• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.175-180
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• 2005

Green tea, which has high polyphenols amount, is thought to have hypocholesterolemic effects. The present study was performed to further examine the hypocholesterolemic action of green tea, especially (-) epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) for its effect on diet-induced hypercholesterolemia in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=15) were fed a green tea-free diet (control), $1.0\%$ green tea catechin (catechin) or $0.5\%$ green tea catechin EGCG for seven weeks. Hypercholesterolemia was induced by adding $1\%$ cholesterol and $0.5\%$ cholic acid to all diets. There was no difference in food intake and body weight gain among the groups. The green tea EGCG treatment led to a significant improvement in plasma levels of total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol and high density lipoprotein (HDL)/LDL ratio (p<0.05). There was no significant effect on the plasma HDL-cholesterol level. The catechin treatment led to a 4.19-fold increase in the LDL-receptor mRNA level compared to the control, but the EGCG treatment did not affect the hepatic LDL-receptor mRNA level. Our results suggest that when blood cholesterol level is down-regulated by green tea EGCG, the LDL receptor gene-independent pathway may dominate the hypocholesterolemic action of EGCG.

• Journal of Menopausal Medicine
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.176-182
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• 2018

Objectives: Menopause is associated with adverse metabolic changes in plasma lipoprotein and inflammation markers. Estrogens have beneficial effects on lipid metabolism and inflammation. Isoflavones (ISO) have structurally similar to estradiol. Our objective was analize the effect of soy-ISO on serum lipid and inflammatory markers (sP-selectin and sCD40L) in postmenopausal women. Methods: A 12-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled intervention with soy-ISO (50 mg, twice daily) was conducted in 35 healthy postmenopausal women (55-72 years old). The women were divided in 2 groups: 20 were allocated to soy-ISO, and 15 to a placebo group. Results: The changes of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides, low-density lipoproteins-cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, Apo-A1, sP-selectin and sCD40L in 2 groups before and after 12-week treatment showed no statistical significance. In subgroup analysis, soy-ISO supplementation significantly decreased the levels of TC, LDL-C and sCD40L in women under 65 years old, and with null effects on serum lipid and inflammation markers in women over 65 years old. Conclusions: Soy-ISO did not significantly favorable effects on the lipid profile and inflammatory markers in postmenopausal women. However, in women under 65 years of age, soy-ISO significantly decreased the TC, LDL-C and sCD40L, whereas, no effects on lipid profile and inflammation markers in women over 65 years old were observed.

• Journal of Information Technology Applications and Management
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.71-80
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• 2023

The purpose of this study is to promote understanding of physical activity and metabolic syndrome in middle-aged adults and to provide basic data of interventions development for the prevention and management of metabolic syndrome. Using the 2020 data for Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1,786 middle-aged adults between the ages of 40 and 64 with no missing data were analyzed. As a result of the study, 56.5(±2.1)% of men and 52.9(±1.81)% of women were sufficient activity group among physical activity, and the proportion of men was higher than that of women, but it was not statistically significant(t=1.27, p=.207). The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 38.9(±2.1%) of men and 25.4(±1.5)% of women, the prevalence of men was significantly higher than that of women(t=5.12, p<.001). Compared to the insufficient activity group, the sufficient activity group had a 0.71(95% CI: 0.57~0.88) times the risk of developing low HDL(high density lipoprotein)- cholesterol(p=.002), and this pattern was maintained even after adjusting for age, education level, body mass index, smoking status, and drinking status(p=.002). Based on the results of this study, a physical activity and metabolic syndrome risk group in middle-aged adults should be selected, and physical activity promotion program to improve high density lipoprotein-cholesterol among metabolic syndrome indicators should be developed.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.371-377
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• 2018

