• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.8-17
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• 1987

Four foreign pasture cultivars such as Lotus corniculatus cv. Maitland, Trifolium pratense cv. Deben, Lolium perenne cv. $S_{23}$ and .Dactylis glomerata cv. $S_{26}$ were tested with "Kwisan" series, a common upland soil in Southern part of Korea. The cultivars in single or mixture were grown in pot with two levels of light intensity, i.e. a full sun light condition and 50% interception. Dry matter yield of top and root and their seasonal changes, the number of tillers or branches per plant and finally competative effects of mixtures were evaluated by estimating the expected yield, relative yield totals and compensation index. The results are summarized as follows: 1. Maitland showed a significant decrease in dry matter yield in shade condition, but the number of branches of Maitland was higher than those of Deben. 2. Maitland showed higher dry matter yield than Deben during the mid-summer period, while $S_{23}$, showed higher dry matter yield than $S_{26}$ during early season. 3. Mixtures of $S_{23}$ and Maitland, and $S_{26}$ and Deben gave better response to grasses by increasing the number of tillers in shade condition. 4. Combinations of Lotus corniculatus cv. Maitland and Dactylis glomerata cv. $S_{26}$ and Trifolium pratense cv. Deben and Dactylis glomerata cv. $S_{26}$ gave higher relative yield totals and higher compensation index, which envisages that the pasture establishment rates can be enhanced when those mixtures were sown by the oversowing method in the upland soil where phosphate level is very low and infertile in general.n general.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.32 no.11
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• pp.811-820
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• 2023

This study investigated the protective effects of shade nets on Abies koreana seedlings subjected to high temperature and luminosity stress, which are pertinent for plant survival in climate change scenarios. This study, conducted at Konkuk University, compared the growth, survival, and soil conditions of 3-year-old specimens across natural, greenhouse, and shaded settingsfrom July to September 2022. Our findings demonstrated that shade nets significantly enhanced seedling survival by moderating soil temperature and moisture. This is particularly evident in high-temperature conditions, where shade nets mitigate stress on seedlings and safeguard them from excessive sunlight exposure. Proper net installation height and location are crucial for optimal temperature and humidity control, suggesting broader applicability for various species and offering strategies to combat the ecological impacts of climate change.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.81-96
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• 1996

The idea I set my thesis upon was to develop a methodology for the visually impaired to perceive an environment through their other senses. Since the Blind perceive spatial relationships by combined association of their other senses, it was essential to create a setting where their senses can be amplified. Thus this garden was designed to accommodate two or more of blind person's senses at once to provide more of '3-D' spatial relationship. The main goals of this thesis are, first, to create a place where the Blind can enjoy and nurture their own specific interests. Second, to reveal the nature in its allowing individual analysis and interpretation of a garden. Third, to move away from the prejudice of gardens for the Blind being made of only touching and smelling. To achieve these goals, the most important task was to establish a sense of space. In order to do so, five principles were used; Perspective, Enclosure, Light/Shade, Form, and Environment. After all, the garden for the Blind does not proclaim its purpose in loud terms nor in obvious manner. It should attempt to provide joy, serenity, and activity; a freedom to choose, recognize and analyze nuances of garden, the rhythm of enclosure and openness to experience variety, also to delight in subtle changes and to just imagine.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Design Studies Conference
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• 2004.05a
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• pp.126-127
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• 2004

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.443-454
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• 2008

Statement of problem: A clinically successful color match is one of the important factor to get an esthetic dental restoration. Dental shade guides are commonly used to evaluate tooth color in restorative procedure. But numerous reports have indicated that common shade guides do not provide sufficient spectral coverage of the natural tooth colors. To address issues associated with the shade guide, distinct avenues have been pursued objective spectrophotometric / colorimetric assessment. Purpose: This study compared the accuracy of tooth color selection of spectrophotometer with that of human visual determination. Three main factors were investigated, namely, the effect of light, the individual variation and the experience of the observer. Material and methods: At the first experiment, on ten patients, one operator independently selected the best matching shade to the unrestored maxillary central incisor, using a Vita Classical Shade Guide in the morning, at noon and in the afternoon. The same teeth were measured by means of a reflectance spectrophotometer. At the second experiment, on ten patients, ten operators (5 experts, 5 novices) selected and measured by the same method above at noon. At the third experiment, the results of the second experiment were divided into two groups, expert and novice, and analyzed. Results: 1. There was significant difference between visual and spectrophotometric assessment (mean ${\Delta}E$ values) in experiment 1, 2, 3 (P < .05). 2. There was no significant difference between experts and novices group, when comparing with each visual and spectrophotometric assessment (mean ${\Delta}E$ values). Conclusion: Spectrophotometer could be used to analyze the shade of natural tooth objectively. Thereby, this method offers the potential tominimize considerably the need for corrections or even remakesafter intraoral try-in of restoration. Furthermore, to achieve its advantage, both the shade-matching environment and communication between dentist and technician should be optimized with use of visual and instrumental shade-matching systems.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.283-292
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to analyze and compare the color characteristics of preferred summer clothing textiles, such as shirts, blouse, slacks and skirt. 109 male and female college students evaluated the preference to clothing textiles in previous research and top 10 kinds of textiles were chosen for each clothing item. To analyze the color characteristics of preferred textiles, spectral data were measured with spectrophotometer. By the results, color and color tone, value of L, a, b according to clothing item and season were compared. Chromaticity diagram was drawn, too. The results of this study are as following: 1. Color characteristics of shirts textile college student preferred for summer was PB color and p tone. The textile, in general, represented simple color that is close to achromatic color with light and soft shade. 2. The most preferred color of blouse textiles was G color and It, d tone. The color characteristics of blouse textiles represented stronger and more brilliant than those of shirts. 3. For slacks, colors of preferred summer textiles were mostly B, YR color and p, It.g, dk tone. Therefore, preferred textiles for slacks represented simple bluish or brownish color that is close to achromatic color with light or dark shade. 4. The most preferred color of skirt textiles were Y, R color and It tone. Skirt textiles had various colors compared to slacks. 5. College students generally prefer simple cold color that is close to achromatic color, because shirts and slacks have high frequency of wearing. In color tone, light and soft tone were preferred for shirts, and for slacks, they preferred light or dark tone. Comparatively, blouse and skirt which have low frequency of wearing represented various colors which contain more brilliant and stronger toned warm colors. 6. By the result of analyzing L, a, b value, shirts and blouse textiles showed higher L value than those of slacks and skirt. The textiles preferred by college students were generally close to achromatic color, because values of a, b were very low. This was confirmed with the result of chromaticity diagram. 7. In pattern of preferred textiles, solid textile were preferred mostly for shirt, blouse, skirt and slacks, and stripe pattern was preferred secondly.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.463-471
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• 2008

