• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권7호
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• pp.980-989
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• 2005

The influence of treated, extruded, partially expelled soybean meals as undegradable protein and bypass fat sources on lactation performance and ruminal fermentation of dairy cows was studied. Experiment 1: nine cows were used in a replicated 3${\times}$3 Latin square design with each period being 3 wk in duration. Cows were fed 440 g/kg forage and 560 g/kg grain diet with one of three extruded soybean meals fed at 110 g/kg of the diet. The 3 soybean meals were 1) twice-extruded soybean meal (ESM; as a control); 2) lignosulfonate-treated, twice-extruded soybean meal (LSM); and 3) calcium oxide plus lignosulfonate-treated, twice extruded soybean meal (CLSM). Experiment 2: 3 ruminally cannulated cows were used in a 3${\times}$3 Latin square to study the treatment influence on ruminal fermentation characteristics. Feeding treated soybean meal to cows in LSM and CLSM treatments did not improve feed intake, milk yield, or milk composition except that cows fed the LSM and CLSM treatments produced less milk protein compared with the ESM treatment. The proportion of $C_{18:2}$ was greater in milk fat of cows fed CLSM compared with that of cows fed the ESM or LSM treatments. Ruminal pH, ammonia, and total volatile fatty acids were not affected by treatment. An increased proportion of $C_{18:2}$ in milk fat suggests that there is a potential use of calcium salts of fatty acids in protecting the lipid portion of extruded soybean meal and further research is needed to explore this potential with full-fat extruded soybeans not with extruded and partially oil expelled soybeans.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.532-540
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• 1988

Even the finest cement as having a specific surface area of 6.000~8.500$\textrm{cm}^2$/g (Blaine) is to convert into low-porosity hardened cement paste by the use of appropriate plasticizer. In this study, tests were carried out on such a special cement mix(fineness of 6.000$\textrm{cm}^2$/g, Ca-lignosulfonate plus k2CO3 as plasticizer and W/C=0.25) in comparison with ordinary Portland cement. Owing mainly to the high fineness of the cement powder and the low water-to-cement ratio, the hardened low-porosity cement paste showed a very tight microstructure, the pore texture of which consisted of micropores and wide pores only of small radii. The consequence of such mix was hence that the low-porosity special cement had excellent properties of early-high and very high strengths as compared to ordinary Portland cement. Its volume change when dried in the air or re-wetted, exhibited superor behaviour as well.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.323-328
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• 1986

To clarify the effects of several carbohydrates on the biodegradation of lignin by Pleurotus ostreatus. The strain was cultured on the media formulated with lignin and carbohydrates such as cellulose, xylan, collobiose, glucose and xylose, which was added individually. The culture mixtures grown 36 days were filtered and then estimated the degree of lignin biodegradation. It was found that the growth of P. ostreatus was stimulated and the depoly-merization was also increased by the addition of carbohydrates. When the carbohydrates were not added, polymerization was apparent in stead of depolymerization. In the case of glucose as an added carbohydrate, the content of lignin by the nitrosolignin method was greatly (about 7.4 times) decreased than control which contains lignin as a carbon source. The peak of lignin at 280nm in UV spectra was decreased about 27% after 27 days of culture. As results, it was assumed that lignin biodegradation was correlated to the carbohydrates and especially glucose was very significant role in lignin degradation.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.143-148
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• 1984

In this study we mainly dealt with the effects of organic retarder(calcium lignosulfate) on the early hydration process of clinker minerals. From a consideration of the hydration process of tricalcium silicate $(C_3S)$ tricalcium silicate $(C_3S)$-tricalcium aluminate $(C_3A)$ tricalcium silicate $(C_3S)$-tetracalcium aluminof-errite $(C_4AF)$ systems with calcium lignosulfate the following results were obtained. 1. when 0.25wt% of CLS was added to $C_3S$ the hydration process was progressed normally but adding of 0.5wt% its hydration was greatly retarded. 2. The hydration of $C_3S$-$C_3A$ system was progressed normally up to 0.5wt% but by adding gypsum its hydration was retarded slightly. 3. The hydration of $C_3S$-$C_4AF$ system was greatly retarded even with 0.25wt% of CLS but by adding gypsum its hydration process was recovered normally.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.97-101
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• 1984

