• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제18권12호
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• pp.1437-1442
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• 2009

Recent studies have shown that alum addition to litter results in many environmental and economic advantages, such as reductions in metal runoff, lower ammonia emission and improved poultry performance. However, no research has been conducted to evaluate the effects of different types of alum on soluble metals in poultry litter. The objective of this study was conducted to investigate changes in soluble metal from poultry litter with different types of aluminum sulfate (alum) under laboratory condition. The treatments used in this study, which were mixed in the upper 1 cm of litter or sprayed onto the litter surface, were 4 g alum, 8 g alum, 8.66 g liquid alum, 17.3 g liquid alum, 11.2 g A7 (high acid alum), and 22.4 g A7 (high acid alum)/100 g litter. Applying different types of alum to poultry litter reduced (P<0.05) concentrations of soluble Fe (9 to 54%), Cu (9 to 49%) and Zn (11 to 40%), relative to untreated litter, whereas it increased Ca and Mg (P<0.05). Mean soluble Fe and Cu levels in poultry litter from different types of alum decreased in the order: 22.4 g A7 (54% and 49%) > 17.3 g liquid alum (48% and 42%) > 8 g alum (48% and 31%) > 4 g alum (28% and 10%) > 8.6 g liquid alum (10% and 9%) > 11.2 g A7 (8.6% and 9%). Additionally, the high reduction in soluble Zn concentration was 4 g alum (40%), followed by 8 g alum (26%), 22.4 g A7 (25%), 17.3 g liquid alum (23%), 8.66 g liquid alum (18%), and 11.2 g A7 (11%), respectively. In conclusion, the current studies suggest that treating poultry litter with different types of alum can be applied to reduce soluble metal (Fe, Cu, and Zn) and to develop a production to merchandise for poultry litter that would result in reduction in pollutants from these materials. Furthermore, in order to improve environmental management in the poultry industry, the use of alum, liquid alum and high acid alum all should be provided a valid means of reducing negative environmental impact.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.233-237
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• 2008

The objective of this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of poultry litter amendments on pH and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) in poultry litter. Two laboratory studies were conducted for 42 d in Exp. 1 and for 10 d in Exp. 2, respectively. The poultry litter was treated with various amendments which included 4 g fly ash and 4 g $AlCl_3\;(AlCl_36H_2O)/100g$ litter in Exp. 1 and 4 g alum$(Al_2(SO_4){_3}\;14H_2O)$, 8 g alum, 8.66 g liquid alum, and 17.3 g liquid alum/100 g litter in Exp. 2; untreated litter served as controls. There were no differences in pH between control and T1(4 g fly ash) and SRP contents between T1(4 g fly ash) and T2(4 g $AlCl_3$) in Exp. 1. A significant difference in pH and SRP contents in Exp. 2 was observed among all treatments(P< 0.05). In experiment 1, T1(4 g fly ash) and T2(4 g $AlCl_3$) at 42 d decreased SRP in litter by 47.1% and 62.6% of that from litter alone, respectively. In experiment 2, T1(4 g alum), T2(8.66 g liquid alum), T3(8 g alum), and T4(17.3 g liquid alum) treatments at 10 days reduced SRP contents by up to 36.2%, 62.9%, 87.0%, and 83.9%, respectively, when compared with the controls. Decrease in SRP contents was chiefly associated with reduction in litter pH. These results indicate that use of various litter amendments to limit P solubility has potential and should be pursued as a means of reducing soluble reative phosphorus during short term.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.86-96
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• 1995

Alum recovery has recently gained more attention because many water utilities need to improve their sludge handling and disposal practices. As part of an overall sludge management program recovery can reduce the amount of solids and allow for reuse of the recovered Alum as a coagulant. This study was examined the effectiveness of Alum recovery from the Sludge at the D water treatment plant in Kwangju city. The results were summarized as follows 1. Alum recovery was obtained sufficiently acidification(An optimum condition was pH2-3) With $H_{2}SO_{4}$ to settled sludge. In this case recovered liquid Alum from sludge of 2.1% solids concentration at pH 2.1 was contains Aluminum $1,602mg/{\ell}$(as $Al_{2}O_{3}$ 0.3% ) and other metal of low level. 2. It was an optimum condition to all reuse of recovered Alum as a coagulant that rate of Commercial Alum:Recovered Alum=$14{\mu}{\ell}/{\ell}{\;}:{\;}200{\mu}{\ell}/{\ell}$ In a result of Jar Tests. 3. It was a result of Alum recovery from sludge, the reduction effect of amount of solids was about 57.4%. 4. If all recovered Alum were reused the reduction effect of solid wastes disposal cost and chemical drug's cost was about 22%.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.141-150
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• 2002