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Elevation of postprandial lipemia characterized by a rise in triglyceride (TG)-rich lipoproteins can increase the risk of atherogenesis. The objective of this study was to investigate postprandial lipemia response to a single dietary fat/sugar load test and monitor beneficial changes induced by the consumption of Platycodi radix (AP) beverage in healthy subjects. SUBJECTS/METHODS: A total of 52 subjects were randomly assigned to either placebo or AP beverage group with a high-fat shake in a randomized controlled crossover trial. Postprandial blood was collected at 0, 1, 2, 4, and 6 h and analyzed for TG and lipoprotein lipase mass. Inhibition of pancreatic lipase was determined in vitro. RESULTS: AP inhibited pancreatic lipase activity in vitro ($IC_{50}=5mg/mL$). Compared to placebo beverage, AP beverage consumption with a high-fat shake induced significant increase of plasma lipoprotein lipase mass (P = 0.0111, ${\beta}$ estimate = 4.2948) with significant reduction in very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) TG concentration (P = 0.038, ${\beta}$ estimate = -52.69) at 6 h. Based on significant correlation between high-fat dietary scores MEDFICTS and postprandial TG responses in VLDL (P = 0.0395, r = 0.2127), subgroup analysis revealed that 6 h-postprandial VLDL TG response was significantly decreased by AP consumption in subjects with MEDFICTS ${\geq}40$ (P = 0.0291, ${\beta}$ estimate = -7214). CONCLUSIONS: AP beverage might have potential to alleviate postprandial lipemia through inhibiting pancreatic lipase activity and elevating lipoprotein lipase mass. Subgroup analysis revealed that subjects with high-fat dietary pattern could be classified as responders to AP beverage among all subjects.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.70-94
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• 1999

This paper was performed for a cost-effectiveness analysis of pharmacologic treatment of hypercholesterolemia. Agents modeled were cholestyramine, gemfibrozil. bezafibrate, lovastatin, pravastatin, simvastatin. Pharmacologic effectiveness was estimated by regression from reported clinical trials. Pharmacologic effects were expressed as the percent change of blood cholesterol level. Cost estimates included patients' travel expenses and time loss as well as resource consumption in the health care sector. Bezafibrate was the most efficient agent for reducing total cholesterol levels, having an cost over 1 year of ￦31.400 per percent reduction in total cholesterol. Simvastatin (10mg/d) was also efficient(￦33,100 per percent reduction). Chole styramine(8g/d) was least efficient at ￦90,200. For low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. simvastatin(10mg/d) was most efficient, at ￦23,200 per percent reduction, followed by lovastatin(20mg/d) at ￦28,000. Gemfibrozil was least efficient at ￦77,800 per percent reduction. For high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. bezafibrate(400mg/d) was most efficient at ￦39,300 per percent increase of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Cholestyramine was least efficient at ￦514,700. Analyses combining low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and high-density cholesterol effects suggest that bezafibrate(600mg/d) and simvastatin (10mg/d) were most efficient for reducing cardiovascular risk. The cost-effectiveness analysis results show that both simvastatin and bezafibrate could be efficient treatment. Simvastatin provide more effective treatment at higher cost, whereas bezafibrate is more cost-effective, as it may be less effective, at lower cost. Therefore, clinicians should choose reasonable treatment according to the patient's needs This pharmacoeconimc analysis will provide a guideline for efficient pharmacologic treatment and also be reference data for pricing new drugs.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.277-282
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• 2012

This study was conducted to evaluate whether plasma homocysteine levels were related to obesity or its contributing factors (e.g., lipids, insulin, glucose, glucagon, and fructosamine) in dogs without systemic diseases such as diabetes or renal failure. For achieving our study goal, 100 client-owned dogs without systemic diseases were enrolled in this study. Fasting glucose concentration; lipid profile (i.e., total triglycerides [TG], total cholesterol [TC], highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C], and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-C]); and fructosamine, insulin, and glucagon levels were determined. The dogs were subdivided by the body condition score (BCS). The median levels of homocysteine were considerably higher in obese dogs than in lean and normal dogs. Interestingly, not only was homocysteine positively associated with the level of HDL-C, but also found to have a significant positive association with TG, TC, plasma glucagon levels, and fructosamine. In contrast, LDL-C, fasting glucose and insulin did not show any association with homocysteine. The findings presented, suggest that elevated levels of homocysteine may play a biological role in obesity in dogs.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.169-175
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• 2012