This study investigated the clinical effectiveness and safety of sealed bleaching compared to conventional in-office bleaching using a randomized clinical trial of split arch design. Ten participants received a chairside bleaching treatment on the upper anterior teeth, and each side was randomly designated as sealed or control side. A mixture of Brite powder (PacDent, Walnut, USA), 3% hydrogen peroxide and carbamide peroxide (KoolWhite, PacDent, Walnut, USA) were used as bleaching agent. The control side was unwrapped and the experimental side was covered with a linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) wrap for sealed bleaching. The bleaching gel was light activated for 1 hour. The tooth shades were evaluated before treatment, after treatment, and at one week check up by means of a visual shade (VS) assessment using a value oriented shade guide and a computer assisted shade assessment using a spectrophotometer (SP). The data were analyzed by paired t-test. In the control and sealed groups, the visual shade scores after bleaching treatment and at check up showed statistically significant difference from the preoperative shade scores (p<.05). The shade scores of the sealed group were significantly lighter than the control immediately after bleaching and at the check-up appointment (p<0.05). Compared to prebleaching status, the ${\Delta}E$ values at post bleaching condition were $4.35{\pm}1.38\;and\;5.08{\pm}1.34$ for the control and sealed groups, respectively. The ${\Delta}E$ values at check up were $3.73{\pm}1.95\;and\;4.38{\pm}2.08$ for the control and sealed groups. ${\Delta}E$ values were greater for the sealed group both after bleaching (p<.05) and at check up (p<.05). In conclusion, both ${\Delta}E$ and shade score changes were greater for the sealed bleaching group than the conventional bleaching group, effectively demonstrating the improvement of effectiveness through sealing.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.243-249
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• 2022

Background: Mixed breeding herb Viola collina Besser, which produces both chasmogamous and cleistogamous flower, has limited habitats under closed canopy and short and early flowering timing, making it relatively more vulnerable to climate change. To better understand the effect of light and nutrient on the flower formation and vegetative growth of V. collina, a mesocosm experiment was conducted. Two-by-two factorial treatments of two light conditions (100% and 60% of natural light) and two fertilizer treatment conditions (fertilized and not fertilized) were applied in the mesocosm experiment. Results: The number of flowers, including chamogamous and cleistogamous flowers, was highest (5.65/pot) under 60% light and fertilized condition and lowest (1.41/pot) under 100% light and not-fertilized condition. However, above ground vegetative growth was highest (2.89 g/pot) under 100% light and fertilized condition and lowest (2.38 g/pot) under 60% light and not-fertilized condition. Above ground biomass to belowground biomass ratio was highest (1.50) under 60% light and fertilized condition and lowest (1.26) under 100% light and fertilized condition. Conclusions: This study showed that high light and nutrient are responsible for the vegetative growth, though the effect of fertilizer was reduced due to allocation and retainment of nutrients. In addition, the low light is necessary to make flowers, especially chasmogamous flowers.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.377-386
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• 1992

Seasonal changes of symbiotic nitrogen-fixation activity and growth characteristics of four different natural populations of kummerowia striata were quantitatively analyzed during the growing period. the nitrogen-fixation activity of root nodules attained the maximum rates of 148, 132, 102 and 100$\muM\;C_2H_4\;\cdot\;g\;fw\;nodule^{-1}\;\cdot\;hr^{-1}$, respectively for sunny, multibranched, shade and unibranched populations at the optimum growth conditions. and the seasonal changes showed fluctuations by environmental conditions such as light, temperature, nutrient contents, water stress and plant ages, etc. The multibranched plant showed the greater amount of leaf and root nodule biomass, and the higher nitrogenase activity than the unibranched plant. the optimum conditions of leaf chloropht11 and water content of each organ indicated the active growth and the maximum fresh biomass of 4 different populations were 1.92, 1.85, 0.97 and 0.56 g $fw\cdotplant^{-1}$ for shade multibranched, sunny and unibranched populations, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.18
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• pp.283-289
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• 1992

In this paper, dyeing properties and colorfastness of ramie, flax, and cotton fabrics for direct dyes were compared. When dyed in a same liquor-goods ratio, in case of green dyes, colorfastness to light was similar for three fibers but in case of red dyes, cotton had a lower level. For colorfastness to laundering, there fibers were similar and three were no consistent differences. The degree of stain about white cotton fabric was higher in case of red dyes and it showed the difference of dye's properties. The degree of stain about white wool fabric showed the highs resistance or stain and little stain was seen. This result represented that the dyes. used were proper direct dyes for cellulosic fibers. For the difference of shade, the cotton was consistently brighter and the shade of ramie was darker than that of cotton and flax. This might mean that optical effects arose from the comparatively large cross-sectional size of the ramie fiber and its highly oriented structure.