• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.1071-1082
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• 1995

Numerical analyses have been performed to obtain the absorption heat and mass transfer coefficients and the absorption mass flux from a falling film of the LiBr aqueous solution which is cooled by cooling air. Heat flux at the wall is specified in terms of the heat transfer coefficient of cooling air and the cooling air temperature. Effects of operating conditions, such as the heat transfer coefficient, the cooling air temperature, the system pressure and the solution inlet concentration have been investigated in view of the local absorption mass flux and the total mass transfer rate. Effects of film thickness and film Reynolds number on the heat and mass transfer coefficients have been also estimated. Analyses for the constant wall temperature condition have been also carried out to examine the reliability of present numerical method by comparing with previous investigations.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.89-97
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• 2015

In this study, dissolution characteristics of 60% LiBr aqueous solution for Miscanthus sinensis holocellulose in accordance with heating time and characteristics of regenerated films were analyzed. Miscanthus sinensis holocellulose was made by peracetic acid method. During the dissolution of 60% LiBr solution for the holocellulose, the dissolution was started from the tip of the cellulose fiber after about 7 minutes, and proceeded as it swollen like a balloon. A lot of Si was identified by analyzing hollocellulose regenerated film through SEM/EDS. Cross section of regenerated film as dissolution time till 40 minutes of dissolution showed multilayered structure and fiber orientation. But after 40 minutes, multilayered structure and fiber orientation was not observed. The crystal structure of the holecellulose was transformed cellulose I into cellulose II. Therefore, dissolution for 20 minutes with 60% LiBr solution in the condition of $190^{\circ}C$ hot plate was shown as an optimum condition to manufacture the holocellulose regenerated film.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.265-270
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• 2013

Dialysis is the rate-limiting step in the preparation of aqueous silk fibroin (SF) solution. However, the traditional practice of dialyzing SF solution for at least 48 h to remove LiBr is not based on empirical evidence. The aim of the present study was to systematically measure LiBr content in SF solutions dialyzed for varying lengths of time and assess the potential toxicity of residual lithium ions in cells. Complete removal of lithium ions was not achieved even after 72 h of dialysis, with a residual lithium ion content in the solution of 22.85 mg/l. SF films prepared from solutions dialyzed for 8 and 24 h had predominantly random coil or b-sheet structures, respectively. The residual lithium had little cytotoxicity in NIH3T3 fibroblast cells, but viability was compromised in cells grown on SF film prepared from solution dialyzed for 24 h.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.57 no.2
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• pp.92-97
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• 2024

The LiBr aqueous solution, which is the absorption liquid of absorption refrigerator, must be replaced periodically because the concentration of impurities such as Cu²⁺, Fe²⁺, Ca²⁺, etc., increases due to corrosion of the tubes as the period of use increases, and the refrigeration efficiency decreases significantly. In order to reuse the waste absorption liquid, flocculation-precipitation method is mainly applied to precipitate the impurities, which requires hundreds of times the concentration of impurities and generates additional waste. In this study, a process for removing Cu ion impurities from cyclone electrolyzer by electrolytic reduction is presented in a small-scale facility without additional waste. It was confirmed that Cu ion impurities can be removed down to 1 ppm by electrolytic reduction process, and to further improve the removal rate, the mass transfer rate was increased by using a cyclone electrolyzer. The removal rate of Cu ions increased with the increase of flow rate and current density, and it was confirmed that Cu was removed at a rate of 1.48 ppm/h under the condition of 330 mL/sec and 2.5 mA/cm².

• International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.41-48
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• 2006

Absorption performance at the vertical interface between refrigerant vapor and liquid solution of $LiBr-H_{2}O$ solution was enhanced by the waves formed due to the interfacial shear stress. The present study investigated experimentally and analytically the improvements of absorption performance in a falling film by wavy film flow. The dynamic parameter was the film Reynolds numbers ranged from 50 to 150. The energy and diffusion equations were solved simultaneously to find the temperature and concentration profiles at the interface of liquid solution and refrigerant vapor. Absorption characteristics due to heat and mass transfer were analyzed for the falling film of the LiBr aqueous solution contacted by refrigerant vapor in the absorber. Absorption performance showed a peak value at the solution flow rate of $Re_{f}>100$. Absorption performance for the wavy film flow was found to be greater by approximately 10% than that for uniform film flow. Based on numerical and experimental results, the maximum absorption rate was obtained for the wavy flow caused by spring insert. The difference between the measured and the predicted results were ranged from 5.8 to 12%.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.581-589
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• 2003