Ginseng has been used as a traditional medicine for treatment of many diseases and for general health maintenance in people of all ages. Ginseng is also used to ameliorate menopausal systems. We investigated the estrogenic activity of Korean red ginseng (KRG) in a transient transfection system, using estrogen receptor (ER) and estrogen-responsive luciferase plasmids in MCF-7 cells. The extract activated both ER${\alpha}$ and ER${\beta}$. KRG modulated the mRNA levels of estrogen-responsive genes such as pS2 and ESR1 and decreased the protein level of ER${\alpha}$. In order to examine in vivo estrogenic activity of KRG, sixteen female Sprague-Dawley rats separated into four groups were studied for nine weeks: non-ovariectomized (OVX) rats treated with olive oil, OVX rats treated with olive oil, OVX rats treated with 17-${\beta}$-estradiol (E2) in olive oil, and OVX rats treated with KRG extract in olive oil. The experiments were repeated for three times and the data of twelve rats were combined. Body weight of OVX rats was greater than that of sham-operated control rats and was decreased by E2 treatment. Uterine weight increased after E2 treatment compared to OVX rats. However, no difference in body or uterine weight was observed with KRG intake. KRG induced reductions in total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol/total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol/total cholesterol, and low density lipoprotein cholesterol/high density lipoprotein cholesterol, but not to the same degree as did E2 intake. These results show that KRG does contain estrogenic activity as manifested by in vitro study but the activity is not strong enough to elicit physiological responses.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.35 no.10
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• pp.1023-1030
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• 2002

This study was conducted to examine the effects of dietary xylooligosaccharides on lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activitiy in epididymal adipose tissue and lipid composition in serum of rats fed normal or high fat diet. Male Sprague-Dawley male rats weighing 100 $\pm$ 10 g were randomly divided into four groups, two normal diets and two high fat diets containing 1% cholesterol and 10% lard. Two normal diets were classified into a basal diet (normal group) and that with 10% xylooligosaccharide diet (NX group). The high fat diet groups were classified into a HF group without xylooligosaccharides diet and HFX group supplemented with 10% xylooligosacchride diet. Experimental diets were fed ad libitum to the rats for 4 weeks and then they were sacrificed. Body weight, epididymal weight and abdominal weight in HF group were hevier than the those of normal group, but HFX group was significantly reduced compared to HF group. Relative body weight to epididymal weight and relative body weight to abdominal weight in HF group were increased to 50%, 51%, respectively, compared to normal group, but HFX group was reduced 22%, 16%, respectively, compared to HF group. The levels of serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and atherogenic index in HFX groups were significantly lower than those of HF group, whereas HDL-cholesterol levels were significant increased. Triglyceride contents of epididymal adipose tissue in HF group was increased to 39%, compared to normal group, but HFX group was reduced to 15.8%, compared to HF group. Cholesterol contents of epididymal adipose tissue in HF group was increased 121%, compared to normal group, but HFX group was reduced to 26%, compared to HF group. The activity of LPL in epididymal adipose tissue was increased to 259% in HF group, compared to normal group and HFX group was reduced to 66%, compared to HF group. These result of this study suggested that improved lipid metabolism observed in rats fed xylooligosaccharides may be caused by an alteration of LPL activity in epididymal adipose tissue and lipid composition in serum.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.82-87
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• 2011

A study was conducted to determine the relationships between triacylglycerol (TAG) of plasma, very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and fat deposition in two different breeds of chickens. The VLDL apolipoproteins of both breeds were also characterised. The breeds used were crossbred village chicken (AK) (Sasso crossed) and commercial broiler (CB) (Avian). They were housed in six pens with 30 female and 30 male birds of each breed per pen. Three male and three female birds from each pen were slaughtered and the blood was collected. The VLDL was isolated and sub-fractionated using Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography (FPLC). VLDL TAG of CB was significantly lower than AK. The particle size was negatively correlated with VLDL TAG and positively correlated with abdominal fat. Sub-fraction 2 contained more apo E that will enhance the lipolysis process of the VLDL TAG than subfraction 1. CB had a higher proportion of sub-fraction 2 than AK. The results showed that the proportion of sub-fraction 2 was negatively correlated with VLDL TAG concentration and positively correlated with abdominal fat.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.55-60
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• 1999

We previously showed that a methanol extract of Paeoniae radix decreased total cholesterol level in rats with hyperlipidemia. In order to isolate the active ingredient(s), the methanol extract of Paeoniae radix was fractionated with chloroform/methanol(4:1) solution and isolate into soluble part and insoluble part of the the methanol extract. Above two parts were tested on the experimentally induced hypercholesterolemia in rats for the lowering effect of serum lipoprotein contents. Hyperlipidemia was induced on male Wistar rats by feeding high choleserol diet for 7 days. After oral administration of above samples for 4 weeks, serum lipid profile was verified on these rats by measuring total cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol. The chloroform/methanol(4:1) soluble part and insolule part showed lowering activity of total cholesterol level and triglyceride level at 4 week point significantly(p<0.01 and p<0.05) compare with the control group and the soluble part was more effective.