• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.46-52
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• 2014

Liquid ionization chamber is filled with liquid equivalent material unlike air filled ionization chamber. The high density material allow very small-volume chamber to be constructed that still have a sufficiently high sensitivity. However liquid ionization chamber should be considered for both initial recombination and general recombination. We, therefore, studied using the Co-60 beam as the continuous beam and the microLion chamber (PTW) for comparing the ion collection efficiency by Greening theory, two-dose rate method and our experiment method. The measurements were carried out using Theratron 780 as the cobalt machine and water phantom and 0.6 cc Farmer type ionization chamber was used with microLion chamber in same condition for measuring the charge of microLion chamber according to the dose rates. Dose rate was in 0.125~0.746 Gy/min and voltages applied to the microLion chamber were +400, +600 and +800 V. As the result, the collection efficiency by three method was generally less than 1%. In particular, our experimental collection efficiency was in good agreement within 0.3% with Greening theory except the lowest two dose rates. The collection efficiency by two-dose rate method also agreed with Greening theory generally less than 1%, but the difference was about 4% when the difference of two dose rates were lower. The ion recombination correction factors by Greening theory, two-dose rate method and our experiment were 1.0233, 1.0239 and 1.0316, respectively, in SSD 80 cm, depth 5 cm recommended by TRS-398 protocol. Therefore we confirmed that the loss by ion recombination was about 3% in this condition. We think that our experiment method for ion recombination correction will be useful tool for radiation dosimetry in continuous beam.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.216-223
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• 2011

Recently PTW developed a MicroLion liquid ionization chamber which is water_equivalent and has a small sensitive volume of $0.002cm^3$. The aim of this work is to investigate such dosimetric characteristics as dose linearity, dose rate dependency, spatial resolution, and output factors of the chamber for the external radiotherapy photon beam. The results were compared to those of Semiflex chamber, Pinpoint chamber and Diode chamber with the sensitive volumes of $0.125cm^3$, $0.03cm^3$ and $0.0025cm^3$, respectively and evaluated to be suitable for small fields. This study was performed in the 6MV photon energy from a Varian 2300 C/D linac accelerator and the MP3 water phantom (PTW, Freiburg) was used. Penumbras in the varios field sizes ranged from $0.5{\times}0.5cm^2$ to $10{\times}10cm^2$ were used to evaluate the spatial resolution. Output factors were measured in the field sizes of $0.5{\times}0.5$ to $40{\times}40cm^2$. Readings of the chamber was linearly proportional to dose. Dose rate dependency was measured from 100 MU/min to 600 MU/min, showed a maximum difference of 5.0%, and outputs decreased with dose rates. The spatial resolutions determined with comparing profiles for the field sizes of $0.5{\times}0.5cm^2$ to $10{\times}10cm^2$ agreed between every detector except the Semiflex chamber to within 2%. Outputs of detectors were compared to that of Semiflex chamber and showed good agreements within 2% for every chamber. This study shows that MicroLion chamber characterized by a high signal-to-noise ratio and water equivalence could be suitable for the small field dosimetry.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.57-67
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• 2013

Purpose: Replacing the film which used to be used for checking the set-up of the patient and dosimetry during radiation therapy, more and more EPID equipped devices are in use at present. Accordingly, this article tried to evaluated the accuracy of the position check-up and the usefulness of dosimetry during the use of an electronic portal imaging device. Materials and Methods: On 50 materials acquired with the search of Korea Society Radiotherapeutic Technology, The Korean Society for Radiation Oncology, and Pubmed using "EPID", "Portal dosimetry", "Portal image", "Dose verification", "Quality control", "Cine mode", "Quality - assurance", and "In vivo dosimetry" as indexes, the usefulness of EPID was analyzed by classifying them as history of EPID and dosimetry, set-up verification and characteristics of EPID. Results: EPID is developed from the first generation of Liquid-filled ionization chamber, through the second generation of Camera-based fluoroscopy, and to the third generation of Amorphous-silicon EPID imaging modes can be divided into EPID mode, Cine mode and Integrated mode. When evaluating absolute dose accuracy of films and EPID, it was found that EPID showed within 1% and EDR2 film showed within 3% errors. It was confirmed that EPID is better in error measurement accuracy than film. When gamma analyzing the dose distribution of the base exposure plane which was calculated from therapy planning system, and planes calculated by EDR2 film and EPID, both film and EPID showed less than 2% of pixels which exceeded 1 at gamma values (r%>1) with in the thresholds such as 3%/3 mm and 2%/2 mm respectively. For the time needed for full course QA in IMRT to compare loads, EDR2 film recorded approximately 110 minutes, and EPID recorded approximately 55 minutes. Conclusion: EPID could easily replace conventional complicated and troublesome film and ionization chamber which used to be used for dosimetry and set-up verification, and it was proved to be very efficient and accurate dosimetry device in quality assurance of IMRT (intensity modulated radiation therapy). As cine mode imaging using EPID allows locating tumors in real-time without additional dose in lung and liver which are mobile according to movements of diaphragm and in rectal cancer patients who have unstable position, it may help to implement the most optimal radiotherapy for patients.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.255-263
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• 2014

