• 영어어문교육
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• 제3호
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• pp.43-54
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• 1997

According to Asher(1972) listening skill must be taught before any other skills. Despite such an importance of listening skill, listening tests taken at the secondary schools depend on simple multiple choice method. So more various method such as Task-Based Listening Test need suggesting. This study aims at (1) three step listening material development (2) and advancement of listening ability through the materials.

• 영어어문교육
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• 제6호
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• pp.1-24
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• 2000

Listening comprehension is an integrative and creative process of interaction through which listeners receive speakers' production of linguistic or non-linguistic knowledge. Compared with reading comprehension, it may arouse difficulties and thus impose more burdens on foreign learners. The Audio-Lingual Method focused primarily on speaking. Mimicry, repetition, rote memory, and transformation drills actually interfered with listening comprehension. So learners lost interest and were not highly motivated. Improving listening comprehension requires continual attentiveness and interest. Listening skill can be extended systematically only when students are frequently exposed to a wide range of listening materials with an affective, cultural, social, and psycholinguistic approach. Therefore, teachers should help students learn how to comprehend intactly the overall meaning of intended messages. The literature on teaching listening skill suggests various useful activities: TPR, dictation, role playing, singing, picture recognition, completion, prediction, seeking specific information, summarizing, labeling, humor, jokes, cartoons, media, and so on. Practical classroom teaching necessitates a systematic procedure in which students should take part in meaningful tasks/activities. In addition to this, learners must practice listening comprehension trough a self-study process.

• 영어어문교육
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.101-124
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• 2011

This paper investigated the relationships among Korean EFL learners' listening anxiety, listening strategy use, and listening proficiency. One hundred and forty four Korean college students who were enrolled in the required practical English classes participated in this study. Questionnaires related to students' listening strategy use and listening anxiety were administered and a TOEIC listening comprehension test was given to measure the students' listening proficiency. The one-way ANOVA was used to analyze the data. The findings of this study are that the students' listening performance is positively correlated with their strategy use and negatively correlated with their anxiety level, and their strategy use is negatively correlated with their anxiety level. The results suggest that successful learning will occur when anxiety is reduced and when the use of strategies is encouraged more often. The pedagogical implications for EFL educators and teachers are described.

• 영어어문교육
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.195-214
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• 2006

This study examines the effects of Internet-based English practice on listening and reading. Out of a total of 16 students who took part in pre- and post-tests, 11 who had frequently practiced listening and reading on the Internet showed greater improvement in these skills than the 5 who had practiced less. The findings also suggest that summarization of listening and reading on the Internet was useful as it made students concentrate specifically on the content. This study suggests that English language teachers use a bulletin board to complement the use of Internet sites for listening and reading practice outside of the classroom in an EFL context.

• 영어어문교육
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.35-50
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• 2005

Thirty six EFL freshman students at the College of Languages and Translation, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia were given a dictation, a listening comprehension test and a decoding test. The purpose of the study was to find out whether EFL freshmen students' spelling ability correlates with their listening comprehension and decoding skills. Data analysis showed that the typical EFL freshman student misspelled 41.5% of the words on the dictation, gave 49.5% correct responses on the listening comprehension test, and 52% correct responses on the decoding test. The median and mean scores showed that the subjects' spelling, listening and decoding achievement is low, which implied that the subjects were having spelling, listening comprehension and decoding difficulties. The students' spelling errors and correct listening comprehension and decoding responses revealed strong correlations between spelling ability, listening comprehension and decoding skills. This means that good spelling ability in EFL is related to good listening comprehension and good decoding skills. The better the listening comprehension and decoding abilities, the fewer the spelling errors. When listening comprehension and decoding skills are poor, spelling ability is also poor. Recommendations for spelling, listening and decoding instruction are given.

