• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.472-500
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• 1996

Researches on mineral nutrition, physiology and phyrsiological diseases, . cultivaction methods. brceding. pest control quality management and extension during 1976-1995 in Korea were reviewed Review in brceding and pest control was restricted to the researches directely related to cultivaction. Mineral nulrient up take. partion and varicos factors such as top dreasing. Light intersity etc. and interrelationship between minerals were investigated. Top dressing was not effective due to low minera1 requorement Physiological characteristics on tempelature light and water were well elucidated and applied to assess traditional cultivation method and its inovation. Photosyrnthetic pigments. light harvest proteins and activity of related enzymes were studied. In nitrogen metabolism arginine, praline, ammonium, threonine appeared to have important role in re growth of shoot Saponin metabolism was studied in relation to growth and new ginsenosides were found but physiological role of saponin was not clearly elucidated yet Endogenous growth regulators were reported and various erogenous growth regulators were studied for growth stimulation. short stem and seed pruning etc. Various physiological diseases were investigated for cause and control measures were established. Water culture was little studied Forest culture was studied but not retched the recommendable stage Drip irrigation straw mulching. seasonal shading and soil preparation method including soil fertility adjustment were established for practical application. Shading materials completely changed to polyethylene net and materials of polymers The research on ginseng cultivation in paddy field opened the way to establish the permanent ginseng cultivation plantation Ginseng harvester and seeder were developed in the late 1950s. Transplanted and many other machines were developed in the early 1990s. In ginseng breeding only pure line selection was of practical significance several verities were at the stage of seed propagation at ginseng plantations. Mutation breeding (${\gamma}$-ray. X-ray chemicals) was not successful. The research on plantlet formation through tissue culture was a little progressed but still far behind to vegetative propagation. Disease control research was concentrated in the isolation and identification of pathogans. their ecological charactelistics and biological control and soil humigation. Potato root rot nematodes was found and control method was established. Insect and small animal control research was greatly progresses in identification, ecological investigation, and ecological and physical control. Weed control was less important due to the development of mulching method of ridge and ditch. Quality factors of raw ginseng in relation to red ginseng process were extensively studied. Traditional quality measures were elucidated in accordance with modern analytical chemistry resulting in the importance of peptides in the centrat part rather than ginsenosides For large root production growth promoting rootzone micrcorganisms (PGPRM) were isolated and active compounds were identified. Field test on PGPRM was on going. Varictus methods formality improvement through cultivation were developed. Management research of ginseng production was rare Extension was active throuch official and private organizations and through workshop for the extension specialists, and direct lectures to grower's. Extension services made the researcher to understand the existing problems at grower's fields. Research environment for ginseng production was in prime time only for three years when Korea Ginseng Research Institute was established then gradually aggravated.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.370-377
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• 1989

Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) as a biomass potential crop has several distinct advantages such as vigorous growth on poor land and high yield of carbohydrate. In this crop, seed dormancy has hampered the efforts of seed-propagration and to use them in breeding programs for improving jerusalem artichoke. Several seed treatments were tested to determine their effectiveness in overcoming the seed dormancy found in five collected varietes of jerusalem artichoke. The first results showed that the seed fertilities of five collected varieties ranged from 2.4％ to 14.7％ and the number of seed produced by one plant ranged from 88 to 1058. Germinability of seeds stored for 3 months at room temperature after harvest was almost 0％ and it was not improved by addition to the treatments of temperature, light and GA3, while germinability of seeds stored for 27 months at room temperature after harvest increased to 47.5％ in germination rate. But the removal and pin-pricking of seedcoat were very effective in breaking the seed dormancy, giving germination of 96.8％ and 82.3％, respectively. These results showed that the seed dormancy of jerusalem artichoke was induced by the seedcoat. Besides the treatment of seedcoat removal and seedcoat-pinpricking, the treatment of low and wet stratification was also effective in breaking the seed dormancy of jerusalem artichoke. Whole dormant seeds incubated for 70 days in low and wet condition germinated over 85％.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.266-272
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• 2008

