• 대한임상전기생리학회지
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.11-19
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• 2003

The purpose of this study investigated the anesthetic effects of lidocaine gel by phonophoretic transdermal delivery. The anesthetic effects were evaluated by two aspects as quantitative sensory testing and sensory nerve conduction study. Twelve healthy males(aged $23.25{\pm}2.09$ years) were studied. Exclusion criteria were ; pain, history of sensory disturbances and skin conditions in the areas to be examined. The subjects were divided into two groups; group I(lidocaine gel without ultrasound) and group II(lidocaine gel with ultrasound). The following results were obtained; 1. In changes of tactile threshold and electrical pain threshold, all groups were significantly increased(p<0.05). 2. In changes of electrical pain threshold, it was significantly differenced between the groups(p<0.05). We conclude that the transdermal delivery of lidocaine gel by phonophoresis has a possibility to use for surface anesthesia and the pain control of the superficial tissue.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.75-82
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• 2006

Purpose: This study conducted the following experiment to examine transdermal permeation effects or 500 KHz ultrasound with lidocaine HCl. Methods; First, to experiment skin permeation enhancement effects of 500 KHz ultrasound frequency, it produced apparatus and transducer of 500 KHz ultrasound and Franz diffusion cell for skim permenation experiment suitable to purposes of the experiment. Transdermal permeation experiment applied Lidocaine HCL gel to skin of hairless mouse depending on ultrasound frequency and duty cycle and analyzed permeation ratio with HPLC. Results: As a result of fixing lidocaine HCl gel at the same intensity with pulsed mode and continuous mode and comparing transdermal permeation ratio by frequency, transdermal permeation ratio was increased at 500 KHz ultrasound and remarkably increased at continuous ultrasound. It was found that 1 MHz and 500 KHz ultrasound in transdermal permeation experiment enhanced transdermal permeation of lidocaine HCl. In particular, transdermal permeation of 500 KHz using lidocaine HCl gel was highest. Conclusion: However, researches considering various frequencies, intensities and application hours in low frequency areas including 500 KHz ultrasound are needed to increase deep permeation or drugs.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.149-158
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• 2007

To investigate the permeability of lidocaine, percutaneous absorption studies were performed using excised hairless mouse skin and the penetration of lidocaine via the skin was determined. To increase the skin permeation of lidocine, the effects of $Labrasol^{(R)}$, $Labrafil^{(R)}$, $Labrafac^{(R)}$ and $Transcutol^{(R)}$ were investigated. The skin permeation of lidocaine was increased when $Labrasol^{(R)}$ and $Transcutol^{(R)}$ were used as permeation enhancer. To evaluate the influence of ultrasound, various factors such as application modes (continuous mode and pulsed mode), frequency (1.0 and 3.0 MHz) and intensity (1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 w/$cm^2$) were investigated with lidocaine hydrogel. The pronounced effect of ultrasound on the skin permeation of lidocaine was observed at all ultrasound energy levels. The influence of frequency having an effect on skin permeation rate was higher in the case of using 1 MHz, 2.0 w/$cm^2$ and continuous treatment. As the intensity of ultrasound increased, the permeation of lidocaine was accelerated. The in vivo anesthetic effects were evaluated by two aspects as mechanical threshold and electrical threshold. Six healthy volunteers consented to the randomized, double-blind, and cross-over designed study in each group. In each subject, 3 groups were adapted such as K group (ultrasound with gel base only), L group (lidocaine gel) and B group (ultrasound with lidocaine gel). In conclusion, lidocaine was potent anesthetic which could be block pain threshold effectively. And ultrasound could accelerate the skin penetration of lidocaine. The phonophoretic delivery system could be a good candidate for lidocaine as a local anaesthetic to improve the skin permeation and in vivo anaesthetic effect.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.217-221
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• 2008

다양한 초음파의 주파수와 강도 등의 물리적 인자에 대한 경피투과 촉진효과를 알아보기 위하여 lidocaine gel을 제조하고 hairless mouse의 피부를 이용하여 경피투과 촉진효과를 평가하였다. Lidocaine을 함유한 겔을 제조하여 안정성을 확인할 수 있었으며, 주파수에 따른 lidocaine의 경피투과량은 500 kHz 초음파의 경피투과량이 크게 증가하였으며, 특히 지속초음파에서 현저히 증가하였다. 초음파의 강도에 따른 lidocaine의 경피투과량은 강도가 높을수록 높게 나타났다. 500 kHz 초음파의 조사는 1 kHz에 비하여 flux를 유의성 있게 증가시켰으며, lag time을 상대적으로 지연되는 양상을 나타내었다. 따라서 현재 임상에서 가장 많이 사용하고 있는 1 kHz 초음파를 이용한 음파영동보다 500 kHz 초음파를 이용한 음파영동이 lidocaine의 투과량 증대를 위한 임상적 응용이 가능할 것으로 사료된다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제34권7호
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• pp.2176-2182
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• 2013