• 영어어문교육
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.101-122
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• 2009

This study was purposed to discuss an educational concept of listening potential in ESL/EFL contexts as a counterpart of the reading potential concept in L1 contexts. As a preliminary condition for the concept of listening potential, this study investigated a relationship between reading and listening proficiency of ESL/EFL learners, focusing on roles of grammar knowledge in reading and listening comprehension. Reading and listening comprehension and grammar knowledge test scores of 231 Korean college students studying at a university in the U.S. were analyzed for this study. This study found that there was a positive correlation between reading proficiency and listening proficiency of Korean ESL college students. Grammar knowledge played significant roles accounting for reading and listening comprehension. Furthermore, this study found a difference between the reading proficiency and the listening proficiency across the stages of language development. However, results of this study did not empirically verify the concept of listening potential.

• 영어어문교육
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.165-190
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• 2011

This research investigates listening strategies and the relationship between the employment of strategy and listening proficiency of Korean EFL middle school students. One hundred and four middle school students (N = 104) participated in this study and their strategy use was assessed through a questionnaire adapted from Oxford's (1990) SILL and O'Malley and Chamot (1990). To measure listening proficiency, the English Listening Ability Test designed by 15 city and provincial offices of education in Korea was used. The results show that students employed a moderate use of strategies; compensation strategies were used most frequently and metacognitive strategies were used the least frequently. Significant differences were found in the use of implicit strategy among different listening proficiency groups, but not in their use of behavioral strategy. Furthermore, there were significant differences in the use of implicit memory, cognitive and compensation strategies among groups of students with different listening proficiencies, but not in their use of metacognitive strategy. The results from multiple regression analysis indicate that implicit strategy use could play an important role in listening comprehension. The findings suggest the need for additional research to explore the effect of listening strategy training for English language learners.

• 영어어문교육
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.177-197
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• 2009

This study investigated the effects of dictation practice, in terms of listening proficiency and the use of listening strategy. The research was implemented for 15 weeks with 89 freshmen and sophomores at a Korean university. The subjects were divided into an experimental group and a control group. All conditions were the same in both groups, except that the experimental group had dictation practice on a regular basis in their listening classes through one semester. For the purpose of the study, two research questions were set; 1) Does dictation practice improve listening proficiency? 2) What are the differences in the use of listening strategies between the two groups? Does dictation practice make the participants use different listening strategies? A sample TOEIC listening test was conducted as a pre-test and post-test. A questionnaire was used to find out the differences in the use of listening strategies between the two groups. The results of this study reveal that there was no statistically difference in improvement between the two groups; however, the experimental group scored much higher on the post-test than the pre-test compared with the control group. In regard to listening strategies, among 6 listening strategies, the use of metacognitive listening strategies had a significant difference between the two groups. On the basis of the results, the study suggested some guidelines for dictation practice in EFL listening classes and called for more studies on its effects.

• 영어어문교육
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.345-364
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• 2009

This study attempts to provide a comprehensive framework for listening strategy use among university students in Korea in relation to TOEIC listening scores. In particular, this study tests whether motivation, based on the self-determination theory, mediates listening strategy use on listening comprehension (LC) process and whether reading comprehension ability moderates the use of listening strategy in LC achievement. One hundred seventy six freshmen students participated in the study during their first semester required English course. Self-report questionnaires were used to assess students' motivation and LC strategy use. The responses were statistically analyzed via the moderator and mediator model. The results indicate that internalized motivation mediates the use of listening strategy in LC achievement; however, reading comprehension skill doesn't affect students' use of listening strategies in relation to listening skill achievement. In other words, students who have internalized motivation were able to utilize listening strategies effectively in terms of achievement of the TOEIC listening skills. The findings of the current study offer in-depth understanding of the relationship among use of LC strategies, intrinsic motivation, and listening skill achievement shared by the mediator and moderator models.

• 고전문학과교육
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• 제37호
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• pp.5-45
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• 2018

