• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권9호
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• pp.1361-1368
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• 2006

Amino acid imbalances refer to the deleterious effects that occur when a second-limiting amino acid or mixture of amino acid lacking a particular limiting amino acid is supplemented in diets marginal in one or more indispensable amino acids. In spite of variation in the conditions that have been used to induce amino acid imbalances, such as protein level in the diet, the extent of difference in total nitrogen content between basal and imbalanced diets, and kinds of amino acids used as imbalancing agents, the conspicuous common features of amino acid imbalances have been a decreased concentration of the limiting amino acid in blood, depression of feed intake and weight gain, and increased dietary content of the limiting amino acid needed to correct the imbalances. There is strong evidence that a decrease in the concentration of a limiting amino acid detected in the anterior prepyriform cortex of the brain is followed by behavioral effects, especially a decrease in feed intake. This might be due to the competition between the limiting amino acid and the amino acids in the imbalancing mixture for transport from blood into brain. One of the biochemical responses of animals fed amino acid imbalanced diets is a rapid decrease in the concentration of the limiting amino acid, which are due in part to an increase in catabolism of the limiting amino acid by the increased activities of enzymes involved in the catabolism of the amino acid. Practically, specific amino acid imbalances could be induced in swine and poultry diets that have been supplemented with lysine, methionine, tryptophan when threonine, isoleucine, valine, etc. are potentially third- or fourth-limiting in diets. In these cases supplementation of the limiting amino acid could be beneficial in preventing the decrease of feed intake that could otherwise occur as a result of amino acid imbalance.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권11호
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• pp.1616-1624
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• 2016

The aim of present experiment was to investigate the effect of protein reduction in commercial broiler chicken rations with incorporation of de-oiled rice bran (DORB) and supplementation of limiting amino acids (valine, isoleucine, and/or tryptophan) with ration formulation either on total amino acid (TAA) or standardized ileal digestible amino acids (SIDAA). The experimental design consisted of $T_1$, TAA control; $T_2$ and $T_3$, 0.75% and 1.5% protein reduction by 3% and 6% DORB incorporation, respectively by replacing soybean meal with supplemental limiting amino acids to meet TAA requirement; $T_4$, SIDAA control, $T_5$ and $T_6$, 0.75% and 1.5% protein reduction by DORB incorporation (3% and 6%) with supplemental limiting amino acids on SIDAA basis. A total of 360 dold fast growing broiler chicks (Vencobb-400) were divided into 36 homogenous groups of ten chicks each, and six dietary treatments described were allocated randomly with six replications. During 42 days trial, the feed intake was significantly (p<0.05) reduced by TAA factor compared to SIDAA factor and protein factor significantly (p<0.05) reduced the feed intake at 1.5% reduction compared to normal protein group. This was observed only during pre-starter phase but not thereafter. The cumulative body weight gain (BWG) was significantly (p<0.05) reduced in TAA formulations with protein step-down of 1.5% ($T_3$, 1,993 g) compared to control ($T_1$, 2,067 g), while under SIDAA formulations, BWG was not affected with protein reduction of 1.5% ($T_6$, 2,076 g) compared to $T_4$ (2,129 g). The feed conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly (p<0.05) reduced in both TAA and SIDAA formulations with 1.5% protein step-down ($T_3$, 1.741; $T_6$, 1.704) compared to respective controls ($T_1$, 1.696; $T_4$, 1.663). The SIDAA formulation revealed significantly (p<0.05) higher BWG (2,095 g) and better FCR (1.684) compared to TAA formulation (2,028 g; 1.721). Intake of crude protein and all limiting amino acids (SID basis) was higher in SIDAA group than TAA group with resultant higher nitrogen retention (4.438 vs 4.027 g/bird/d). The nitrogen excretion was minimized with 1.5% protein reduction (1.608 g/bird) compared to normal protein group (1.794 g/bird). The serum uric acid concentration was significantly reduced in $T_3$ (9.45 mg/dL) as compared to $T_4$ (10.75 mg/dL). All carcass parameters were significantly (p<0.05) higher in SIDAA formulation over TAA formulation and 1.5% protein reduction significantly reduced carcass, breast and thigh yields. In conclusion, the dietary protein can be reduced by 0.75% with TAA formulation and 1.5% with SIDAA formulation through DORB incorporation and supplementation of limiting amino acids and among formulations, SIDAA formulation was better than TAA formulation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권8호
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• pp.1186-1194
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• 2009

