• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.32 no.7
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• pp.2351-2357
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• 2011

Three new metal-organic copper(II) complexes, $[Cu(H_2PZTC)_2]_n{\cdot}2nH_2O$ (1), $[Cu(HPZTC){\cdot}2H_2O]_n{\cdot}2nH_2O$ (2), and $Cu_2[(PZHD)(OH)(H_2O)_2]_n$ (3) ($H_3PZTC$ = pyrazine-2,3,5-tricarboxylic acid, $PZHD^{3-}$ = 2-hydroxypyrazine-3,5-dicarboxylate), have been synthesized from $Cu(II)/H_3PZTC$ system under different synthetic conditions, and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. In complexes 1 and 2, $H_3PZTC$ ligands loose one and two protons, which were transformed into $H_2PZTC^-$ anion and $HPZTC^{2-}$ dianion under different preparation condition, respectively. Furthermore, two ligands coordinate with Cu(II) cations in different modes, leading to the formation of the different chain structures. In complex 3, $H_3PZTC$ ligand was converted into a new ligand-PZHD by in situ decarboxylation and hydroxylation under a higher pH value than that for complexes 1 and 2. PZHD ligands link the Cu(II) cations to form a 2D layer structure. These results demonstrate that the preparation conditions, including pH value and reaction temperature etc, play an important role in the construction of complexes based on $H_3PZTC$ ligand.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartC
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• v.14C no.2
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• pp.191-198
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• 2007

A mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is an autonomous, infrastructure-less system that consists of mobile nodes. In MANET, on demand routing protocols are usually used because network topology changes frequently. AODV, which is a representative on demand routing protocol, operates using the routing table of each node that includes next hop of a route for forwarding packets. It maintains the established route if there is not an expiration of route or any link break. In the paper, we propose a partially adaptive route maintenance scheme (AODV-PA) based on AODV, which provides dynamic route modification of initial route for selecting the effective route using not only next hop but also next-hop of next-hop (i.e. 2-hop next node) acquired through route discovery process. In addition, the proposed scheme additionally manages the routing table for preventing exceptional link breaks by route modification using HELLO messages. We use NS 2 for the computer simulation and validate that the proposed scheme is better than general AODV in terms of packet delivery ratio, latency, routing overhead.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.1167-1184
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• 2015

Despite considerable life casualty and financial loss resulting from past earthquakes, many existing steel buildings are still seismically vulnerable as they have no lateral resistance or at least need some sort of retrofitting. Passive control methods with decreasing seismic demand and increasing ductility reduce rate of vulnerability of structures against earthquakes. One of the most effective and practical passive control methods is to use a shear panel system working as a ductile fuse in the structure. The shear Panel System, SPS, is located vertically between apex of two chevron braces and the flange of the floor beam. Seismic energy is highly dissipated through shear yielding of shear panel web while other elements of the structure remain almost elastic. In this paper, lateral behavior and related benefits of this system with narrow-flange link beams is experimentally investigated in chevron braced simple steel frames. For this purpose, five specimens with IPE (narrow-flange I section) shear panels were examined. All of the specimens showed high ductility and dissipated almost all input energy imposed to the structure. For example, maximum SPS shear distortion of 0.128-0.156 rad, overall ductility of 5.3-7.2, response modification factor of 7.1-11.2, and finally maximum equivalent viscous damping ratio of 35.5-40.2% in the last loading cycle corresponding to an average damping ratio of 26.7-30.6% were obtained. It was also shown that the beam, columns and braces remained elastic as expected. Considering this fact, by just changing the probably damaged shear panel pieces after earthquake, the structure can still be continuously used as another benefit of this proposed retrofitting system without the need to change the floor beam.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.305-312
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• 2008

A novel TPC-PEG-TPC with active end-groups was obtained from the end-groups of polyethylene glycol (PEG) modified by terephthaloyl chloride (TPC). These active end-groups can link up with a rare earth ion, which is a luminescent center of a rare earth fluorescent complex. Complexes of Eu-PEG with novel ligands (TPC-PEG-PTC) were synthesized by the coordination of the active reactant (as the first ligand) and phenanthroline (as the second ligand) with $Eu^{3+}$.IR, $^1H$-NMR, element analysis, DSC, WAXD, fluorescent spectroscopy, TGA, and SEM were used to characterize the structure and properties of these complexes. The results showed that this type of complex is a heat storage material with the phase change character of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and the luminescent properties of europium. There was no thermal decomposition of the complex of Eu-PEG until $300^{\circ}C$. SEM showed that the complex of Eu-PEG can be dispersed in PE.