A novel sol-gel method was implied to prepare CuO-doped ZnO nanoparticles. XRD and SEM techniques were used to characterize the CuO-doped ZnO sample. The photocatalytic degradation of Lidocaine HCl was investigated by two methods. The degradation was studied under different conditions such as the amount of photocatalyst, pH of the system, initial concentration, presence of electron acceptor, and presence of anions. The results showed that they strongly affected the photocatalytic degradation of Lidocaine HCl. The photodegradation efficiency of drug increased with the increase of the irradiation time. After 6 h irradiation with 400-W mercury lamp, about 93% removal of Lidocaine HCl was achieved. The degree of photodegradation obtained by Taguchi method compatible with the trial-and-error method showed reliable results.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.361-365
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• 2018

Background: Recently, we examined the effects of 2% lidocaine gel on the tactile sensory and pain thresholds of the face, tongue and hands of symptom-free individuals using quantitative sensory testing (QST); its effect was less on the skin of the face and hands than on the tongue. Consequently, instead of 2% lidocaine gel, we examined the effect of 8% lidocaine spray on the tactile sensory and pain thresholds of the skin of the face and hands of healthy volunteers. Methods: Using Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments, QST of the skin of the cheek and palm (thenar skin) was performed in 20 healthy volunteers. In each participant, two topical sprays were applied. On one side, 0.2 mL of 8% lidocaine pump spray was applied, and on the other side, 0.2 mL of saline pump spray was applied as control. In each participant, QST was performed before and 15 min after each application. Pain intensity was measured using a numeric rating scale (NRS). Results: Both the tactile detection threshold and filament-prick pain detection threshold of the cheek and thenar skin increased significantly after lidocaine application. A significant difference between the effect of lidocaine and saline applications was found on the filament-prick pain detection threshold only. NRS of the cheek skin and thenar skin decreased after application of lidocaine, and not after application of saline. Conclusion: The significant effect of applying an 8% lidocaine spray on the sensory and pain thresholds of the skin of the face and hands can be objectively scored using QST.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.41-47
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• 2021

Background: This study was designed to compare the efficacy of DentalVibe against 2% lidocaine gel in reducing pain during the administration of local anesthetic injection in the adult population. Methods: This was a split-mouth open-label, randomized, controlled clinical study conducted in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery of a dental institute. Fifty patients who were scheduled for bilateral dental extractions requiring an inferior alveolar nerve block were enrolled in the study. Site A (n = 50) was coated with 2% lidocaine gel followed by a local anesthetic injection, and DentalVibe with local anesthetic injection was used for Site B (n = 50). The primary outcome was pain, which was recorded immediately after the administration of anesthetic injection using the Visual Analogue Scale [VAS 0 - 10]. Results: The VAS pain scores ranged from 4 to 10 for site A and 0 to 6 for site B. Comparison between the two sites showed a statistically significant difference [Mann-Whitney U test value = 51.50, P < 0.001] favoring site B. Conclusion: This study showed that DentalVibe reduces pain during injection of local anesthesia compared to topical anesthetic gel.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.115-118
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• 2007

Purpose: A eutectic mixture of local anesthetics (EMLA$^{(R)}$) cream has been used as a topical anesthetic to reduce the pain of procedures penetrating the skin. It is generally applied for 40 to 60 minutes before the painful procedure. Because of the long application period, EMLA$^{(R)}$ is not useful in the emergency department (ED). The purpose of this study was to determine whether a 20-minute application of 9.6% lidocaine would be useful in reducing the pain of routine peripheral intravenous cannulation in the ED. Methods: We examined 27 male and 19 female patients ages over 18 years of age who required intravenous cannula insertion. Intravenous insertion was performed on 46 patients: 24 patients in the placebo group (mean age: 40.0 years) and 22 in the 9.6% lidocaine group (mean age: 37.6 years). The 9.6% lidocaine or placebo gel was applied and covered with an occlusive dressing for 20 minutes. Pain was scored by the patients using a 0- to 10-cm visual analogue scale. Results: The patients in the 9.6% lidocaine group (mean pain score: 3.4) experienced less pain than those in the placebo group (mean: 5.3), and the difference was statistically significant (p=0.029). Conclusion: We concluded that a 20-minute application of 9.6% lidocaine is safe and effective for reducing pain associated with venipuncture.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.438-448
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• 2017

