• Applied Microscopy
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.59-65
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• 1981

The pars distalis of the Korean frogs (Rana dybowskii Guenther) during hibernating and active periods was observed with the electron microscope. Seven cell types were classified according to the size and shape of secretory granules and to the ultrastructural characteristics. There were many differences between hibernating and active frogs in type 5 cells. Therefore the following results were observed. Cell type 1; This type cell contains spherical secretory granules, $375{\sim}687m{\mu}$ in diameter. Cell type 2; This type cell contains various secretory granules, $250{\sim}437m{\mu}$ in diameter Cell type 3; Spherical and rod-shaped granules, $l25{\sim}187m{\mu}$ in diameter were observed. Cell type 4; In this type cell, the electron density is the lowest and the density of granules is the highest of all type cells. This type cell contains various secretory granules and large secretory granules, $2l0{\sim}420m{\mu}$ in diameter, were also observed. Cell type 5; The electron density of this cells is similar to that of type 4 cells. The density of granules is lower than that of type 4 cells. And the shapes of the secretory granules are similar to those of type 4 cells. But many rod shaped granules, $200{\sim}863m{\mu}$ in diameter, were also observed. Cell type 6; This type was similar to type 2. The electron density of cytoplasm is very low. Spherical granules, $232{\sim}316m{\mu}$ in diameter, were observed. Cell type 7; This type of cell has no secretory granules. This cell is not developed very well. The type 5 cells in hibernating frogs are different from cells in active frogs. In type 5 cells, many secretory granules were observed during active period. But the number of secretory granules were greatly declined and there were many vacuoles in cytoplasm during hibernating period.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.27 no.9
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• pp.946-951
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• 2005

In this wort plasma treatment was evaluated as an alternative clean desizing technology. Size materials such as PVA(polyvinyl alcohol), PACL(polyacrylic acid esters) and their mixture on PET(polyethylene terephthalate) fabrics were treated by $N_2$ and $O_2$ plasma. $O_2$ plasma was more efficient in size removal than $N_2$ plasma, and the removal of PVA was higher than that of PACL. SEM(scanning emission microscopy) pictures of the plasma treated samples directly proved the disappearance of sizing agents. After $O_2$ plasma treatment, the PET fabrics were subjected to conventional desizing process. Compared with untreated fabrics, the desizing effluent from the treated fabrics gave lower TOC, COD and $BOD_5$ values. This indicates plasma treatment not only serves to directly remove sizing agents but also offered several advantages by changing the chemical properties of sizing agents. Lastly, the effect of plasma desizing process on dyeing was examined using color difference and dyeing fastness tests. The CCM(computer color matching) results showed rotor difference between PET fabric desized by $O_2$ plasma treatment for 20 min and reference PET fabric desized by the conventional wet desizing process was around 1. This suggests the treated PET fabric can be directly subjected to dyeing process without any additional process. The plasma treated fabric also gave a good result of dyeing fastness so that grades of laundering, crocking, heat and light fastness were same or even better than the reference PET fabric did.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.359-369
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• 2011

Twelve species of food microalgae were investigated to clarify the digestion index of Crassostrea gigas larvae using epifluorescence microscopy to choose an appropriate diet for artificial seed production in hatchery. An experiment was conducted using 1 (D shaped stage), 4 (Early umbo stage), 8 (umbo stage) and 12 (Full grown stage) days old larvae. larvae were stocked in 1 L flasks at 5 individuals/mL and fed $10{\times}10^4$ algal cells/mL of each species individually. Prior to larvae were fed for 3 h and then were observed under the microscope to detect ingestion; larvae were then sieved and replaced in 1 L flasks containing filtered seawater and were observed after 3, 5 and 8 h to analyse the digestion index. Values of digestion indices were specific for each alga. No evidence for the ingestion of Thalassiosira weissflogii was evident at all larval development stages tested. Digestion indices of others microalgae were 0.8-99.7% at 4 stage of larval development stages: Chlorella ellipsoidea (0.8-5.4%), Nannochloris oculata (1.4-5.0%), Isochrysis galbana (99.1-99.5%), Pavlova lutheri (99.1-99.5%), I. aff. galbana (99.4-99.5%), Cheatoceros calcitrans (0.0-99.2%), C. gracilis (0.0-99.7%), C. simplex (0.0-95.9%), Phaeodactylum tricornutum (0.0-99.6%), Tetraselmis tetrathele (0.0-99.7%) and Dunaliella tertiolecta (0.0-99.6%), respectively. Therefore, it is assumed that food microalgae showing the high digestion such as I. galbana should be supplied to the early umbo stage larvae, and then after the umbo larval stage, the mixed microalgae with diatoms and light green algae should be supplied to the full grown stage larvae to increase the digestion of their larvae.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.83-103
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• 1995