Film absorption involves simultaneous heat and mass transfer in the gas-liquid system. While the non-absorbable gas does not participate directly In the absorption process. its pretence does affect the overall heat and mass transfer. An experimental study was performed to investigate the heat and mass transfer characteristics of LiBr-H$_2$O solution flow ing over 6-row horizontal tubes with the water vapor absorption in the pretence of non-absorbable gases. The volumetric concentration of non-absorbable gas, air, was varied from 0.17 to 10.0%. The combined effects of the solution flow rate and its concentration on the heat and mass transfer coefficients were also examined. The presence of 2％ volumetric concentration of air resulted in a 25% reduction in the Nusselt number and 41% reduction in the Sherwood number Optimum film Reynolds number was found to exist at which the heat and mass transfer reach their maximum value independent of air contents. Reduced Nusselt and Sherwood numbers. defined as the ratio of Nusselt and Sherwood numbers at given non-absorbable gas content to that with pure water vapor, were correlated to account for the reduction in the heat and mass transfer due to non-absorbable gases in a falling film absorption process.

• International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration
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• v.6
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• pp.56-66
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• 1998

The absorption process of water vapor in a liquid film is an important process in LiBr-Water absorption system. The composition of the gas phase, in which a non-absorbable gas is combined with the absorbate, influences the transport characteristics. In the present work, the absorption processes of water vapor into aqueous solutions of lithium bromide in the presence of non-absorbable gas are investigated. The continuity, momentum, energy and diffusion equations for the solution film and gas are formulated in integral forms and solved numerically. It is found that the mass transfer resistance in gas phase increases with the concentration of non-absorbable gas. However the primary resistance to mass transfer is in the liquid phase. As the concentration of non-absorbable gas in the absorbate increases, the interfacial temperature and concentration of absorbate in solution decrease, which results in the reduction of absorption rate. The reduction of mass transfer rate is found to be significant for the addition of a small amount of non-absorbable gas to the pure vapor, especially at the outlet of tube where the non-absorbable gas accumulates. At higher non-absorbable gas concentration, the decrease of absorption rate seems to be linear to the concentration of non-absorbable gas.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.67-72
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• 1997

As a condition for obtaining the silk I type crystal that has stability and high reproducibility, after dissolving silk fibroin crystalline part (Fcp), the changes of recrystallized crystal structure according to dialytic pH were examined by x-ray diffraction and differential thermal analysis. The Fcp was obtained from the aqueous solution of silk fibroin enzymatic proteolyzed by chymotrypsin. The crystal structure of Fcp showed silk II type. When the Fcp was dissolved by 10M LiBr aqueous solution, the Fcp1 showed the silk II type at pH 9. However, besides the silk II type, the silk I type structure begins to appear at pH 8 and only the silk I type structure was found below pH 6. On the other hand, the Fcp2 that calcium chloride was used in the dissolution found only the silk I type crystal structure below pH8.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.218-225
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• 2000

In the present study, the effects of film Reynolds number (60∼200) and volumetric content of non-absorbable gases (0∼10%) in water vapor on the absorption process of aqueous LiBr solution were investigated experimentally. The formation of solution film on the horizontal tubes of six rows were observed to be complete for Re>100. Transition film Reynolds number were found to exist above which the Nusselt number and Schmidt number diminishes with solution flow rate. As the concentration of non-absorbable gases increased, mass transfer rate decreased more seriously than heat transfer rate did. The degradation effects of non-absorbable gases seemed to be significant especially when small amount of non-absorbable gases were introduced to the pure water vapor.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.499-509
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• 1998

In the absorption process of water vapor in a liquid film, the composition of the gas phase, in which a non-absorbable gas is combined with the absorbate influences the transport characteristics remarkably. In the present study, the absorption processes of water vapor into aqueous solution of lithium bromide in the presence of non-absorbable gases were investigated analytically. The continuity, momentum, energy and diffusion equations for the solution film and gas phase were formulated in integral forms and solved numerically. It was found that the mass transfer resistance in gas phase increased with the concentration of non-absorbable gas. However the primary resistance to mass transfer was in the liquid phase. As the concentration of non-absorbable gas in the absorbate increased, the liquid-vapor interfacial temperature and concentration of absorbate in solution decreased, which resulted in the reduction of absorption rate. The reduction of mass transfer rate was found to be significant for the addition of a small amount of non-absorbable gas to the pure vapor, especially at the outlet of an absorber where non-absorbable gases accumulated. At higher non-absorbable gas concentration, the decrease of absorption flux was almost linear to the volumetric concentration of non-absorbable gas.