Two-stage membrane bioreactor using submerged hollow fiber membrane was applied in laboratory scale to treat nitrogen and phosphorus of domestic wastewater. Alum as the flocculant and adsorbent was added into the anaerobic basin of two-stage membrane bioreactor and mixed liquid of aerabic basin was recycled to the anaerobic basin for the purpose of nitrogen removal. Experiment was carried out to find removal efficient of phosphorous and nitrogen components in the mixed liquid, and the stability of the permeate flux and pressure of two-stage membrane bioreactor. In case of alum was added as the flocculant and adsorbent into the anaerobic basin, soluble phosphorus removal efficient was relatively higher and total permeate resistance(Rtot) was more increased out nitrogen removal efficient was lower as the result of lack of alkalinity and insufficient nitrification process than the case of alum was not added.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.458-463
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• 2005

Considering the characteristics of a filtration bio-reactor equipped with a mesh filter module which can effectively maintain high concentration of biomass and enhanced solid-liquid separation performance, the hybrid process of filtration bio-reactor combined with coagulation was investigated to get improved filtration characteristics as well as water quality in this work. Two bio-reactors (Run-1 & Run-2) were operated under the following conditions: working volume of 25 L, continuous loading of a synthetic wastewater (BOD: 200 mg/L, T-N: 50 mg/L, T-P: 5 mg/L), where an appropriate amount of alum ($Al_2(SO_4)_3{\cdot}18H_2O$) was added once a day into the reactor (Run-2). In the system without using a alum (Run-1), the clogging of mesh filter module was observed two times through 85 days of whole operation. Meanwhile, the filter module did not clog even at higher MLSS concentration (6,000~12,000 mg/L) and the stable filtration (0.7 mid) was continued in the case of using a alum. Due to the stable formation of cake layers, BOD and SS were shown below 6 and 3 mg/L, respectively. T-P and pH of the effluent were changed because of the intermittent addition of the alum. In the case of Al/P=2.5, the average T-P removal efficiency per day was 85.2% and the average T-P concentration of the effluent was 0.3 mg/L. However, the removal efficiency of phosphate was influenced by pH in the reactor.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.105-111
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• 2005

The applicability of the USEPA's (United States Environmental Protection Agency) three criteria of enhanced coagulation (criterion 1-TOC level less than 2 mg/l. before chlorination; criterion II-% requirement of TOC removal; criterion III-point of diminishing return) for Korean waters was evaluated in this study. This study also investigated an effect of enhanced coagulation on turbidity removal, and attempted to identify the best coagulant for enhanced coagulation. Three different waters were used in this study: one river water and two lake waters. five different coagulants were used: alum, liquid alum, PACl, ferric chloride with and without water. Results of this study showed that all three criteria were achievable for the tested waters. For these waters, controlling criterion was found to be different depending upon raw water characteristics. When initial Toe level was low(< 4 mg/L), criterion I (< 2 mg/L) could be the controlling criterion. As TOC level increased, criterion II (% TOC removal) became the controlling criteria. It was possible to achieve different goals of turbidity and TOC removals. Although the optimum region of TOC removal was more acidic than that of turbidity removal, there was no conflict between these two removals. The best coagulant was found to be different depending upon the evaluation tool: maximum and optimum removal. ferric chloride was more effective than alum in terms of the maximum TOC removal, while Al-based coagulant such as alum or PACl was the best coagulant in terms of the optimum TOC removal.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.131-140
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• 2002

Laboratory-scale membrane bioreactor added alum into the anaerobic basin as a flocculant and adsorbent was carried out to find removal efficient of nitrogen and phosphorus components in the mixed liquid and weather or not maintaining the stability for the permeate flux and pressure at various internal recycle conditions. It was found that denitrification efficient of maximum 65% was obtained when the ratio of internal recycle was 3Q. Additionally when the ratio of internal recycle was fixed at 3Q, $BOD_5$ and T-P concentration of permeate was much more reduced compared to not added alum in anaerobic basin but T-N concentration of permeate was relatively increased. In case of added alum as the flocculant and adsorbent in anaerobic basin, the permeate flux was maintained above $10{\ell}/m^2/hr$ but the permeate pressure was relatively higher than alum was not added in anaerobic basin.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제35권5호
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• pp.480-493
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• 2019

