• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.625-633
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• 2016

Allium hookeri is known as a healthy food since it contains larger amounts of sulfur compounds than commonly known alliaceous plants. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of A. hookeri were compared between two types of extracts, $80^{\circ}C$ water and 95% ethanol extracts of A. hookeri roots. A. hookeri root 95% ethanol extracts displayed superior total polyphenol content, antioxidant activity [1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) radical scavenging activity], and anti-inflammation activity than those of water extracts (P<0.05). We studied the effects of A. hookeri root 95% ethanol extracts (95% ethanol extracts group: AHE) on acute alcohol-induced intoxication in mice. AHE [250, 500, and 1,000 mg/kg body weight (BW)/d] was orally administered to the study group once a day for 1 week. On the last day of AHE treatment, 40% ethanol (10 mL/kg BW) was orally administered to induce acute liver injury. The blood alcohol concentration of mice treated with AHE was significantly lower compared to the control group (P<0.05). The levels of hepatic aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase were lower in the AHE-treated group than the control group (P<0.05). The RT-PCR results for alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase measured based on mRNA in liver tissues showed that enzyme activities were higher in the AHE-treated group than in the control group at a low blood alcohol concentration.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.675-681
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• 1997

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary protein and fiber levels on the activities of ethanol metabolizing enzymes of liver in ethanol-treated rats. Sprague-Dawley male rats were fed on diets containing two levels of protein(7, 20%/kg diet) and pectin(5, 10%/kg diet). In ethanol experiments, ethanol(25% v/v) was administered by oral intubation(5g/kg body weight) at the same time once a day Control animals received an isocaloric dose of sucrose. The rats were sacrificed after 5 weeks of feeding periods. Alcohol dehydrogenase and microsomal ethanol oxidizing system activities of hepatic tissue were increased more in ethanol-treated groups than in control groups. Increment of activities predominated in normal protein normal fiber group. Aldehyde dehydrogenase activity was decreased in ethanol-treated groups and significantly decreased in normal Protein normal fiber group. Cytochrome P-450 content was significantly increased in ethanol-treated groups and Predominated in normal protein groups. Xanthine oxidase activity was increased in ethanol-treated groups, but not significantly except normal protein normal fiber group. Glutathione content tended to increase in proportion to level of dietary protein and was higher in normal fiber groups than in high fiber groups, whereas it was decreased by ethanol treatment. Lipid Peroxide content was significantly increased in low Protein normal fiber groups.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1985

Preventive effect of ginseng saponin fraction against ethanol intoxication of the liver of rats fed width 12% ethanol instead of water for 6 days was investigated. Control group was dosed 12% ethanol instead of water (free access) for 6 days and test group was dosed 0.1% ginseng saponin fraction in the 12% ethanol instead of water for 6 days. Normal rats was given only water freely. It was observed that the activities of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and Microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS) of both control and test groups were higher than those of normal group while the activity of aldehyde dehydrogenate (ALDH) of control and test groups were lower than that of normal rats, However, the ALDH activity decrease of test group was much less than that of control groups. Electron micrograph showed that severely swollen and disrupted mitochondria and dilated and vesiculated ER can be seen in control group while dilated or vesiculated ER are very few and swollen or disrupted mitochondria can not be seen in test group. From the above experimental result, it seems that ginseng saponin might stimulate ethanol oxidation and the removal of acetaldehyde resulting in the decrease of ethanol intoxication of the liver.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.92-97
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• 2002

The effects of Pueraria flos (PF) and Pueraria radix (PR) water extract on the hepatic alcohol metabolic enzyme activities were examined in rats that were orally administered ethanol (25% v/v, 5g/kg body weight/day) for 5 weeks. The PF and PR water extract were supplemented in a diet, based on 1.2 g or 2.4 g of raw PF or PR/kg body weight/body. Alcohol administration without the PF or PR supplementation significantly decreased net weight gain, feed intake and feed efficiency ratio. However. both dose of the PF of PR supplementation resulted in significant enhancement of growth and suppression of increased relative weight of liver, brain and heart by alcohol administration. Activities of hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase and microsomal ethanol oxidizing system were higher in the alcohol treated group than in the normal group, while aldehyde dehydrogenase activity was significantly lowered in the alcohol treated group. The hepatic metabolic enzyme activities altered by alcohol administration were normalized by both doses of PF or PR supplement. Hepatic monoamine oxidase activity and hydrogen peroxide, which were significantly higher in the alcohol treated group than in the normal group, were also decreased by the supplementation with either PF or PR. These results indicate that low-or high-supplementation of either water extract PF or PR may alleviate ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity by altering alcohol metabolic enzyme activities.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1987.06a
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• pp.47-58
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• 1987

