• MALSORI
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• no.62
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• pp.51-68
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• 2007

Two experiments were conducted to determine the exact locus of the frequency effect in speech production. Experiment 1 addressed the question as to whether the word frequency effect arise from the stage of lemma selection. A picture-word interference task was performed to test the significance of interactions between the effects of target frequency, distractor frequency and semantic relatedness. There was a significant interaction between the distractor frequency and the semantic relatedness and between the target and the distractor frequency. Experiment 2 examined whether the word frequency effect is attributed to the lexeme level which represent phonological information of words. A methodological logic applied to Experiment 2 was the same as that of Experiment 1. There was no significant interaction between the distractor frequency and the phonological relatedness. These results demonstrate that word frequency has influence on the processes involved in selecting a correct lemma corresponding to an activated lexical concept in speech production.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.49-63
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• 2010

This study was intended to analyze and interpret the pattern of naming the domestic apartment brand from a semiologic viewpoint in a bid to review the meaning and value of apartment brand, while on the other hand, evaluating the characteristics of persuasive message pursued by current apartment brand in 2010, and consequently, the conclusion of the study is outlined as follows. 1. As a result of analyzing the coinage of branding naming, the words such as combination, joint and blending pattern tended to dominate, which seemed to attempt to represent the variety of values of the housing culture. Brand ideation tends to stress the character symbolism and polysemic message using syllepsis, and the experimental attempt to revive the traditional dwelling concept in a modern sense in a way of combining the archaic word with the Chinese character was found as well. 2. As a result of analyzing the frequency of verbal identity and lexeme of domestic apartments, those frequently used are in order of ville, nature, beauty(美), park, hi, green, palace(宮), nobility and center(tra), which are the lexemes representing the landscape, view, nature and dignity. 3. As a result of identifying the pattern of lexeme using analysis frame based on existing researches such as apartment brand positioning, the most important external core concepts controlling the direction and value of apartment brand are 'environment-orientated' and 'emotion-orientated', and internally, 'function-oriented'. Given the persuasive language expressing the 'environment-oriented' feature and the priority of brand lexeme are garden, park, view and the nature, a landscape-oriented persuasive message is seen to be surging in brand naming. 4. An emotion-oriented persuasive language such as dignity axis having major lexeme represented by palace, nobility, class and a pride axis having major semantic elements represented by human, I and you are used as major value concepts and persuasive language that lead domestic apartment brands to differentiation and upgradation. 5. Among the lexemes focusing on view from environment-oriented standpoint, hi, hill, tower, view, mark, heights are the trend pursued by high-rise apartment aiming at the view such as residential-commercial apartment, and thus the persuasive language focusing on high-rise concept is expected to become the element dominating the trend of apartment brand for the time being.

• Language and Information
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.121-154
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• 1998

The morphological analyzer is expected to tell attested word forms from imaginable yet unattested ones. An account of the inflectional morphology of English verbs is given in the framework of Word-and-Paradigm morphology, developed mainly by Matthews (1972, 1974, 1991) and further by Aronoff (1994) and Zwicky (1985, 1988), which is free of overrecognition. Thirteen inflectional classes are identified according to the patterns each of them exhibits in filling the slots in the paradigm. Peculiarity in orthography is also considered in assigning each verb lexeme to a class. Modules of a C program which gives associated morphosyntactic properties to all and only attested verb forms are written so that details of this framework can be evaluated explicitly. This program is shown to be superior to existing programs in economy and in the generality it achieves.

• MALSORI
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• no.61
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• pp.31-48
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• 2007

This study investigated the roles of name agreement and word frequency in the English-Korean word translation task. Using the low-frequency homonyms with low name agreement as stimuli, Experiment 1 revealed that the name agreement of materials is a determinant which could modulate times to translate English words into Korean equivalents. On the contrary, Experiment 2 showed that the name agreement of materials does not play a decisive role in the translation task, using the low-frequency homonyms having high name agreement as stimuli. In Experiment 3, we identified that the frequency effects observed from previous two experiments are indeed brought about during the lexical access. Our findings suggest that the word frequencies of materials have a strong influence on English-Korean word translation times, and homonyms are represented independently each other in the lexeme level.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.245-253
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• 2022

Commenced in 1954 by IBM, machine translation has expanded immensely, particularly in this period. Machine translation can be broken into seven main steps namely- token generation, analyzing morphology, lexeme, tagging Part of Speech, chunking, parsing, and disambiguation in words. Morphological analysis plays a major role when translating Indian languages to develop accurate parts of speech taggers and word sense. The paper presents various machine translation methods used by different researchers for Indian languages along with their performance and drawbacks. Further, the paper concentrates on parts of speech (POS) tagging in Marathi dialect using various methods such as rule-based tagging, unigram, bigram, and more. After careful study, it is concluded that for machine translation, parts of speech tagging is a major step. Also, for the Marathi language, the Hidden Markov Model gives the best results for parts of speech tagging with an accuracy of 93% which can be further improved according to the dataset.