The objective of this study was to estimate the optimum dietary essential amino acid pattern for male Taiwan country chicks. A series of experiments was conducted with chicks, 14 d of age, for 2 wks. A basal synthetic diet was established using a dose response test for all essential amino acids referring to the broiler requirements recommended by NRC (1994). Twelve chicks were sacrificed at the beginning to provide initial body nitrogen data, and every group of six birds received the basal diet or a diet with a deficiency in a single essential amino acid in twenty one treatments by intubation according to their daily metabolic body weight (MBW). Deposited body nitrogen was determined using comparative slaughtering. According to the daily intake from the limiting amino acid per unit of MBW and the body nitrogen accretion rates for every two deficient groups with the same limiting amino acid but at different levels, a corresponding straight line was computed for each essential amino acid to intersect with a horizontal line made by the body nitrogen accretion rate of the control group. The x coordinate of the intersection represented the daily requirement for growth plus maintenance based on MBW corresponding to the essential amino acid. The amino acid ratios can be considered as the optimum pattern of dietary essential amino acids. The results, expressed with respect to lysine = 100, were arginine 105, methionine 81, histidine 34, tryptophan 18, leucine 103, phenylalanine 135, isoleucine 69, threonine 65 and valine 79. This pattern could be utilized to compute the dietary requirements (g/kg feed) for all essential amino acids by multiplying by the requirement of a single essential amino acid cited from the literature.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제12권8호
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• pp.1298-1309
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• 1999

The nutritional value of protein varies between feedstuffs. It is possible to feed animals using crystalline amino acids as a sole nitrogen source, but in practice only some limiting amino acids are added to the diet. In order to use feedstuffs efficiently, it is important to determine exact amino acid requirements. Reported values differ widely because the requirements are affected by various factors. In this report, therefore, the factors affecting amino acid requirements are reviewed as follows: 1) availability of dietary amino acids, conversion factors of nitrogen to protein, interaction of amino acids, and strain, sex and age of animals; 2) amino acid requirements for maximum performance and maintenance, usefulness of non-essential amino acids; 3) plasma amino acid concentration as a parameter to determine amino acid requirements; and 4) nitrogen excretion to reduce environmental pollution. These factors should be considered, it is to improve the dietary efficiency, which is to reduce excess nitrogen excretion for environmental pollution.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.47-50
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• 1998

For the quantitiative determination of chemical and taste components in black omija(Schizandra nigra Max) and omija(S.chinensis), compositions of free sugars, free amino acids, total amino acids, and minerals were analyzed. Among the total free sugars in black omija and omija, glucose and frutose were major free sugars and sucrose was little amount. The most abundant free amino acid in black imija was histidine and that in imija was serine. The major free amino acid in black omija and omija were histidine, serine, glutamic acid and aspartic acid. The major total amino acids in black omija and omija were glutamic acid, arginine , leucine and histidine. The limiting amino acid of each omija was S-containing amino acids. The abuntdant minerals in black omija and omija were K and Ca.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.371-376
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• 1985

내한유채를 $25^{\circ}C$에서 60시간동안 발아시켜 건물량, 뿌리신장도, 아미노산 및 지방산조성의 변화를 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 유채의 건물량은 발아30시간에서 비교적 급격한 감소를 나타냈고 그 이후는 완만한 감소를 나타냈으며, 우리는 15시간까지는 관찰되지 않았으나 발아30시간이후는 일정한 속도의 신장도를 나타낸다. 유채는 발아함에 따라 수분, 조회분은 큰 영향을 받지 않았으나 조지방 조단백질은 감소하였으며 조섬유는 증가하였다. 유채의 아미노산은 Glu, Lys, Asp가 많고 lie, Met가 적었으며 제 1제한 아미노산은 Ile 이었다. 유채의 아미노산은 발아함에 따라 Lys, His, Arg, Asp, Thr, Ser, Ala, Val, lie, Leu는 증가하였지만 Clu, Met Tyr, Phe은 감소하여 발아함에 따라 Met이 제 1제한아미노산이 되었다. 지방산은 oleic acid (49.3%). linoleic acid(22.0%), eicosenoic acid (10.5%), Palmitic acid(5.9%), linolenic acid(5.7%), stearic acid(3.2%), erucic acid(2.8%)가 검출되었는데. 발아에 따라 oleic acid는 감소하였으며 Palmitic acid, linolenic acid 발아중기까지 증가하다가 그 이후는 감소하였고 linolenic acid eicosenoic acid 및 erucic acid는 발아중기까지는 감소하다가 그 이후는 증가하였다.

