of herbage (n = 240) and soil (n = 240) were collected at random in a "W" shape across the area designated for harvesting from 24 farms, where the sheep commonly graze in October (winter) for mineral analyses. In addition, serum samples were taken via jugular vein from 20 sheep per farm from 24 farms (n = 480 samples in total) for serum minerals analyses. Mean values of macro and micro minerals were statistically compared among districts and the correlations among soil-plant-animal were statistically analyzed and correlations were regressed, as well. Results: The results revealed that there were variations for both macro and micro minerals among districts. Statistical analysis of the correlation coefficients between herbage and sheep were significantly different for most of the minerals but not for P, Cu, and Se. Many correlation regression coefficients were found significantly different among minerals of herbage, soil, and sheep serum especially those of K, Na, Fe, Mn, and Zn (between herbage and sheep serum), and Fe and Mn (between herbage and soil), Na, Fe, Mn, and Zn (between soil and sheep serum), respectively. The regression coefficient equations derived under this experiment for prediction of Ca (R² = 0.618), K (R² = 0.803), Mg (R² = 0.767), Na (R² = 0.670), Fe (R² = 0.865),Zn (R² = 0.950), Mn (R² = 0.936), and Se (R² = 0.630), resulted in significant R² values. Conclusion: It is inferred that the winter herbage minerals in all the districts were below the recommended levels for macro minerals which indicated there would be some mineral deficiencies in sheep grazing the herbage in these regions. Supplemental minerals may therefore play an important role in balancing the minerals available from the herbage in winter and would lead to increased productivity in sheep on the highland areas of China. These findings could be potentially applied to the other regions for improving the livestock productivity.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제53권4호
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• pp.325-332
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• 2011

본 연구는 도체 평가형질인 도체중, 등지방두께, 등심면적 및 근내지방도에 대한 유전모수 및 한우 암소 번식우의 육종가 추정에서 사육농가가 미치는 영향력을 파악하기 위하여 실시하였다. 자료는 강원도 평창군내 한우 사육농가에서 비육 출하한 거세우의 도체성적과 거세우의 혈통 자료를 이용하였으며 유전분석은 다음과 같은 3개의 모델을 적용하여 실시하였다. 모델 1은 도축장소-도축년도-도축월을 동기우 그룹으로 형성한 고정효과로 그리고 상가적 개체 유전 효과를 임의 효과로 포함시켰고, 모델 2는 모델 1에 사육농가의 효과를 임의 효과로 추가하였으며, 모델 3은 모델 1에 사육농가의 효과를 고정효과로 추가하였다. 각 모델을 적용해서 실시한 분석결과를 비교해보면 모델 1에 비해 사육농가의 효과를 포함한 모델 2나 모델 3에서 모든 형질의 유전력 추정치가 작았는데 특히 도체중의 경우 모델 1에서의 유전력이 0.23, 모델 2에서의 유전력이 0.15, 모델 3에서의 유전력이 0.18로 사육농가효과를 포함한 모델에서 유전력 크기의 감소가 더 심했으며, 사육농가를 포함한 모델 2나 모델 3의 최대우도 값(maximum log Likelihood)은 도체중에서 각각 -44629.70과 -43956.12, 등지방두께에서 각각 -22939.43과 22687.18, 등심 면적에서 각각 29370.39와 29016.19, 근내지방도에서 각각 -11678.12와 -11591.64로 사육농가를 포함하지 않은 모델 1에서 각각의 우도함수 값 -44900.86 (도체중), -23055.71 (등지방두께), -29438.26 (등심면적), -11750.38 (근내지방도) 보다 더 컸고, 사육농가의 효과를 임의효과로 적합시킨 모델 2에서 사육농가의 분산은 형질에 따라 최대 18% (도체중)에서 최하 4% (등심면적)의 범위로 추정되었다. 그리고 거세우 어미 전체의 육종가를 이용하여 추정한 육종가의 모델 간 순위 상관 계수와 모델 1로 추정한 육종가에 근거하여 상위 10%와 하위 10%에 해당하는 암소를 각각 선발하고 선발된 집단 내에서 추정된 각 형질들의 모델 간 순위 상관계수를 추정한 결과 상위 10% 그룹내에서 형질별로 모델간 상관 계수는 0.57에서 0.95의 범위였고, 하위 10% 그룹 내에서 0.68에서 0.95의 범위였는데 이것은 육종가 추정에 적용된 모델에 따라 육종가 순위에 차이가 발생할 수 있음을 보여준다. 이러한 결과들은 한우 암소의 도체형질 개량을 위한 목적으로 육종가를 추정할 때 분석모형에 사육농가의 효과를 포함시켜야 함을 시사한다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권9호
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• pp.1250-1253
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• 2014

The objective of this study was to estimate the parameters of Gompertz growth curves with the measurements of body conformation, real-time ultrasound longissimus dorsi muscle area (LMA) and backfat thickness (BFT) in Hanwoo cows. The Hanwoo cows (n = 3,373) were born in 97 Hanwoo commercial farms in the 17 cities or counties of Gyeongbuk province, Korea, between 2000 and 2007. A total of 5,504 ultrasound measurements were collected for the cows at the age of 13 to 165 months in 2007 and 2008. Wither height (HW), rump height (HR), the horizontal distance between the top of the hips (WH), and girth of chest (GC) were also measured. Analysis of variance was conducted to investigate variables affecting LMA and BFT. The effect of farm nested in location was included in the statistical model, as well as the effects of HW, HR, WH, and GC as covariates. All of the effects were significant in the analysis of variance for LMA and BFT (p<0.01), except for the HR effect for LMA. The two ultrasound measures and the four body conformation traits were fitted to a Gompertz growth curve function to estimate parameters. Upper asymptotic weights were estimated as $54.0cm^2$, 7.67 mm, 125.6 cm, 126.4 cm, 29.3 cm, and 184.1 cm, for LMA, BFT, HW, HR, WH, and GC, respectively. Results of ultrasound measurements showed that Hanwoo cows had smaller LMA and greater BFT than other western cattle breeds, suggesting that care must be taken to select for thick BFT rather than an increase of only beef yield. More ultrasound records per cow are needed to get accurate estimates of growth curve, which, thus, helps producers select animals with high accuracy.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.1-22
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• 2005

This study was focused on the system of regional resource circulation(RRC) of Asan-Si as a case region. So 301 farmers(members of producer organization) who are managing environmental-friendly agriculture (EFA) are surveyed. The RRC system is focused on establishing the system of regional complex farming connected with the seedling fanning and the livestock. The main results surveyed are as follows : First, total cultivated acreage is 574ha. Second, the total quantity of by-products of rices, beans, wheats is 983M/T. Third, the total quantity of nutrient requirement for seeding fanning is 85,335.6kg This research shows how to develop the RRC system for EFA. The development model and strategies are as follows : The first model for the system of regional resource circulation can be called the scenario of the best output for the system of environmentally friendly resource circulation. It is considered to estimate the appropriate number of heads of Korean cattle and hen which can be bred simultaneously. And the second model can be called the scenario of the regional allotment for the appropriate number of heads of those. It is considered to estimate the appropriate number of heads of those which can be alloted by the individual farm or area.