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of telluric acid on the histological and fine structural changes in the rat liver. Fischer 344 rats($150{\sim}200gm$) were used in this study as control and experimental groups. Telluric acid(5 mg/100 gm of body weight) suspensed in olive oil was given intraperitoneally to the animals of the experimental group and only olive oil to those of the control group. At the intervals of 3, 6 and 12 hours, 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 20, 30 and 60 days after administration, the animals were sacrificed, and livers were obtained from the rats. For light microscopic examination of the liver, sections($5{\mu}m$) were stained with hematoxylineosin(H-E). For electron microscopic examination of the liver, sections were stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate, finally examined with Zeiss EM 109 electron microscopes. The results obtained were as follows. 1. In the control group, round nucleus. well developed mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, rough endoplasmic reticulum(RER) and numerous glycogen particles were observed in the cytoplasm of the hepatocyte. In the cytoplasmic membranes of the hepatocyte, sinusoidal surface had numerous microvilli and cellular surface is combinated adjacent hepatocyte with desmosomes. The RER cisterns were dilated and zymogen granules were fewer than those of the dark cells. Kupffer cells with irregular nuclear membrane were observed. Fat storing cell and collagenous fiber bundle were observed in the Disse space. 2. Kupffer cell, inflammatory cells in the connective tissue of hepatic triad and lysosome were increased in the 3, 6, and 12 hour experimental group comparing with that of the control group. 3. In the 1 day experimental group, infiltration of inflammatory cells in interlobular connective tissue, dilatation of sinusoidal capillary and increasing of Kupffer cell were observed. Atropic change of hepatocyte and aggregation of glycogen particles in the cytoplasm of hepatocyte were observed. In this group, desmosome near bile canaliculi and collagenous fiber bundle in the Disse space were increased comparing with that of the 12 hours experimental group. In the 2 days experimental group, desmosome, lysosome, peroxisome and collagenous fiber bundle were increased comparing with that of the 1 day experimental group. Furthermore, lamellated bodies were also seen in the cytoplasm of the hepatocyte. 4. In 3 and 5 days experimental groups, transformations of hepatic cell cord and degeneration of the hepatocyte were markedly inclosed comparing with the all experimental groups. And damaged RER and mitochondria. collagenous fiber bundle were also inclosed comparing with that of the 2 days experimental group. Autophagosome and fat storing cells with large lipid droplets were also observed comparing with that of the 2 days experimental group. Tight junction and desmosome between the hepatocytes were separated. These degenerating changes were severe through the all experimental groups. 5. In the 10 and 20 days experimental groups, arrangement of hepatic cell cords and cell organelles of hepatocytes were similar to those of the control group. However, aggregation of glycogen particles, dilatation of sinusoidal capillary and infiltration of inflammatory cells remained. 6. In the 30 days experimental group, the tissue findings were similar to those of the control grout. But lamellated bodies in some hepatocytes and lysosome were remained in the cytoplasms of the Kupffer cells. In the 60 days experimental group, these all changes were recovered as the control group. In conclusion, telluric acid would directly induce the degenerative and necrotic changes on the hepatic tissue. However, these changes were perfectly recoverd in the 60 days experimental group as the control group.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.261-266
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• 2010