Ethanol exerts different effects on hepatic cellular metabolism, depending mainly on the duration of its intake. In the presence of ethanol following an acute load, a number of hepatic functions are inhibited, including lipid oxidation and microsomal drug metabolism. In its early stages, chronic ethanol consumption produces adaptive metabolic changes in the endoplasmic reticulum which result in increased metabolism of ethanol and drugs and accelerated lipoprotein production. Prolongation of ethanol intake may result in injurious hepatic lesions such as alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis A number of such metabolic effects of ethanol are directly linked to the two major products of its oxidation; hydrogen and acetaldehyde. The excess hydrogen from ethanol unbalances the liver cell's chemistry. In the presence of excess hydrogen ions the process is turned in a different direction. In this study, it was attempted to observe the effect of ginseng saponins on alcohol Oehydrogenase(ADH), aldehyde dehydrogenase(ALDH) and microsomal ethanol oxidizing system(MEOS) in vivo as well as in vitro. Furthermore, the effect of ginseng saponin on the hydrogen balance in the liver and the hepatic cellular distribution of (1-14C) ethanol, its incorporation into acetaldehyde and lipids was also investigated. It seemed that ginseng saponin stimulated the above enzymes and other related enzymes in ethanol metabolism, resulting in a rapid removal of acetaldehyde and excess hydrogen from the animal body,

• Food Engineering Progress
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.158-166
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• 2017

Although Semisulcospira libertina is generally regarded as a supplement for the alleviation of alcohol hangover, little is known about its effects on cell metabolism. Therefore, this study was conducted to analyze the constituents of the extracts prepared using different extraction methods and to compare their biochemical properties. The amino acid contents were found to be much higher in acidic and enzymatic hydrolysates than hot water extracts from S. libertina. DPPH radical scavenging activities in acidic and enzymatic hydrolysates were higher than those of hot water extracts. Three types of S. libertina hydrolysate was added to HepG2 cells damaged by acetaminophen (AAP), after which the survival rate of HepG2 cell were measured. In addition, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities in the culture media were evaluated. The survival rates of HepG2 cells were $77.0{\pm}4.3%$ and $81.5{\pm}1.3%$ at 3 h and 5h enzymatic hydrolysates, respectively. These cell survival rates were higher compared to those of the negative control group ($67.8{\pm}4.3%$) treated only with acetaminophen. Cellular toxicities induced by treatment with AAP were also significantly alleviated in response to treatment with the extracts of S. libertina. In addition, the activities of 2 key enzymes that metabolize ethanol, alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase, were upregulated by 4.7- and 2.7-fold respectively in response to treatment with a 3 h enzymatic hydrolysate of S. libertina. Taken together, these results provide biochemical evidence of the method by which S. libertina exerts its biological functions, including the alleviation of alcohol hangover and the protection of liver cells against toxic insults.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.123-133
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• 2003

Objectives : This study was designed to investigate the effects of Chungganhaeju-tang on expression of alcohol metabolizing enzymes, cell viability and alcohol-induced apoptosis. Materials and Methods : For this study, the human hepatoma cell line HepG2 was used. HepG2 cells were treated with ethanol-or acetaldehyde, chungganhaeju-tang, anti-Fas neutralizing antibody and were investigated by using quantitative RT-PCR, MTT and Trypan blue exclusion assays. Results : The results are summarized as follows: 1. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that ethanol-or acetaldehyde-mediated increase of ALDH gene expression was not affected by Chungganhaeju-tang treatment. 2, Ethanol-or acetaldehyde-induced apoptosis was remarkably inhibited by Chungganhaeju-tang in a dose-dependent manner. 3, Ethanol-or acetaldehyde-induced apoptosis was significantly blocked by anti-FasL neutralizing antibody, suggesting apoptosis induced by alcohol might be mediated by FasL/Fas signaling pathway. Conclusions : Taken all together, these results indicate that the FasL/Fas signaling plays a critical role in alcohol-induced apoptosis and Chungganhaeju-tang increases viability of liver cells by suppression of the FasL/Fas-mediated apoptosis-signaling pathway.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.222-227
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• 1992