• Koreanishche Zeitschrift fur Deutsche Sprachwissenschaft
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• v.3
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• pp.95-120
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• 2001

Modalpartikel-Kombinationen wurden bisher in der Forschung kaum behandelt. Modalpartikeln stehen immer im Mittelfeld eines Satzes. Innerhalb des Mittelfeldes aber ist ihre Position variabel. Nur deshalb sind auch Modalpartikel-Kombinationen $m\"{o}glich$, bei denen zwischen den beiden Partikeln ein oder mehrere Lexeme auftreten $k\"{o}nnen$.. Diese Art von Kombination soll hier 'offene Kombination' genannt werden im Gegensatz zu den 'geschlossenen Kombinationen' bei denen die eine Modalpartikel unmittelbar auf die andere folgt. Die Stellung der beiden Modalpartikeln bei einer offenen Kombination ist im Satz nicht beliebig, und deshalb ist auch das, was zwischen zwei Modalpartikeln steht, gewissen Beschrankungen unterworfen. Vor allem die Position der zweiten bzw. letzten Modalpartikel im Satz $h\"{a}ngt$ von der Thema-Rhema-Gliederung ab. Die geschlossenen Varianten der Modalpartikel- Kombinationen sind das ein Indiz $f\"{u}r$ die Verfestigung. Es handelt sich eben nicht mehr nur um das $zuf\"{a}llige$ Auftreten zweier partikeln irn selben Satz, sondem irn vielen $F\"{a}llen$ um eine feste Einheit, deren Bedeutung allerdings immer noch aus der Bedeutung der Einzelbestandteile zusamrnengesetzt werden kann. Kornbinationen von Modalpartikeln sind also als ein weiteres wichtiges Mittel zur Gestaltung eines Dialogs und damit zur Ausgestaltung des Kontakts der $Gespr\"{a}chspartner$ untereinander zu sehen.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.10-23
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• 2016

With requiring circumspections using big data, this study attempts to develop and apply the search method for audit issues relating to the ITS policy or program. For the foregoing, the auditing process of the board of audit and inspection was converged with the theoretical frame of boundary analysis proposed by William Dunn as an analysis tool for audit issues. Moreover, we apply the text mining technique in order to computerize the analysis tool, which is similar to the boundary analysis in the concept of approaching meta-problems. For the text mining analysis, specific model we applied the antisymmetry-symmetry compound lexeme-based LDA model based on the Latent Dirichlet Allocation(LDA) methodologies proposed by David Blei. The several prime issues were founded through a case analysis as follows: lack of collection of traffic information by the urban traffic information system, which is operated by the National Police Agency, the overlapping problems between the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport and the Advanced Traffic Management System and fabrication of the mileage on digital tachograph.

• Koreanishche Zeitschrift fur Deutsche Sprachwissenschaft
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• v.6
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• pp.323-344
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• 2002

EuroNet ist eine multilinguale Datenbasis mit WordNets $f\"{u}r\;einige\;europ\"{a}ische$ Sprachen ($holl\"{a}ndisch$, italienisch, spanisch, deutsch, $franz\"{o}sisch$, tschechisch und estnisch). Die WordNets werden genauso wie das amerikanische WordNet $f\"{u}r$ Englisch (Princeton WordNet, Miller et al. 1990) in Synsets (Zusammensetzen der synonymen $W\"{o}rter$) mit grundlegenden lexikalisch-semantischen Relationen zwischen ihnen $ausgedr\"{u}ckt$ strukturiert. Jedes WordNet stellt also ein einzigartiges innersprachliches System $f\"{u}r$ die lexikalischen und konzeptuellen Relationen dar. $Zus\"{a}tzlich$ werden diese auf dem Princeton WordNet basierten WordNets (z.B. GermaNet) mit einem Inter-Linguale-Index (kurz, ILI) verbunden. $\"{U}ber$ diesem Index werden die Sprachen zusammengeschaltet, damit zu gehen ist $m\"{o}glich$, von den $W\"{o}rtern$ in einer Sprache zu den $\"{a}hnlichen\;W\"{o}rtern$ in jeder $m\"{o}glicher$ anderen Sprache. Der Index gibt auch Zugang zu einer geteilten Top-Ontologie von 63 semantischen Unterscheidungen. Diese Top-Ontologie stellt einen allgemeinen semantischen Rahmen $f\"{u}r$ aile Sprachen zur $Verf\"{u}gung,\;w\"{a}hrend$ sprachspezifische Eigenschaften in den einzelnen WordNets beibehalten werden. Die Datenbasis kann, unter anderen, $f\"{u}r$ einsprachige und multilinguale Informationsretrieval benutzt werden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit handelt sich also um eine methodologische Untersuchung der koreanisch-deutschen ILI-Verbindung zur Anwendung der auf dem EuroNet basierten lexikalischen, semantischen Datenbasis. Dabei werden einzelnen Lexeme in koreanischen, deutschen WordNets $zun\"{a}chst$ mit Hilfe der Sense-Analyse semantisch differenziert, und dann durch lexikalische und konzeptuelle Relationen(ILI) miteinander verbunden. Die Equivalezverbindungen dienen, sprachspezifische Konzepte zum ILI abzubilden. Sie werden von einem anderen Synset der moglichen Relationen aus der Euronet-Spezifikation genommen. Wenn es keinen ILI-Rekord gibt, der ein direktes Equivalenz zu einem gegebenen Konzept darstellt, kann das Konzept in der Frage $\"{u}ber$ EQ-Near-Synonymie, EQ-Hyperonymie oder EQ-Hyponymie Relationen verbunden werden.