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of supplemental lighting with different lighting intensity during growth on the sugar and pyruvic acid content of onion bulbs. As the result of comparison with growth, the content of pyruvic acid and sugar at harvest, supplemental lightening condition showed better growth, lower pyruvic acid content and higher sugar content than control. As to the growth at harvest according to lightening condition, 'Josaeng-ssundeobol' showed better growth as the lightening increased and 'Damrojunggab' had no difference above $12{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ PAR. 'Josaeng-ssundeobol' contained much more content of pyruvic acid and sugar than 'Damrojunggab'. 'Josaeng-ssundeobol' had the lowest pyruvic acid content in $24{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ PAR and 'Damrojunggab' had no difference above the $12{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ PAR. The sugar content of 'Josaeng-ssundeobol' had no big difference above $18{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ PAR and that of 'Damrojunggab' had no big difference above $12{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ PAR. Desirable indicator to select individuals for the onion breeding is to select individuals that has low pyruvic acid content and high sweetness. Therefore, it will be possible to produce sweet onion conditioned on light supplement over $18{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ PAR in 'Josaeng-ssundeobol' and over $12{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ PAR in 'Damrojunggab'.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.307-315
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• 2022

Artemisinin is a secondary metabolite of Artemisia annua that shows potent anti-malarial, anti-bacterial, antiviral, and anti-tumor effects. The supply of artemisinin depends on its content in Artemisia annua, in which various environmental factors can affect the plant's biosynthetic yield. In this study, the effects of different light-emitting diode (LED)-irradiation conditions were tested to optimize the germination and growth of Artemisia annua for the enhanced production of artemisinin. Specifically, the ratio between the red and blue lights in the irradiating LED was varied for investigation as follows: [Red : Blue] = [6 : 4], [7 : 3], and [8 : 2]. Furthermore, additional stress factors like UV-B-irradiation (1,395 ㎼/cm²), low temperature (4℃), and dehydration were also explored to induce hormetic expressions of ADS, CYP, and ALDH1, which are essential genes for the biosynthesis of artemisinin. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to analyze the expression levels of the respective genes and their correlation with the specified conditions. [8 : 2] LED-irradiation was the most optimal among the tested conditions for the cultivation of Artemisia annua in terms of both fresh and dry weights post-harvest. For the production of artemisinin, however, [7 : 3] LED-irradiation with dehydration for six hours pre-harvest was the most optimal condition by inducing around twofold enhancement in the biosynthetic yield of artemisinin. As expected, a correlation was observed between the expression levels of the genes and the contents of artemisinin accumulated.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2022.10a
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• pp.318-318
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• 2022

Basil(Ocimum basilicum L.) is an annual herb that grows wild in hot and humid regions such as tropical Asia and Africa. This study was carried out for resource discovery, propagation, and DB construction of aromatic plants. In order to evaluate the genetic characteristics, 28 kinds of basil seeds were supplied from the Center for Genetic Resources. For basil characteristics, planting date, plant height, growth shape, leaf length, leaf shape, petiole color, petiole, stem color, flower color, after harvest, Ml length including roots, flower length, stem thickness and biological weight were measured. For anthocyanin analysis, only basil with purple color was selected, anthocyanins were extracted with 60% ethanol containing 1% citric acid, a standard quantitative curve was prepared with cyanidin-3-glucoside, and absorbance was measured at 525 nm. Basil planting started around June 16, and the flowering period lasted for a total of 18 days from July 19 to August 5. On August 6, when flowering was completed, morphological characteristics including flower color were measured at the site by an object. The measured basil plant length was 26.6-59.6 cm, leaf length 2.0-7.9 cm, leaf width 0.7-5.2 cm, and petiole 1.3-3.9 cm. The growth pattern of basil was generally straight, medium in shape. The color of the leaves was observed evenly by mixed green, purple, purple and green, and the recesses in the shape of the leaf were also conspicuously observed. A total of three basil flower colors were observed: white, light pink(149P 10P/84), and purple(37V 2.5RP 4/12). During the second growth survey after harvest, the total length including the basil roots is 26.7-52.0 cm, the flower length is 8.2-29.3cm, the stem thickness is 7.1-15.9mm, the number of stem nodes is 3-12 nodes, and the total weight of the basil was measured to be about 218-1540 g. There are a total of 16 types of basil expressed in purple, and the anthocyanin content was measured to be 73.74 ~ 380.72 mg/100g.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.432-438
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• 2013