Unlike carbohydrats and fats, alcohol is essentially foreign to the body and it is known that the body get rid of it by oxidizing alcohol maily in the liver. Acetaldehyde is produced during ethanol metabolism and is known to be oxidized mainly by aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). ALDH activity was found mainly in the mitochondrial fraction but a significant ALDH activity was also present in microsomal and cytosol fraction. Wistar rats (150~200 g, male) were given freely with 12% ethanol (Control) and/or 12% ethanol containing 0.1% ginseng saponins (Test) instead of water for 6 days and the liver was analyzed. ALDH activities of both control and test group were lower than that of normal group but test AkDH was less inhibited than control. ADH activies of both control and test were slightly higher than that of normal group but our previous data showed that it became gradually steady after prolonged ethanol feeding. MEOS activities of both control and test group were much higher than that of normal group. MEOS enzymes are inducible but the activity of test group was greatly higher than that of control. Ethanol containing [1-i4C] ethanol (5 $\mu$Ci) was injected to the above three groups and 30 min later, the distribution of radioactivity of hepatic lipids was investigated. Radioactivities of hepatic lipids of both control and test group were higher than that of normal group, however, that of test group was much lower than that of control. Analysis of individual lipids showed that phospholipid biosynthesis was significantly impaired and fatty acid and triglycerides biosynthesis were greatly stimulated. However, it was realized that the saponin prevented phospholipid biosynthesis depression and the increase of triglyceride biosynthesis considerably. It seemed that the saponin might stimulate ADH, ALDH and MEOS and the acetaldehyde formed would be removed faster. The excess hydrogen can be shunt more quickly into lipid biosynthesis. Electron microscopic observation showed that the hepatic cell of control group was si gnificantly damaged. Mitochondria were swollen and rough endoplasmic reticulum were dilated, however, hepatocytes of test group were not damaged.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.13-18
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• 2008

Excessive alcohol consumption is associated with increased risks of many diseases including cancer. Individuals who regularly consume excessive quantities of alcohol have a greater risk of developing head and neck cancers such as esophageal, pharyngeal and oral cavity cancers if they are deficient in ALDH2 expression compared to normal populations. We evaluated lipid peroxidation in Aldh2 +/+ and Aldh2 -/- mice after they had been subjected to acute ethanol exposure. Malondialdehyde(MDA) level in liver tissue was evaluated as a biomarker of oxidative lipid peroxidation. Although the ethanol treatment did not increase the hepatic MDA level both in Aldh2 +/+ mice and in Aldh2 -/- mice, the MDA level was significant higher in the Aldh2 -/- mice than in the Aldh2 +/+ group. The MDA level was also significantly correlated with olive tail moment in blood and the level of 8-OHdG in liver tissue. This is a strong evidence to support our hypothesis that oxidative stress is more intense in Aldh2 -/- mice than in Aldh2 +/+ mice. Our results suggest that ALDH2-deficient individuals may be more susceptible than wild-type ALDH2 individuals to ethanol-mediated liver disease, including cancer.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.334-340
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• 2011

The study was done to investigate the effects of the extracts from the different parts of Lythrum salicaria (LS) on liver protective activities in chronically alcohol-treated rats. SD male rats except normal animals were administrated with alcohol ($30m{\ell}$ of 30%~40% ethanol/kg/day) and the extracts (300 mg/kg/day) for 10 weeks. Chronic alcohol administration decreased body weight, high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol and the reduced form-glutathione (GSH), whereas increased the ethanol content, glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL)- cholesterol, triglyceride in blood/serum and the ratio of the oxidized form of glutathione (GSSG) and total GSH (GSSG/total GSH) in liver tissue. Groups treated with the extracts of leaf, root and stem, showed decrease in GOT, total cholesterol and GSSG/total GSH and increase in hepatic aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), total GSH and serum albumin. Administration with the root extract of LS decreased blood ethanol content compared with the other part extracts. But, serum triglyceride values in rats treated with root and stem extract were higher than that of the negative control animals. Flower extract-fed group showed decrease in body weight and serum triglyceride, but increase in the ratio of GOT and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT), and GSSG/total GSH. From the results, we conclude that the extracts of root and leaf among the plant parts of LS might be useful for the amelioration of the chronic alcohol-induced liver demage of rat.