ATP is the energy source synthesized at the electron transferase that consist of complex I, II, III, IV and V in mitochondrial cristae. The complex V functions as ATPase which composed of sub-complex $F_0$ and $F_1$. Porin or VDAC (voltagedependent anion-selective channel), is a family of small pore-forming proteins of the mitochondrial outer membrane, and play important roles in the regulated flux of anion, proton and metabolites between the cytosolic and mitochondrial compartments. The channel allows the diffusion of negatively charged solutes such as succinate, malate, and ATP in the fully open state, but of positively charged ions in subconducting state. In this study, in order to investigate the relationship of the function and localization between porin and ATPase we observed the distribution of porin and ATPase in the mitochondria of the bovine heart. Monoclonal antibodies against porin and ATPase ${\beta}$-subunit were used to detect porin and ATPase using light microscope with immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence, and using electron microscope with immunogold-labeling. ATPase were stained in longitudinal section region in cardiac muscle, porin were stained in longitudinal section region in cardiac muscle. We viewed more specific pattern of localization and distribution of these proteins using immunofluorescence method. There were some region which were labeled with porin or ATPase respectively, and others which were labeled both proteins in cardiac muscle. The electron microscope results showed that immunogold labeled porin were labeled locally at mitochondrial outer membrane and ATPase were labeled evenly at mitochondrial cristae. But ATPase was not labeled at mitochondria cristae. These results confirmed the subcellular localizations of porin and ATPase in mitochondrial outer membrane and cristae. Also, we assumed that ATP synthesis always does not activation in all mitochondria exist in the bovine cardiac muscle.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.15-19
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• 2006

This study was carried out to know pathogenicity of the pathogen isolated in several location of Korea and penetration mechanism of the Pseudocercospora vitis ($(L\acute{e}v)$.) Speg. Inoculation tests at room temperature were performed on both sides of leaves with different isolates of the fungus. The typical symptoms appeared on the abaxial leaf surface, but no symptom was observed on the adaxial leaf surface with all isolates. The average incubation period was nine days, since all symptoms appeared from 8 to 10 days after inoculation. In order to know the mechanism of invasion of P. vitis to grapevine, the behavior of penetration hyphae through stomata were compared in two cultivars having different level of resistance. In order to know the mechanism of resistance of grape vine to P.vitis, two cultivars having different level of resistance were compared by counting the numbers and measuring size of the stomata per leaf. In a susceptible cultivar Campbell Early, the number of stomata was more than that of a resistance cultivar 'Kyoho'. In a susceptible cultivar 'Campbell Early', the fungus entered readily into stomata after inoculation. However, in a resistant cultivar 'Kyoho', the fungus seemed to pass over or surrounded only the guard cells. In comparison of height of guard cells of stomata between the two cultivars, significant differences were observed by scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy. The height of guard cells of 'Campbell Early' showed a little higher than those of 'Kyoho' known to be resistant to the fungus.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.229-241
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• 2003

Background:Autogenous vein is the preferred vascular graft for patients who require coronary artery bypass surgery or peripheral arterial bypass surgery. When an autogenous vein is not available, an allograft saphenous vein can be used as an alternative conduit. Although arterial homograft has been under investigation since the beginning of this century, the viability of endothelial cells and the optimum mode of storage for the venous and arterial allografts is controversial. In addition, with the recently gained knowledge of vascular endothelial functions, such as the production of nitric oxide or thrombomodulin, the viability and antigenicity of endothelial cells are being studied again. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the viability of endothelial cells in the preserved human saphenous veins. Material and Method: The veins were stored in a $4^{\circ}C$ RPMI (Roswell Park Memorial Institute) 1640 solution including 10% fetal calf serum, for one, three, five, seven or fourteen days. After the completion of the storage period, the veins were divided into two groups: Group I: studied immediately at $4^{\circ}C$ (cold) storage (I-1, I-3, I-5, I-7, I-14), and Group II: studied after storage at $-196^{\circ}C$ liquid nitrogen tank (cryopreservation) in an RPMI 1640 solution containing 10% DMSO for two weeks (II-1, II-3, II-5, II-7, II-14). Light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), frypan blue exclusion testing, and thrombomodulin immunohistochemistry were performed. Result: In a morphometric study using SEM, there was statistically significant increase in Gundry Score in Groups I-7, I-14, II-5, II-7, and II-14 and showed cellular destruction (p<0.05). In the thrombomodulin immunohistochemistry study, there was reactivity in Groups I-1, I-3, and I-5, but the cryopreserved group revealed decreased reactivity (p<0.05). The trypan blue exclusion testing also showed superior viability in cold storage Group I. Conclusion: Venous allografts preserved in a $4^{\circ}C$ RPMI 1640 solution showed well preserved endothelial cellular integrity and thrombomodulin expression at up to seven days of preservation. Although cryopreservation of venous allografts stored in 10% DMSO -RPMI 1640 solution maintained the endothelial cellular structure on SEM, immunohistochemistry from the thrombomodulin and trypan blue exclusion testing showed decreased viability, It remains to be seen whether the decreased thrombomodulin reactivity could be restored, and what the nature to the relationship is between thrombomodulin and long-term patency of allografts.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.173-182
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• 2006