• 한국동물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국동물학회 1995년도 한국생물과학협회 학술발표대회
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• pp.82-82
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• 1995

Regulation of enzyme synthesis by transcriptional and translational control systems provides rather stable adaptation to change of amino acid level in the growth medium, while manipulation of enzyme activity through endproduct feedback inhibition represents rather short-term and reversible ways of adjusting metabolic fluctuation of amino acid level. Various control mechanisms interplay to regulate genes encoding enzymes for amino acid biosynthesis in the yeast, Sacchromyces cerevisiae. When amino acids are in short supply, genes under a cross-pathway regulatory mechanism Or general amino acid control (general control) increase their action, in which Gcn4p is the major positive regulator of gene expression. When cells are cultured in minimal medium, basal level expression is also regulated by supplementary control elements, where inorganic phosphate level is additionally involved. Most of amino acid biosynthetic genes are also regulated by the level of endproduct of the pathway. This pathway-specific regulatory mechanism is called specific amino acid control (specific controD, under which gene expression is reduced when endproduct is present in the medium. Derepression of a gene through general control can be usually overridden by repression through specific control, where the endproduct level of that particular pathway is high and not limiting. In this presentation, regulatory factors for basal level expression and general control of yeast amino acid biosynthesis will be discussed, m addition to pathway-specific repression patterns and interaction between CrOSS- and specific-control mechanisms. Preliminary results are also presented from the investigation of the cloned genes in the threonine biosynthetic pathway of the yeast. yeast.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.181-184
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• 1989

The compositions of total and free amino acids in parts of Omija were investigated. The most abundant amino acids in fruits, endocarps, and seeds were arginine (50.80%), lysine (14.37%), glutamic acid (14.22%), respectively. Since the amino acid scores of fruits, endocarps, and seeds were 9.4, 11.9, and 16.7, respectively, the limiting amino acid of each part were S-compound amino acids. In the composition of free amino acids, contents of lysine were highest one such as 51.78, 57.00 and 32.88% in fruits, endocarps and seeds, respectively. The contents of histidine from free amino acids were 23.62% in fruits, 22.37% in endocarps, and 26.41% in seeds.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.11-19
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• 1979

A numerical analysis of essential amino acid pattern of protein in daily Korean foods was conducted through computer programming based on the food intake data from 'Reports of national nutritional survey (1969, $1973{\sim}1979)'$ and food supply data from 'Food balance sheet $(1970{\sim}1977)'$. It was noted that the amounts of daily intake and supply of animal protein were gradually increased since 1973. In 1977, animal protein intake was 17.5g in total protein intake of 68g per person per day. Intake and supply of total essential amino acids were $20{\sim}28g$ per person per day in the both of urban and rural areas, and greater consumption of leucine, phenylalanine+tyrosine, isoleusine, lysine and valine was observed. Amino acids scores of consumed protein based on FAO provisional amino acid scoring pattern(1973) were around $75{\sim}90$ showing the scores of 77.9 in 1969 and 89.5 in 1977, and also lysine(1969, $1973{\sim}1976$) and threonine(1977) were considered as first limiting amino acid. On the other hand the scores of supply Protein $(1970{\sim}1977)$ rated in $82{\sim}88$, lysine$(1970{\sim}1971)$ or threonine $(1972{\sim}1977)$ was found as first limiting amino acid. Generally a protein quality of Korean daily food was improved since 1973 and a difference between urban and rural areas in terms of the nutritive quality of protein was considerably reduced in 1977.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.242-248
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• 1982

Samples of six varieties of soybeans (Bongeui, Danyup-kong, Dongpuktae, Hwangkeum-kong, Jangyup-kong, Kanglim) were analysed for their chemical composition and amino acid content by A.O. A. C. method (1980) and amino acid analyser in order to determine their nutritive value. 1) Chemical composition of soybean was affected by the varieties. The protein contents of 6 varieties of soybeans grown at Suwon were 48.84% in Kanglim, 45.57% in Bongeui, 43.73% in Dongputtae, 41.56% in Jangyup-kong, 40.86% in Hwangkeum-kong, and 40.05% in Danyup-kong. 2) Compared to FAO (1970) chemical score of soybean (A/E ratio and A/T ratio), three varieties of Korean soybeans (Bongeui, Danyup-kong, Hwangkeum-kong) showed higher levels of nutritive value in protein and three varieties of soybeans (Dongpuktae, Jangyup-kong, Kanglim) showed lower levels of nutritive value in protein. From protein content and chemical score, Bongeui showed the greatest potential for the best high protein source among Korean soybean varieties. 3) The determination of first limiting amino acid in six varieties of Korean soybeans by whole egg protein was methionine, but valine was the first limiting amino acid in Danyup-kong and methionine- cystine was other five varieties of Korean soybeans by FAO provisional amino acid pattern.