본 연구는 요도 카테터 삽입술에서의 리도카인 윤활제의 통증 감소 효과를 검증하기 위해 수행된 체계적 문헌고찰 및 메타분석연구이다. 문헌검색은 PRISMA 가이드라인에 의거하여 데이터베이스 7개(MEDLINE, Cochrane Central, CINAHL, RISS, Koreamed, KISS, NDSL)와 회색문헌을 통해 수행되었다. 비뚤림 위험은 Risk of Bias(RoB) 도구를 통해 평가되었으며 자료의 분석은 RevMan 5.3 프로그램을 이용하였다. 문헌의 선택배제기준에 따라 합계 성인 대상자 1904명이 포함된 16편의 문헌이 최종 선정되었으며 funnel plot에서 비뚤림 위험이 관찰되지 않았다. 리도카인 윤활제의 통증 점수는 대조군과 비교할 때 표준화된 평균차이가 SMD -0.96(95% CI: -1.43, -0.49)로, 전반적으로 유의한 통증 감소효과를 보였다(p<.001). 이질성(($I^2=95%$, p<.001)의 원인을 탐색하기 위해 카테터 종류(도뇨카테터, 경성 및 연성방광경 카테터)에 따라 하위집단 분석을 실시하였으며 표준화된 평균차이가 각각 SMD -0.88(95% CI:-1.51, -0.26), -0.31(95% CI:-0.63, 0.01), -1.93(95% CI:-2.88, -0.97)이었다. 도뇨카테터 삽입에서는 성별에 관계없이 통증 감소 효과가 있었으나 경성방광경 카테터에서는 남성에서만 유의한 통증 감소 효과가 있었다. 용량에 있어 경성 방광경 카테터에서는 리도카인 윤활제를 10-11ml 이상을 사용한 경우 통증 감소 효과가 관찰되었다. 도뇨카테터에서는 리도카인 윤활제를 도포하는 방법만으로도 시간에 관계없이 유의한 통증 감소 효과가 있었다. 본 연구 결과 리도카인 젤은 남성의 요도 내로 경성방광경 카테터를 삽입하는 경우, 남녀 모두에게 도뇨카테터 삽입을 하는 경우에 유용한 통증 감소용 윤활제로 확인되었다.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.417-422
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• 2005

This study was aimed to design and formulate the moisture-activated patches containing ofloxacin and lidocaine for antibacterial and local anesthetic action. The solubility of lidocaine at $32^{\circ}C$ in various vehicles decreased in the rank order of PG $759.5{\pm}44.5\;mg/mL$ > PGL > IPM > PEG 300 > PEG 400 > Ethanol > PGMC > DGME > PGML > OA > $Captex^{\circledR}\;300$ > $Captex^{\circledR}\;200$ > water $(4.0{\pm}0.1\;mg/mL)$. Ofloxacin revealed very low solubility, which the highest solubility was obtained from PEG 400 $(18.7{\pm}6.3\;mg/mL)$ among the vehicles used. The addition of lactic acid increased the solubility of ofloxacin dramatically; the solubility at 5% lactic acid was $133.7{\pm}9.7\;mg/mL$. As $2-hydroxypropyl-{\beta}-cyclodextrin$ was added at the concentrations of 40, 80, 120, 160 and 200 mM, the solubilities of lidocaine and ofloxacin were enhanced up to three and two times, respectively, with concentration-dependent pattern. Gel intermediates for filmtype patches were prepared with mucoadhesive polymer, viscosity builders, lidocaine or ofloxacin at pH values from 5 to 7. Gels were cast onto a release liner and dried at room temperature. Dried patch was attached onto an adhesive backing layer, thus forming a patch system. Patches containing a single drug component were characterized by in vitro measurement of drug release rates through a cellulose barrier membrane. The release study was carried out at $37^{\circ}C$ using a Franz-type cell. Receptor solutions were isotonic phosphate buffers (pH 7.4). Samples $(100\;{\mu}L)$ were taken over 24 hours and quantitated by a verified HPLC method. The releases from all tested were proportional to the square root of time. The release rates were 0.9, 157.3 and $281.7\;{\mu}g/cm^{2}/min^{1/2}$ for the lidocaine patches and 19.8,37.2 and $50.7\;{\mu}g/cm^{2}/min^{1/2}$ for the ofloxacin patches at the concentrations of 0.3, 0.5 and 1 %, respectively. The release rates were dose dependent in both drug patches $(R^{2}\;=\;0.9077\;for\;lidocaine;\;R^{2}\;=\;0.9949\;for\;ofloxacin)$ and those were also thickness-dependent $(R^{2}\;=\;0.9246\;for\;lidocaine;\;R^{2}\;=\;0.9512\;for\;ofloxacin)$.