A study was conducted to examine the effect of maturity and precooling ($60%/0^{\circ}C$ and $80%/4^{\circ}C$), and light illumination on the storage life of 'Maehyang' strawberry meant for export. Fruits at 60% and 80% ripened stage were harvested from a commercial greenhouse in Jinju on April 3, 2012. Harvested fruits were transported to the precooling system within 30 minutes. Transported fruits were precooled the $4^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours and $0^{\circ}C$ for 5 hours by a forced draft cooling system, and then stored at $6^{\circ}C$. During the storage, the fruits were examined for their changes in hardness, soluble solid content, quality grade, acidity, Hunter value, weight loss, and the incidence of gray mold (Botrytis cinerea) at an interval of two days from April 5 to April 17. Hardness was decreased until 7th days and it was changed to increase at 9th days. Treatment of 60% maturity, $0^{\circ}C$ precooling and no light illumination of strawberry were shown the highest value in freshness. The soluble solid content harvested in 80% maturity strawberry was higher than 60% maturity strawberry until the third day. Quality grade decreased rapidly in 80% maturity stage with light illumination strawberry in comparison to the 60% maturity stage of strawberry. Hunter value 'L' and 'a' showed a rapid change in 60% maturity stage of strawberry. Weight loss decreased rapidly in 80% maturity, $0^{\circ}C$ precooling, and no light illumination of strawberry treatments. Gray mold incidence was found the most at 60% maturity, $4^{\circ}C$ precooling, and light illumination of strawberry. The results from our study indicate that effectiveness for keeping the freshness of strawberry was best achieved by harvesting in low maturity, precooling at $0^{\circ}C$, and with no light illumination.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.327-334
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• 2014

Light intensity is one of the most important requirements for plant growth, affecting growth, development, survival, and crop productivity. Sunlight is the main energy source on Earth which is energy used by photosynthesis to convert light energy to chemical energy. In this study, the light use efficiency and photosynthetic characteristics of high-quality rice cultivars were evaluated after shading on ripening stage. For the study, we treated of three levels of shade (0, 50 and 70%) on rice at ripening stage and two levels of nitrogen (9 and 18 kg/10a) used three high yielding rice cultivars, such as Boramchan, Hopum, and Honong. The shade was given for the respective plots from heading up to harvesting. We were performed to determine growth survey, SPAD and chlorophyll fluorescence every 10 days interval after shading on ripening stage. At harvest stage, grain yield and yield components were determined. Results of analysis of the results representing the maximum photosynthetic efficiency of PSII, Fv/Fm, and SPAD were decreased by depending on the time at full sunlight. But shade treatments were not changed and a significant difference among cultivars did not appear. Compared with the full sunlight, shade treatments significantly delayed ripening rate and decreased rice quality of cultivated rice. Therefore, rice yield, can be reduced in proportion to the shading density is apparent, the rate of decrease was not observed difference between varieties, when protected from light 70%, and decreased to less than 50%. The adverse effects of low light intensity on the yield and yield components were not able to significantly minimize by the nitrogen level.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.178-187
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• 2017

