• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.101-107
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• 2000

To evaluate the effect of intervals of bromobenzene treatment on the liver damage, the bromobenzene (400 mg/kg, i.p.) was given to rats at either one day or two days interval at three times. All the experimental animals were sacrificed at 24 hours after the last injection. Liver morphological changes were observed under a light microscopic examination and liver functional changes were determined by the measurement of alaine aminotransferase (ALT) activity and hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) content. The experimental to examine the cause of liver damage were cytochrome P45O, glutathione (GSH) content and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities. The results are summarized as follows; Based on the liver morphological and functional findings, the daily bromobenzene-treated rats (ED) showed the more severe liver damage than every other day bromobenzene-treated rats (EOD). The hepatic cytochrome P45O content was higher in EOD group than that in ED group. And the increasing rate of hepatic GST activity and decreasing rate of GSH content to the control were higher in EOD group than that in ED group. In conclusion, the treatment of bromobenzene intermittently to the rats may lead to more reduced liver injury compared with the continuously treated animals when both cases are treated with the same dose and frequency, and it may be caused by the enhancement of bromobenzene metabolism.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.187-196
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• 2021

Purpose: The rising prevalence of childhood obesity in the past decades has caused non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) to become the most common cause of pediatric chronic liver disease worldwide. This study was aimed at determining the effect of vitamin D (Vit D) on ultrasonography and laboratory indices of NAFLD and some blood biochemical indicators in children. Methods: In this interventional study liver ultrasonography was performed in 200 children with overweight and obesity. A 108 had fatty liver among which 101 were randomly divided into two groups of study (n=51) and control (n=50). The study group was treated with Vit D, 50000 U once a week whereas the control group received placebo with the same dose and package, both for 12 weeks. At the end of the intervention lab tests and ultrasound study was performed once again to evaluate the response to treatment. Results: It was found out that Vit D supplementation improved the fatty liver grade in the study group. The mean changes in hemoglobin (Hb), uric acid, highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), insulin, albumin and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was significantly higher in the study group compared to controls (p<0.05). After the intervention and means adjustment, a significant difference was obtained in HDL-C, insulin, LDL-C and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) between the two groups. Conclusion: Vit D supplementation in addition to improving the fatty liver grade in ultrasonography and increasing the blood Vit D level, increases the HDL and Hb level besides decreasing uric acid, LDL, HOMA-IR, insulin and ALT levels.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.558-568
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• 2019

Objective: To evaluate whether computed tomography (CT) reconstruction algorithms affect the CT texture features of the liver parenchyma. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study comprised 58 patients (normal liver, n = 34; chronic liver disease [CLD], n = 24) who underwent liver CT scans using a single CT scanner. All CT images were reconstructed using filtered back projection (FBP), hybrid iterative reconstruction (IR) (iDOSE⁴), and model-based IR (IMR). On arterial phase (AP) and portal venous phase (PVP) CT imaging, quantitative texture analysis of the liver parenchyma using a single-slice region of interest was performed at the level of the hepatic hilum using a filtration-histogram statistic-based method with different filter values. Texture features were compared among the three reconstruction methods and between normal livers and those from CLD patients. Additionally, we evaluated the inter- and intra-observer reliability of the CT texture analysis by calculating intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). Results: IR techniques affect various CT texture features of the liver parenchyma. In particular, model-based IR frequently showed significant differences compared to FBP or hybrid IR on both AP and PVP CT imaging. Significant variation in entropy was observed between the three reconstruction algorithms on PVP imaging (p < 0.05). Comparison between normal livers and those from CLD patients revealed that AP images depend more strongly on the reconstruction method used than PVP images. For both inter- and intra-observer reliability, ICCs were acceptable (> 0.75) for CT imaging without filtration. Conclusion: CT texture features of the liver parenchyma evaluated using the filtration-histogram method were significantly affected by the CT reconstruction algorithm used.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.126-133
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• 2006