To investigate the biodegradation pattern of rice straw, mainly composed of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin components, by the isolate stran Bacillus subtilis $DO_4$, the change of cell population was observed on CMC (carboxymethyl cellulose), larch wood xylan and lignosulfonate as a carbon source respectively. Also, the transition pattern of enzyme activities of cellulase and xylanase and lignin contents was measured on rice straw and mixed substrate according to growth. The results in these experiments revealed that xylanase activity was first appeared and cellulase activity in the next, while lignin component was almost not changed through the culture period.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제22권12호
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• pp.2197-2204
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• 2000

리그닌은 펄프나 제지공장에서 나무의 화학적 처리를 하는 과정에서 생성되는 주요한 부산물이다. 이런 리그닌은 난분해성 물질로서 제지폐수의 생물학적 처리에 어려움을 초래하며, 특히 함량이 높을 경우 혐기성 소화에서 억제(inhibition) 물질로 작용하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 회분실험을 통하여 혐기성 소화에서 온도와 혐기성 소화 슬러지의 양에 따른 고분자 활엽수 리그닌(lignosulfonate, MW $\geq$ 20,000)의 영향을 관찰하였다. 고분자 활엽수 리그닌은 혐기성 소화 초기에는 메탄생성에 강한 억제작용을 하였으나 일정한 시간이 지난 후에는 이런 억제작용은 사라지고 메탄생성이 정상적으로 이루어졌다. 즉, 고분자 활엽수 리그닌은 aceticlastic methanogen에 대해 bacteriocidal 작용보다는 bacteriostatic 물질로서 작용하였다. 리그닌이 첨가되지 않은 대조군의 경우에는 메탄생성이 10일간 이루어지는데 반하여 1.3%, 2.6%와 3.9%의 리그닌이 첨가된 경우에는 같은 양의 메탄올 생성하는데 각각 14.5일, 17.8일 과 21.1일이 소요되었다. 2.6%의 리그닌을 첨가한 경우 초기 8일간은 $30^{\circ}C$ 조건에서의 메탄생성속도가 가장 컸으나 12일째부터 $40^{\circ}C$에서의 메탄생성속도가 급속히 증가하여 14일 후에는 총 메탄생성량이 $30^{\circ}C$를 초과하였다. 그러나 $50^{\circ}C$에서는 줄곧 메탄생성이 거의 이루어지지 않았다. 즉, aceticlastic methanogen에 대한 리그닌의 억제작용을 중온 (mesophilic)보다 고온(thermophilic)에서 더 컸다. 리그닌에 의한 이런 억제작용은 또 리그닌의 양(L)과 초기 혐기성 소화슬러지의 농도(AnS)의 비와 중요한 관계가 있었다. L/AnS의 비가 작으면 작을수록 이런 억제작용은 감소되는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 본 실험에서 고분자 활엽수 리그닌의 분해와 탈색은 이루어지지 않았다.

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.124-131
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• 2009