The dosimetry of very small fields is challenging for several reasons including a lack of lateral electronic equilibrium, large dose gradients, and the size of detector in respect to the field size. The objective of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a new commercial synthetic diamond detector, namely, the PTW 60019 microDiamond, for the small field dosimetry in cyberknife photon beams of 6 different collimator size (from 5 mm to 30 mm). Measurements included dose linearity, dose rate dependence, output factors (OF), percentage depth doses (PDD) and off center ratio (OCR). The results were compared to those of pinpoint ionization chamber, diamond detector, microLion liquid Ionization chamber and diode detector. The dose linearity results for the microDiamond detector showed good linearly proportional to dose. The microDiamond detector showed little dose rate dependency throughout the range of 100~600 MU/min, while microLion liquid Ionization chamber showed a significant discrepancy of approximately 5.8%. The OF measured with microDiamond detector agreed within 3.8% with those measured with diode. PDD curves measured with silicon diode and diamond detector agreed well for all the field sizes. In particular, slightly sharper penumbras are obtained by the microDiamond detector, indicating a good spatial resolution. The results obtained confirm that the new PTW 60019 microDiamond detector is suitable candidate for application in small radiation fields dosimetry.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.105-113
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• 1998

Accurate radiation dosimetric characters is very important to determine of dose to a radiotherapeutic patient. Medical linear accelerators have been developed not only its new quality of convenient operation but also electric moderation. It is reliable to measure more detail physical parameter that linac's internal ability. Typically, radiation dosimetric tool is classified ionization chamber, film, thermoluminescence dosimeter, etc. Nowaday, Electronic Portal Imaging Device is smeared in radiation field to verification of treatment region. EPID's image was focused that using both on-line image verification and absolutely minimum absorbed dose during radiotherapy. So, Electronic Portal Imaging was tested for quality evaluation of medical linear accelerator had its pure conditional flash. This study has performed symmetry, Light/Radiation field congruence, and energy check, geometry difference on wedge filter using a liquid filled ion chamber (EPID). Prior to irradiated on EPID, high energy photon beam is checked with ion chamber. Using these results more convenient dosimetric method is accomplished by EPID that taken digital image. Medical image is acquired with EPID too. Therefore, EPID can be analyzed by numerical information for what want to see or get more knowledge for natural human condition.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.177-181
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• 1971

Free radicals of lysozyme produced by $Ti-H_2O_2$ system were studied in aqueous solution at room temperature using ESR with a continuous flow-mixing. The spectra, each consisting of a doublet with 5.5 G splitting and a broad resonance covering 80 G splitting are closely similar in shape to that for solid irradiated in vacuum at $77^{\circ}K$ and observed at room temperature immediately on warming. The result is assumed to indicate that the secondary protein radical components formed within 0.01 second, dead time of the mixing chamber, and initiated by hydrogen atom abstraction at ${\alpha}$-carbon atom of peptide chain in liquid solution at room temperature are identical to those resulting from the initial formation of a mixture of positive holes and negative ions by ionization processes as well as radical fragments by the rupture of chemical bonds in the solid during similar time at the same temperature. A broad resonance is observed with considerable amplitude on the high field side of the doublet, which is quite dissimilar to the spectra of irradiated solid lysozyme. This resonance was tentatively attributed to the polypeptide free radical in which unpaired electrons are localized on side chain.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.19-31
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• 2005

Purpose : To supply the information of EPID system and to analyze the possibility of substitution EPID for film dosimetry. Materials & Methods : With amorphous silicon(aSi) type EPID and liquid filled lonization chamber(LC) type EPID, the reproducibility according to focus detector distance(FDD) change and gantry rotation was analyzed, and also the possible range of image acquisition was analyzed with Alderson Rando phantom. The resolution and the contrast of aSi type EPID image were analyzed through Las Vegas phantom and water phantom. DMLC image was analyzed with X-Omat V film and EPID to see wether it could be applied to the qualify assurance(QA) of IMRT. Results : The reproducibility of FDD position was within 1mm, but the reproducibility of gantry rotation was ${\pm}2,\;{\pm}3mm$ respectively. The resolution and the contrast of EPID image were affected by dose rate, image acquisition time, image acquisition method and frame number. According to the possible range of image acquisition of EPID, it is verified that the EPID is easier to use than film. There is no difference between X-Omat V film and EPID images for the QA of IMRT. Conclusion : Through various evaluation, we could obtain lots of useful information about the EPID. Because the EPID has digital data, also we found that the EPID is more useful than film dosimerty for the periodical Qualify Assurance of IMRT. Especially when it is difficult to do point dose measurement with diode or ionization chamber, the EPID could be very useful substitute. And we found that the diode and ionization chamber are difficult to evaluate the sliding window images of IMRT, but the EPID was more useful to do it.