Thioacetamide (TA) is well known hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic agent. TA also diminishes the contents of hepatic cytochrome P450 and inhibits the enzyme activity of the hepatic mixed function oxidases. TA metabolite, thioacetamide-s-oxide, is further transformed into a still unknown highly reactive metabolite that binds to macromolecules. In this study, we focused on TA-induced gene expression at hepatotoxic dose. Mice were exposed to two levels (5 mg/kg or 50 mg/kg i.p.) of TA, sampled at 6 or 24 h, and hepatic gene expression levels were determined to evaluate dose and time dependent changes. We evaluated hepatotoxicity by serum AST and ALT level and histopathological observation. Mean serum activities of the liver leakage enzymes, AST and ALT, were slightly increased compare to control. H & E and PAS evaluation of stained liver sections revealed TA-associated histopathological finding in mice. Centrilobular eosinophilic degeneration was observed at high dose-treated mice group. Hepatic gene expression was analyzed by QT clustering. Clustering of high dose-treated samples with TA-suggests that gene expressional changes could be associated from toxicity as measured by traditional biomarkers in this acute study.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.5-24
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• 2011

Objective: This study was performed to analyse four weeks repeated -dose toxicity of Sweet Bee Venom (SBV-pure melittin, the major component of honey bee venom) in rats. Methods: All experiments were conducted under the regulations of Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) at Biotoxtech Company, a non-clinical study authorized institution. Male and female rats of 5 weeks old were chosen for the pilot study of four weeks repeated-dose toxicity and was injected at the level of 0.56 mg/kg body weight (eighty times higher than the clinical application dosage as the high dosage), followed by 0.28 and 0.14 mg/kg as midium and low dosage, respectively. Equal amount of normal saline was injected as the control group every day for four weeks. Results: 1. No mortality was witnessed in all of the experiment groups. 2. All experiment groups appealed pain sense in the treating time compared to the control group, and side effects such as hyperemia and movement disorder were observed around the area of injection in all experiment groups, and the higher dosage in treatment, the higher occurrence in side effects. 3. Concerning weight measurement, neither male nor female groups showed significant changes compared to the control group. 4. Concerning to the CBC and biochemistry, all experiment groups didn't show any significant changes compared to the control group. 5. Concerning weight measurement of organs, experiment groups didn't show any significant changes compared to the control group. 6. To verify abnormalities of organs and tissues, those such as cerebellum, cerebrum, liver, lung, kidney, and spinal cords were removed and we conducted histologocal observation with H-E staining. Concerning the histologocal observation of liver tissues, some fatty changes were observed around portal vein in 0.56 mg/kg experiment group. But another organs were not detected in any abnormalities. 7. The proper high dosage of SBV for the thirteen weeks repeated test in rats may be 0.28 mg/kg in one time. Conclusion: Above findings suggest that SBV is relatively safe treatment medium. Further studies on the subject should be conducted to yield more concrete evidences.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.375-384
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• 2002

Repeated-dose toxicity of hyrubicin ID6105, a novel anthrarycline anticancer agent, was investigated in Sprague-Dawley rats. ID6105 was injected intravenously to rats at dose levels of 0.04, 0.2 or 1.0 mg/kg/day for 4 week. As a result, there were no dose-related mortality and specific clinical signs of all animals treated with the drug. However body weight gain of both male and female rats treated with a high dose (l.0 mg/kg/day) of ID6105 significantly decreased compared to control. Interestingly, the numbers of RBC and platelets, and concentration of hemoglobin remarkably increased, while protein synthesis was suppressed, which may be related to the atrophy of spleen, thymus and liver. Moreover there were severe lymphocytic depletion in spleen and thymus as well as decrease in the number of hematopoietic cells in bone marrow. Also, degeneration of cardiac muscles and testicular germinal epithelia were observed. Taken together, it is suggested that Long-term administration of ID6105 at high doses over 0.2 mg/kg/day might cause hematopoietic and male reproductive system injuries, in addition to hepatic dysfunction.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.248-253
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• 2023