문학활동은 이를테면 '문학생산' 활동과 '문학수용' 활동으로 양분된다. 고전문학의 향유방식은 고전문학의 수용과 관계된다. 그러나 문학수용 활동은 사실상 문학생산 활동이 전제되어야만 가능한 것이기에, 문학의 향유방식에 대한 논의에는 문학수용 활동 외에도 문학생산 활동에 대한 논의도 흔히 같이 다뤄진다. 오늘날 현대의 시, 소설 등과 같은 문자문학의 경우 '문학생산 : 문학수용'은 '쓰기 : 읽기'로 비교적 간단하다. 그런데 고전문학에서는 시가문학, 소설문학, 구비문학, 한문학 등에 있어 그것은 '가창, 음영, 구연, 공연, 강독(講讀), 쓰기 : 듣기, 읽기'의 방식들이 있다. 또 현대의 시, 소설 등의 문자문학은 문학만으로 이뤄진 이른바 단독예술이지만, 가창, 공연되기도 하는 고전문학은 음악, 연극 등이 수반된 복합예술들도 많다. 이러한 고전문학의 향유방식을 이해하기 위해서는 '읽는 문학' 외에 '듣는 문학'에 대한 문학적 소양도 가질 필요가 있고, 문학 외의 음악, 연극 등에 대한 시각도 필요하다. 고전문학의 향유방식들과 관계해서 오늘날에도 연구할 만한 과제들이 많이 있다. 고전시가에는 신라시대 불교의 향찬(鄕讚)으로서의 향가, 가곡과 무가(巫歌)의 관계, 가곡 한바탕에서의 가곡창사들의 순서, 시용향악보에 실린 무가(巫歌)들은 국가의 별기은(別祈恩)과 같은 국행 굿에서 불린 사실, 가사 장르의 향유방식으로서의 '창조로 불림' 등이 오늘날에도 중요하게 다뤄져야 할 연구과제들이다. 고전소설의 경우에는 지금에라도 전통사회의 소설 강독에 대한 현지 조사들이 이뤄질 필요가 있다. 구비문학에는 전문 이야기꾼에 대한 조사와 그의 구연 영상물 제작이 이뤄져야 한다. 한문학에는 시창(詩唱), 한문 사(辭) 부(賦) 문(文)의 '창조로 불림', 한문경서(經書)의 성독(聲讀) 등에 대한 조사, 연구가 이뤄져야 한다. 오늘날 고전문학을 제대로 연구하기 위해서는 고전문학의 향유방식에 입각한 여러 시각들도 가질 필요가 있다. 구비문학과 같은 '듣는 문학'에는 '구전공식구(formular)'(일반적 언술), '핵심적 주제(theme)'(일반적 주제), '즉석변개작법'(improvisation) 등과 같은 A. 로드의 '구전공식구 이론(formular theory)'에 대한 시각이 필요하다. 이것은 '특수한 언술', '특수한 내용', '원전비평'을 중시하는 현대의 시, 소설 등의 문자문학과 정반대되는 면이 있다. '읽는 문학' 외에 '듣는 문학'이 많은 고전문학은 구비문학의 이러한 문학적 방식을 기본적으로 고려할 필요가 있다. 고려가요나 실창 판소리들에 있는 과도한 음란(淫亂) 지향의 경우는 흥행을 목적으로 한 개방된 공간에서의 연행이란 문학 실현 공간 설정에 대한 시각이 필요하다. 한편 문학수용에 있어 '읽기'만 있고 예술적으로도 단독예술로 문학만 있는 현대의 시, 소설 등의 문자문학과 달리, '듣기'도 있고, 고전시가나 구비문학에서처럼 문학 음악, 문학 연극 음악, 문학 연극무용 음악 등의 복합예술로도 있는 고전문학은 역시 '듣기'로 수용되고 문학 음악, 문학 연극 영상 음악 등의 복합예술로 있는 대중가요, 영화, TV 드라마 등과 같은 현대의 매스미디어 문학의 이해, 연구에도 분명 일정한 역할을 할 수 있을 것 같다. 문학연구와 문학교육은 물론 문학 곧 문학사설 그 자체를 가장 중시한다. 그러나 향유방식에 의해 그 문학사설들이 결정되는 면도 분명히 있다. 특히 '읽기' 외에도 '듣기'에 의한 향유가 많았고, 문학 단독 외에 문학이 음악, 연극, 무용 등과 같이 향유된 면들이 많은 고전문학의 경우는 더욱 그러하다. 그러므로 고전문학의 향유방식에 대한 제대로 된 이해와 고려는 고전문학의 이해, 연구, 교육에 있어 참으로 중요한 일이 아닐 수 없다.