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.715-723
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• 2007

A displacement-based seismic design procedure was proposed for mid-to-low-rise steel moment frames. The proposed method was totally different from the current R-factor approach in that it directly uses available connection rotation capacity as a primary design variable. To this end, the relationship between available connection rotation capacity and seismic response modification (R factor) was established first; this relationship has been a missing link in current ductility-based design practice. A step-by-step displacement-based iterative design procedure was then proposed and verified using inelastic dynamic analysis.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.15-20
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• 2002

An electro-hydraulic manipulator using hydraulic actuators has many nonlinear elements, and its parameter fluctuations are greater than those of an electrically driven manipulator. So it is relatively difficult to realize not only stable contact work but also accurate force control for the automatic assembly tasks using hydraulic manipulators. In this manuscript, we applied a compliance control, which is based on the position control by a disturbance observer for our manipulator system. A reference trajectory modification method is proposed in order to achieve accurate force control even though the stiffness and the position of the environment change. Experimental results show that highly robust force tracking by a 6-link electro-hydraulic manipulator could be achieved under various environment conditions. The proposed force control algorithm is applied to the approaching of bolt and the wrenching of nut tasks as one typical task in the maintenance work of live power electric line and is experimentally confirmed very effective for the task.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.47-53
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• 2004

An electro-hydraulic manipulator using hydraulic actuators has many nonlinear elements, and its parameter fluctuations are greater than those of an electrically driven manipulator. So it is quite difficult to obtain stable control performance. We have applied a disturbance estimation and compensation type robust control to all the axes in a 6-link electro-hydraulic manipulator. It was confirmed that the performance of trajectory tracking and attitude regulating was greatly improved by the disturbance observer. For autonomous assembly tasks, it is said that compliance control is one of the most popular methods in contact task. We have proposed a compliance control based on the position control by a disturbance observer for our manipulator system. To realize more stable contact work, the states in the compliance loop are feedbacked, where not only displacement but also the velocity and acceleration are considered. We have also applied this compliance control to the Peg-in-Hole insertion task and proposed new methods of (1)rotating of the end-effector periodically in order to reduce the friction force, (2)random searching for the center of a hole and (3)trajectory modification to reduce the impact force. As a result of these new methods, it could be experimentally confirmed that the Peg-in-Hole insertion task with a clearance of 0.007 [mm] could be achieved.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.614-620
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• 2006

Today the automobile has been changed from a mechanical system to an electronic control system fly the development of the electronic technology. In the automobile body, most of these electronic control devices are networked and managed fully by the CAN protocol. But, when a network system is overloaded, unexpected transmission delay for relative low priority objects occurs due to the static priority definition of the CAN protocol. To resolve this problem, this paper proposes a dynamic precedence queue mechanism that creates a queue for the low priority object and its relevant objects to be transmitted, which becomes urgent in an overloaded network system to keep the maximum allowable time delay. For the generated queue, the highest priority is assigned to transmit the queued objects within the shortest time. The mechanism is implemented in the logical link layer of CAN, which does not require any modification of the old CAN hardware. Effectiveness of the proposed mechanism is verified by the real experiments with an automobile network system.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.12-18
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• 2014

Objectives: This was a retrospective case series about the clinical effect of integrated approach with behavior therapy for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Methods: Medical records of twelve patients with OSA who were treated with behavior modification including nasal breathing with oral appliances and sleep in lateral position, oral administration of herbal medicines and acupuncture treatment between January and September of 2013 were reviewed. Apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), day time sleepiness, apneas and hypopneas counts during sleep, risk indicator (RI), oxygen desaturation index, average saturation during sleep, lowest desaturation, lowest saturation, snoring events ratio and number of desaturations (%) were assessed before and after treatments with the ApneaLink device, which is a portable diagnostic apparatus for monitoring airflows of the patient's breath at home. Results: After an average 62.67 (SD 37.16) days of treatment, AHI (from 17.67, 12.79 to 8.75, 8.25, p=0.007), RI (from 22.00, 13.26 to 12.09, 8.03, p=0.004), oxygen desaturation index (from 17.33, 12.17 to 8.17, 7.86, p=0.005), and number of desaturations (from 7.00 times, 9.79 to 0.92 times, 1.39, p=0.044) showed significant improvement. Daytime sleepiness improved from 6.5 (3.2) to 3.8 (1.8) but there was no significant difference after treatment (p=0.17). No adverse events related to treatment were observed during participation in the treatment. Conclusion: From this case series, we found that behavior modification with herbal medication and acupuncture may be effective for improving sleep apnea without serious adverse events. Future randomized controlled trials with larger sample size will be necessary for concrete evidence on the benefit of this integrated treatment for OSA.

• Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea
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• v.11 no.2 s.54
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• pp.11-17
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• 2007

In current seismic design practice, the response modification factor (R-factor) is used as a factor to reduce the elastic base shear demand to the design force level. As is well-known, the R-factor is a committee-consensus factor and, as such, highly qualitative and empirical. The relationship between the R-factor and the connection rotation capacity available in a particular structural system has remained a missing link. In this paper, a rational procedure to evaluate the R-factor is proposed. To this end, the relationship between the available connection rotation capacity and the R-factor is defined and quantified using nonlinear pushover analysis. An RRS steel frame designed according to IBC 2000 was used to illustrate and verify the proposed procedure. Nonlinear time history analysis results indicated that the R-factor definition proposed in this study is generally conservative from design perspective.