Directly, it is not possible to measure the absorbed dose of radiopharmaceuticals in the organs of the human body. Therefore, simulation methods are utilized to estimate the dose in distinct organs. In this study, individual organs were separately considered as the source organ or target organ to calculate the mean absorption dose, which SAF and S factors were then calculated according to the target uptake via MIRD method. Here, ^99mTc activity distribution within the target was analyzed using the definition and simulation of ideal organs by summing the fraction of cumulative activities of the heart as source organ. Thus, GATE code was utilized to simulate the Zubal humanoid phantom. To validate the outcomes in comparison to the similar results reported, the accumulation of activity in the main organs of the body was calculated at the moment of injection and cardiac rest condition after 60 min of injection. The results showed the highest dose absorbed into pancreas was about 21%, then gallbladder 18%, kidney 16%, spleen 15%, heart 8%, liver 8%, thyroid 7%, lungs 5% and brain 2%, respectively, after 1 h of injection. This distinct simulation model may also be used for different periods after injection and modifying the prescribed dose.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.383-388
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• 1997

This study was designed to investigate the effects of varying concentrations of $CdCl_2$ on the enzyme activities such as LDH and SOD related with the accumulations of cadmium(Cd) in liver and kidney of BALB/c mice. 1. Cd accumulations in liver and kidey were increased in a dose dependent fashion. And also, this pattern was more conspicuous in kidney than that in liver. 2. LDH activities of liver and kidney were increased in a dose dependent fashion except for that of liver in 200 ppm Cd group which was similar to that of 25 ppm Cd group. 3. SOD activities of Cd exposed liver and kidney in Cd-fed mice similar to those of controls except for elevation of SOD activity of liver in 25 ppm Cd group. The results of this study suggest that the activities of various enzymes can be modulated by Cd intoxication. Acknowledgement: This study was financially supported in part by a Research Grant from Bio-Safty Research Institute, Chonbuk National University in 1997(CNU-BSRI, No. 97-03).

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to provide resources for medical exposure reduction through evaluation of organ dose and image resolution for lumbar spine around according to the size of the collimator in DR system. The size of the collimator were varied from $8^{\prime\prime}{\times}17^{\prime\prime}$ to $14^{\prime\prime}{\times}17^{\prime\prime}$ by 1" in AP and lateral projection for the lumbar spine radiography with RANDO phantom. The organ dose measured for liver, stomach, pancreas, kidney and gonad by the glass dosimeter. The image resolution was analyzed using the Image J program. The organ dose of around lumbar spine were reduced as the size of the collimator is decreased in AP projection. There were no significant changes decreasing rate whenever the size of the collimator were reduced 1" in the gonad. The organ dose showed higher on liver and kidney near the surface in lateral projection. There were decreasing rate of less than 5% in liver and kidney, but decreasing rate was 24.34% in the gonad whenever the size of the collimator were reduced 1". Organ dose difference for internal and external of collimator measured $549.8{\mu}Gy$ in the liver and $264.6{\mu}Gy$ in the stomach. There were no significant changes organ dose difference that measured $1,135.1{\mu}Gy$ in the gonad. Image Quality made no difference because SNR and PSNR were over than 30 dB when the collimator size is less than $9^{\prime\prime}{\times}17^{\prime\prime}$ on AP projection and $10^{\prime\prime}{\times}17^{\prime\prime}$ on lateral projection. Therefore, we are considered that the recommendations criterion for control of collimator were suggested in order to reduce unnecessary X-ray exposure and to obtain good image quality because lumbar spine radiography contains a lot of peripheral organs rather than other area radiography.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.157-161
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• 1998

The mechanism of active aldehyde-induced liver disease and the enzymatic basis of detoxification were investigated using normal rat liver cell, Ac2F. Aliphatic alcohols including l-decyl alcohol, l-nonanol, l-heptanol, l-hexanol, l-propanol and allyl alcohol exerted a dose- and time-de-pendent toxicity to Ac2F cells. The extent of their toxicities in buthionine sulfoximine (inhibitor of glutathione synthesis) pretreated cells was greater than in pargyline (inhibitor of aldehyde dehydrogenase, ALDH). On the other hand, the toxicity of these alcohols were not affected by 4-methylpyrazole (inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase, ADH). These results suggest that the contents of glutathione (GSH) seems to be very important in protecting the cells from toxicants such as aliphatic alcohols.