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different light sources on the levels of glucosinolates (GSLs) in rocket salad (Eruca sativa L.). The light sources used in the study were: natural light (Control-1 or 2), red light-emitting diodes(LEDs), blue LEDs, mixed red and blue LEDs (R+B LEDs), white LEDs, fluorescent lamps (FL), and fluorescent lamps plus UV-C (FL+UV-C). Two separate experiments were conducted [Experiment I: Control-1, Red LED, Blue LED, Mix (R+B) LED and Experiment II: Control-2, White LED, FL, FL+UV-C] because of the limited number of growth chambers in our laboratory. The rate of increase in the length of rocket salad leaves was the highest under red LEDs and, FL confirming that red LED and, FL affect the growth of rocket salad. We separated and identified seven types of GSLs from the rocket salad:glucoraphanin, diglucothiobeinin, glucoerucin, glucobrassicin, dimeric 4-mercaptobutyl GSL, 4-methoxyglucobrassicin, and gluconasturtiin. The highest total GSL contents in Eexperiment I was found in plants grown under in red LEDs ($4.30{\mu}mol{\cdot}g^{-1}\;dry$ weight, DW), and the lowest under blue LEDs ($0.17{\mu}mol{\cdot}g^{-1}\;DW$). The highest total GSL contents in Experiment II was found in plants grown under FL ($13.45{\mu}mol{\cdot}g^{-1}\;DW$), and the lowest in FL+UV-C ($0.39{\mu}mol{\cdot}g^{-1}\;DW$). Especially in Experiment II, the content of dimeric 4-mercaptobutyl, which has a strong aroma and spicy flavor in rocket salad, was higher under FL and white LEDs than in Control-2, increasing by approximately 14.9 and 3.2-fold respectively. Therefore, light sources such as red LEDs, white LEDs and FL affected the accumulation of GSLs in rocket salad.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.188-198
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• 2017

Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) spears were treated with white (color temperature 4,500 k), blue (peak 450 nm), and red (peak 660 nm) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) at a photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) of $200{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ for 12 h, and UV-B (280 nm) at 0.5 kJ or 1.0 kJ to determine the effect on agronomic characteristics, antioxidant phytochemicals, and antioxidant activity. The fresh weight, length, and width of spears were not affected by light quality treatments. The free sugars and chlorophyll contents were increased by 9 and 41%, respectively in the UV-0.5 kJ treatments. Among the antioxidant phytochemicals (vitamin C, total phenol, rutin, and total flavonoid), vitamin C was most greatly affected by the light treatments. Vitamin C content was significantly increased in asparagus spears subjected to the white (114%), red (137%), and UV-0.5 kJ(127%) treatments compared to the control. By contrast, rutin, total phenol, and total flavonoid content were increased only in samples subjected to the red and UV-0.5 kJ treatment. Furthermore, antioxidant activity, as measured by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity, increased in white, red, and UV-0.5 kJ treatments by about 43, 41, and 43%, respectively, compared to the control. These results suggest that postharvest treatment of asparagus spears with red light at $200{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ for 12 h or with UV-B (280 nm) at 0.5 kJ could enhance the functional quality of the asparagus spears by increasing the content of phytochemicals like vitamin C, rutin, total phenolics, and total flavonoids.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.33 no.5_2
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• pp.721-732
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• 2017

With the increasing socio-economic importance of rice as a global staple food, several models have been developed for rice yield estimation by combining remote sensing data with carbon cycle modelling. In this study, we aimed to estimate rice yield in Korea using such an integrative model using satellite remote sensing data in combination with a biophysical crop growth model. Specifically, daily meteorological inputs derived from MODIS (Moderate Resolution imaging Spectroradiometer) and radar satellite products were used to run a light use efficiency based crop growth model, which is based on the MODIS gross primary production (GPP) algorithm. The modelled biomass was converted to rice yield using a harvest index model. We estimated rice yield from 2003 to 2014 at the county level and evaluated the modelled yield using the official rice yield and rice straw biomass statistics of Statistics Korea (KOSTAT). The estimated rice biomass, yield, and harvest index and their spatial distributions were investigated. Annual mean rice yield at the national level showed a good agreement with the yield statistics with the yield statistics, a mean error (ME) of +0.56% and a mean absolute error (MAE) of 5.73%. The estimated county level yield resulted in small ME (+0.10~+2.00%) and MAE (2.10~11.62%),respectively. Compared to the county-level yield statistics, the rice yield was over estimated in the counties in Gangwon province and under estimated in the urban and coastal counties in the south of Chungcheong province. Compared to the rice straw statistics, the estimated rice biomass showed similar error patterns with the yield estimates. The subpixel heterogeneity of the 1 km MODIS FPAR(Fraction of absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation) may have attributed to these errors. In addition, the growth and harvest index models can be further developed to take account of annually varying growth conditions and growth timings.