• Proceedings of the KSPS conference
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.99-108
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• 2006

Three experiments were conducted to determine the exact locus of the frequency effect in speech production. In Experiment 1. a picture naming task was used to replicate whether the word frequency effect is due to the processes involved in lexical access or not. The robust word frequency effect of 31ms was obtained. The question to be addressed in Experiment 2 is whether the word frequency effect is originated from the level where a lemma is selected. To the end, using a picture-word interference task, the significance of interactions between the effects of target frequency, distractor frequency and semantic relatedness were tested. Interaction between the distractor frequency and semantic relatedness variables was significant. And interaction between the target and distractor frequency variables showed a significant tendency. In addition, the results of Experiment 2 suggest that the mechanism underlying the word frequency effect is encoded as different resting activation level of lemmas. Experiment 3 explored whether the word frequency effect is attributed to the lexeme level where phonological information of words is represented or not. A methodological logic applied to Experiment 3 was the same as to Experiment 2. Any interaction was not significant. In conclusion, the present study obtained the evidence supporting two assumptions: (a) the locus of the word frequency effect exists in the processes involved in lemma selection, (b) the mechanism for the word frequency effect is encoded as different resting activation level of lemmas. In order to explain the word frequency effect obtained in this study, the core assumptions of current production models need to be modified.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.59-70
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• 2013

This study was to suggest cultural landscape preservation, value creation, as well as utilization plan to help landscape development of Hahoe village by identify the existence of Okyeonsipyeong(玉淵十詠) natural features, which were set around Buyongdae(芙蓉臺) in Hahoe Village by Seoae(西崖) Ryu, Seongryong(柳成龍), and understanding their characteristics and meanings of natural features and meanings. Based on the writings of "Okyeonseodanggi" and "Okyeonsipyeong", the major results of this study are as belows. 'Okyeon(玉淵)' letters carved on the rocks, also known as the name of pavilion in Okyeonjeongsa(玉淵精舍), is the center of Okyeonsipyeong that symbolizes the enlightenment of clean noble man, as well as the symbolic locational expression of studying room. One of Okyeonsipyeong, 'Wansimjae', is assumed to be the name from the combination of two Buddhist names, 'Wanjeok(玩寂)' and 'Seshim(洗心)', 'Dangho(堂號)', lined on both sides with Wonlakjae, the residence of Seoae, as the center. Wansimjae is after all the natural feature indicating the overall Okyeonjeongsa as the core of Okyeonsipyeong with west edge Gyeomamjeongsa(謙巖精舍). Among ten Okyeonsipyeong natural features, Wansimjae(玩心齋), Ganjukmun(看竹門), Gyeomamsa(謙菴舍), Dalgwandae(達觀臺), Ssangsongae(雙松厓), and Dohwacheon (桃花遷) are on the right side of the stairway from Okyeonjeongsa to Gyeomamjeongsa, while Chuwoldam(秋月潭), Neungpadae(凌波臺), Gyeseonam(繫船巖), and Jijuam(砥柱巖) are on the road to the cliff under river cliff in Buyongdae as well as to the dock, and all are located within 500m radius close and diameter area. As the results of lexeme and context analyses of Okyeonsipyeong poet, they are mainly about Confucian teachings symbolizing the constancy of the classical scholar including ego becoming one with the nature and back to the nature, unworldliness and farsighted view, transcendence and seclusion, as well as integrity spirit. In Dohwacheon and Gyeomamsa poets, there is Tao characteristics and brotherhood that pursue fairylands such as Mooreungdowon(武陵桃源). To create tourism brand and landscape of Okyeonsipyeong, it is necessary to prepare storytelling plans including the letters carved on the rocks introduction in Buyongdae area, and also synopsis of the Silgyeongsusang musical, 'Buyongjiae(芙蓉之愛)' that is related to 10 natural features. In addition, the related plans of the experience road from Gyeseonam, which is the boat stop in Buyongdae, to Ganjukmun of Okyeonjeongsa, and again to viewing routes on the stairways to Gyeomamjeongsa using boats are necessary. For preliminary preservation and maintenance plans, the safety of the stairway from Okyeonjeongsa to Gyeomamjeongsa should be secured, the rock inscription should be preserved, landscape interpretation plates should be installed, trees and shrubs around Dohwacheon rock inscription should be removed, Dalgwandae letters carved on the rocks should be restored, and the bamboo forest outside Ganjukmun as well as Prunus persica plantation around Dohwacheon should be pointed out.