Recently, the pomegranate seed oil (PSO) has been reported to have various efforts including anti-cancer effect. In this study, we examined the liver-protecting effect of the PSO on the hepatotoxicity induced by $CCl_4$ using the BALB/c mice. The PSO was made from dried seeds of black pomegranate (Punica grantum) by heating and squeezing. The expreimental animals were divided into 3 groups; control group treated with olive oil only, experimental group 1 treated with $CCl_4$ only, and experimental group 2 treated with PSO and $CCl_4$. 24 hours after injection of $CCl_4$ into the peritoneal cavity, we collected the blood samples to measure the level of serological factors; aspartate aminotransferase(AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total protein, albumin, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase. Simultaneously we observed the histological change of liver under the light and electron microscope. As the result, AST and ALT showed $88.7{\pm}14.9IU/L\;and\;22.0{\pm}3.12IU/L$ in the control group, $1963.7{\pm}1212.9IU/L\;and\;4495.4{\pm}2803.6IU/L$ in the experimental group 1, and $432.2{\pm}260.1IU/L\;and\;692.3{\pm}433.1IU/L$ in the experimental group 2. The experimental group 2 showed significant difference as compared with experimental group 1 (P<0.005). In histological study, the experimental group 2 was recovered than experimental group 1 which had abnormal mitochondria, increase of lysosomes, and severe necrosis at the central vein zones. These results indicated that the PSO had the liver protecting effect. However, The further study on the relationship between ingredients of pomegranate seed and liver protecting effect is in need.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.277-284
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• 2011

This study was conducted to determine the antiseptic effect of stabilized chlorine dioxide (S-$ClO_2$) on muscle tissue of rats. Skeletal muscle of 8-week old Sprague-Dawley rats was used. Light and transmission electron microscopic findings were observed in the control group, which was not treated with stabilized chlorine dioxide, and in the experimental group, which was treated with a stabilized chlorine dioxide powder in aqueous solution. According to the LM and TEM observations, the day 1 control group showed the initiation of endomysium collapse resulting in an unclear boundary of muscle fibers, and partial collapse of the mitochondrial membranes. All endomysium had collapsed, and bacteria were observed among muscle fibers in the day 2 and later groups. Shapes of muscles were not distinguishable in day 3 or later groups. In contrast, the day 1 and 3 experimental groups revealed detailed structure of typical muscles, but partial collapse of the mitochondrial membranes was observed in the day 3 and later groups. Subsequently, connective tissues collapsed and structures in the shape of concentric circles were observed. In summary, the day 1 control group showed the initial collapse of tissues, and shapes were not distinguishable in the day 3 and later groups because most of the tissues had collapsed. In contrast, the day 3 experimental group showed partial collapse, but the overall shapes of muscles were maintained as time went on, confirming the antiseptic effect of stabilized chlorine dioxide on muscles.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.51-60
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to perform quantitative comparisons of water permeable zones in both the adhesive and the hybrid layer before and after thermo cycling in order to assess the integrity of the bonding interface. Twenty eight flat dentin surfaces were bonded with a light-cured composite resin using one of four commercial adhesives [OptiBond FL (OP), AdheSE (AD), Clearfil SE Bond (CL). and Xeno III (XE)]. These were sectioned into halves and subsequently cut to yield 2-mm thick specimens; one specimen for control and the other subjected to thermocycling for 10,000 cycles. After specimens were immersed in ammoniacal silver nitrate for 24 h and exposed to a photo developing solution for 8 h, the bonded interface was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and wavelength dispersive spectrometry (WDS) at five locations per specimen. Immediately after bonding. the adhesive layer of OP showed the lowest silver uptake, followed by CL, AD. and XE in ascending order (p < 0.0001); the hybrid layer of CL had the lowest silver content among the groups (p = 0.0039). After thermocycling, none of the adhesives manifested a significant increase of silver in either the adhesive or the hybrid layer. SEM demonstrated the characteristic silver penetrated patterns within the interface. It was observed that integrity of bonding was well maintained in OP and CL throughout the thermocycling process. Adhesive-tooth interfaces are vulnerable to hydrolytic degradation and its permeability varies in different adhesive systems, which may be clinically related to the restoration longevity.