소형의 담액 수경재배기를 이용하여 기본 배양액에 셀레늄(Se) 1mg $L^{-1}$과 계면활성제 PVA-95(polyvinyl alcohol-95) 1, 2, 4mg $L^{-1}$과 CLS(calcium lignosulfonate) 5, 25, 50, 100mg $L^{-1}$을 처리하여 청경채와 상추 식물체의 Se과 양이온 함량, 생육, 그리고 비타민 C 함량을 조사하였다. 생육은 처리간에 차이는 있지만 종류와 농도 별로 일정한 경향을 보이지 않았다. 총 비타민 C 함량은 두 작물 모두 모든 처리구에서 대조구에 비해 약간 증가하는 경향을 보였으나 유의성은 없었다. K 함량은 싱추의 경우는 일정한 경향이 없었지만, 청경채의 경우 Se 1+PVA-95 4mg $L^{-1}$ 처리구가 가장 높았고, Se 1+CLS 처리에서는 대조구에 비해 5mg $L^{-1}$ 농도에서는 증가하였지만 처리 농도가 증가할수록 감소하였다. Ca 함량은 두 작물 모두 Se 1+PVA-95와 CLS 처리에서 대조구에 비해 증가하였다. Mg 함량은 상추에서는 계면 활성제 처리에 의한 Mg 함량의 변화가 없었으며, 청경채에는 Se 1+CLS 25mg $L^{-1}$ 처리구가 대조구에 비해 증가하였고 기타 처리는 차이가 없었다. 식물체내 Se 함량은 상추에서는 계면 활성제 PVA-95 처리와 CLS 처리가 대조구에 비해 Se 함량이 모두 높았고, PVA-95 처리에서는 농도의 증가에 따라 Se 함량이 낮아졌으며, CLS 처리에서는 50mg $L^{-1}$ 까지는 높아졌지만 100mg $L^{-1}$에서는 낮아졌다. 청경채의 엽내 Se 함량은 계면활성제 PVA-95 처리가 큰 효과가 없었으나 CLS 25mg $L^{-1}$ 처리에서 현저히 증가되었다.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.23-31
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• 2007

To examine the effects of chemical admixture on the fluidity and strength development of high chloride cement, experiments were conducted in which lignosulfonate (LS), naphthalenesulfonate (NS), and polycorboxylate (PC) were each added in standard and excessive amounts, and the results were as follows. 1. Because adding KCl to NS causes a decrease in flow, adding PC is better in maintaining high cement fluidity. 2. When cement contained much chloride comes in contact with water, hydration begins 4 h after contact and securing workability becomes difficult, but by adding PC, workability can be secured to 10 h. 3. The bound water ratio and compressive strength in aging 3 days occupy $70\sim80%$ of those in aging 28 days, and the early compressive strength increases not only by adding KCl, but also by chemical admixture. 4. Although compressive strength development is excellent in NS, PC, if NS is added excessively, hydration becomes slow and while the pore structures become slightly minute, the strength development decreases due to severe setting retardation.

• 한국펄프종이공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국펄프종이공학회 1999년도 Proceedings of Pre-symposium of the 10th ISWPC
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• pp.61-69
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• 1999

Contaminants such as fatty acids, triglycerides, resin acids and foam collected from a high yield sulfite weak liquor storage tank lowered the water surface tension and reduced inter-fibre bonding but also tended to benefit sheet opacity. Some common wet end additives such as defoamers and dispersants gave similar results. Lignosulfonate and naphthalene sulfonate showed little if any negative effect on both surface tension and sheet strength properties. Among the natural wood extractives. fatty acids were identified to be most detrimental followed by triglycerides and then resin acids. In order to alleviate the detrimental impact of these contaminants, membrane separation, air floatation and ozone treatment were carried out on paper machine white water samples. The effect of these treatments on removal of fatty and resin acids was quantified by a GC-Mass analysis. Reverse osmosis with a 1000 molecular weight cut off membrane failed to totally reject fatty and resin acids, but markedly reduced losses of sheet properties due to contaminants. Ozone treatment resulted in a significant increase of the surface tension and air floatation was considered to be a practical and useful method for removing fatty and resin acids from the machine white water.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제47권5호
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• pp.387-393
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• 2010

To improve concrete quality one of the most widely used chemical admixtures is polycarboxylate type superplasticizer. Unlike lignosulfonate and naphthalene-sulfonate, it has high dispersion property and excellent sustainable dispersion property for cement and concrete. Thus, polycarboxylate type superplasticizer has been widely used as a high-performance water reducing admixture together with silica fume in high-performance concrete and other applications for the dispersion of high-strength concrete over 100 MPa. However, even though there have been many studied on the dispersion of concrete by the structure of polycarboxylate type superplasticizer, there have a few studied that clarified the relationships between its rheological properties and microstructure properties in the early hydration behavior of ordinary portland cement. To investigate the correlations between the rheological properties and microstructure of cementitious materials with polycarboxylate type superplasticizer, this study experimented on the rheology, pore structure, heat evolution, and consistency in early hydration as well as on the compressive strength by early dispersion characteristics.