본 논문은 단청 포수 방법 중, 아교수와 교반수처리 방법에 대해 내후성 평가를 하여, 단청의 보존성 향상에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 시편은 아교수와 교반수(아교 건조중량의 명반 2%, 5%, 7%)의 점도와 pH 측정을 진행하였으며, 포수층 없음, 아교수 포수층, 교반수 포수층 등 3유형으로 분류 후, 각 저농도(2% 4회), 고농도(10% 1회)로 구분하였다. 이후 바탕층 형성유무에 따라 2차 분류 하여 뇌록·석간주·장단 3종의 가칠 안료를 채색하였다. 완성된 시편은 내후성 평가를 위해 환경변화실험을 진행하였으며, 실험 전·후 표면관찰, 색차변화 등을 분석하였다. 연구결과, 명반 5% 교반수(pH 평균 4.5)와 명반 7% 교반수(pH 평균 4.7)는 강산성에 근접하여 향후 단청의 보존에 영향을 미칠 수 있으며, 명반 7%의 높은 점도는 포수층을 견고하게 만들기 어려울 것으로 판단된다. 또한 자외선 조사 후, 명반 7% 시편에서 황변화가 가장 확연하게 나타났으며 흡습·건조 후, 시편 전체 표면에서 균열이 발견되어 물리적 변화를 확인하였다. 가스부식은 타 실험과 비교 시 색상과 표면상태 변화의 확인이 어려웠다. 결과적으로, 안정적인 포수층의 형성은 중성에 가까운 저농도 아교수와, 명반 2%의 교반수가 적합할 것이며, 명반 2% 교반수의 적용은 단청의 보존에 긍정적일 것으로 파악된다.

• 공업화학
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.37-43
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• 2006

원수의 pH, 응집제의 주입량, 희석배수에 따라 알루미늄계 응집제(Alum, PACS, PACC)의 원수내 인과 탁질의 제거효과를 고찰하였다. 저탁도(20 NUT) 및 적정 pH 6~9하에서 알류미늄계 응집제간의 탁도 제거율의 차이는 뚜렷하게 나타나지 않았다. 그러나 인의 제거율에 있어서는 20~40 ppm의 주입량에 대해서 응집제의 염기도가 증가할수록 감소함을 알 수 있었다. Alum (0%)>PACS (45~50%)>PACC (70%), 고탁도(100 NUT) 하에서는 고분자 응집제인 PACS와 PACC의 응집성능이 단분자 응집제인 Alum보다 뛰어남을 알 수 있었다. 20 NUT의 저탁도에서 직접 주입한 경우와 비교해서, 500~2000배로 희석한 Alum의 경우에는 응집효율의 감소가 나타났으나 희석된 응집제의 체류시간이 증가함에 따라 탁도 및 인의 제거율이 증가하는 경향을 나타내주었다. 반면에 희석된 PACC의 경우에는 분산도의 증가에 기인한 응집성능의 향상이 나타났으나 희석된 응집제의 체류시간이 증가함에 따라 응집효율의 감소가 나타났다. 100 NTU의 고탁도 조건하에서는 Alum과 PACC를 희석하여 주입시 모두 응집성능이 향상됨을 알 수 있었다.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.279-289
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• 2000

본 연구에서는 정수공정에서 응집제 종류와 고액분리방법이 조류제거에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 따라서, 원수의 특성을 탁도, $KMnO_4$ 소비량, UV-254, chlorophyll-a 등으로 파악하고 이들 수질인자간의 상관관계를 분석하였다. 또한 시판중인 Alum계열 응집제(Alum, PAC, PACS)가 조류제거에 미치는 영향을 실험실 쟈테스트를 이용하여 탁도 및 유기물제거, pH 저하특성 및 알카리도 소모특성 및 개체수 제거율 등으로 연구하였다. 상관관계 분석에 의하면 유기물항목인 UV-254, $KMnO_4$ 소비량, chlorophyll-a와 탁도의 상관계수는 각각 0.775, 0.674 및 0.623으로 상관성이 매우 높은 것으로 나타났다. 조류발생시 응집제 종류별 응집침전에서 유기물 제거특성은 조류의 농도가 적을 경우에는 유사한 효율을 보였으나 조류농도 증가에 의한 높은 유기물 농도($KMnO_4$ 소비량 20mg/l 이상)와 높은 탁도(100NTU 이상)에서는 PAC, PACS와 같은 무기고분자 응집제가 Alum보다 제거효율이 우수하였다. 조류번성시 응집공정을 거친 후 침전과 부상공정의 비교실험에서 부상분리공정을 사용할 경우 Alum이 모든 분석항목에서 고분자 응집제인 PAC, PACS보다 우수하였으며, 95% 이상의 제거율을 나타내었다. 반면에 PAC와 PACS의 경우는 침전공정이 부상공정보다 효율이 높았으며, $KMnO_4$ 소비량의 경우 부상법 제거율의 2배 이상 효율을 보여주었다. 따라서 조류제거를 향상시키기 위해서는 Alum을 사용할 경우 부상분리, PAC, PACS를 사용할 경우 침전공정이 바람직한 것으로 나타났다. 대상원수에서는 남조식물문의 Microcystic와 녹조식물문의 pediastrum simplex 등 두 가지의 속이 다수 속으로 출현하였으며, Alum, PAC, PACS의 투입후 침전실험에서 27%, 45%, 22%의 조류개체수의 제거율을 보였으나, 용존공기부상법(DAF)을 적용한 경우에는 모든 응집제에서 동, 식물플랑크톤 모두가 100%에 가까운 제거율을 보여주었다.