• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.688-698
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• 2018

정부에서는 스마트시티 지표에 대한 중요성을 인지하여 최근 개정된 "스마트도시의 조성 및 산업 진흥 등에 관한 법률"에 인증과 관련된 법적 근거를 마련하였다. 본 연구는 국내외 스마트시티 인증 사례 및 지표 검토를 통해 도출된 스마트시티 지표를 토대로 전문가 및 실제 사업을 추진하는 지자체 담당자들의 자문 및 설문을 통한 AHP를 통해 수차례 검토하고 보완하여 국내 실정 및 해외 추세에 적합한 스마트시티 지표를 도출하였다. 또한 국내 스마트시티 대표 지자체를 대상으로 수요조사를 통한 직접 검증 및 인증을 실시하여 지표의 적합성 및 신뢰성을 시범적으로 검증하였다. 본 연구는 높아져가고 있는 스마트시티 평가 지표에 대한 체계적인 연구 및 적용을 검토했다는 점에서 의의가 있으며, 추후 정부에서 인증제를 구현하기 위한 근거로 활용이 가능하다. 최근 4차 산업혁명위원회 산하 스마트시티 특별위원회가 출범하여 국토교통부, 과학기술정보통신부, 산업통상자원부, 행정안전부, 환경부, 기획재정부 등 부처 합동으로 민간위원들로 구성하여 스마트시티 조성 확산을 검토하고 있는 중이며, 그 출발점이 국내 스마트시티의 수준과 해외 스마트시티에 대한 이해를 포괄하는 스마트시티 지표가 되기를 기대해본다.

• Perspectives in Nursing Science
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.97-104
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• 2011

Purpose: This study seeks to assess the educational needs pertaining to staff competency for alcohol prevention services in the workplace. Methods: The subjects were staff in charge of alcohol prevention services in four organizations. A questionnaire was modified pursuant to the IC & RC (International Certification & Reciprocity Consortium) Certified Prevention Specialist role delineation. The questionnaire consisted of five domains with 27 items. Data were collected via the self-administered questionnaire from October to November of 2009. 400 questionnaires were mailed and 144(36.0%) were returned. The collected data were analyzed using the Borich's needs assessment model and with SPSS/WIN 15.0. Results: Overall mean scores for the importance levels of competency ratings were 3.79, while the performance levels of the competency were 2.13 and Borich's need results were 6.32. Public Health and Mental Health Center showed the highest degree of educational needs in terms of education & program development (p=.022). Conclusion: The perceived importance levels pertaining to staff competency for alcohol prevention services in the workplace were higher than those of the current performance levels. Staff working for alcohol prevention services in the workplace showed a different level of educational need as regards these competency levels according to service providers. To promote the effectiveness of alcohol prevention services in the workplace, the development of an educational program to meet the needs of the service providers is necessary.

• KIEAE Journal
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.21-28
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• 2015

Purpose: In this study, we analyzed the energy performance levels and high-performance technology trends through the case studies of foreign high-performance buildings. Method: Buildings built within 10 years were selected for the analysis of recent trends. we analyzed the buildings of U.S.A, Germany and Japan using LEED certified buildings, Passive House certified buildings and CASBEE certified buildings database for the case study of foreign high-performance buildings. A total of 20 high-performance buildings including 14 cases in U.S.A, 4 cases in Germany and 4 cases in Japan were selected. Annual energy consumption levels for 20 high-performance buildings were collected with the actual energy consumption data or data from simulation programs officially recognized by DOE. Annual energy consumption were compared with the energy performance standard of the office buildings in the CBECS database, ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2004 and Building Energy Efficiency Rating System in Korea. Result: The order of the green strategies applied in the main categories are Renewable Energy(63%), Indoor Environment Control(51%), Envelope Improvement(44%) and HVAC System & Control(28%). Specified strategies most widely used in the sub-categories are high-performance Insulation (70%), High Efficiency Heating, Cooling Source Equipment(85%), Photovoltaic&Solar Thermal(80%) and Daylighting(80%).

• 해양환경안전학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.263-274
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• 2024

The digitization of ship environments has increased the risk of cyberattacks on ships. The smartization and automation of ships are also likely to result in cyber threats. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has discussed the establishment of regulations at the autonomous level and has revised existing agreements by dividing autonomous ships into four stages, where stages 1 and 2 are for sailors who are boarding ships while stages 3 and 4 are for those not boarding ships. In this study, the level of a smart ship was classified into LEVELs (LVs) 1 to 3 based on the autonomous levels specified by the IMO. Furthermore, a risk assessment for smart ships at various LVs in different risk scenarios was conducted The cyber threats and vulnerabilities of smart ships were analyzed by dividing them into administrative, physical, and technical security; and mitigation measures for each security area were derived. A total of 22 cyber threats were identified for the cyber asset (target system). We inferred that the higher the level of a smart ship, the greater the hyper connectivity and the remote access to operational technology systems; consequently, the greater the attack surface. Therefore, it is necessary to apply mitigation measures using technical security controls in environments with high-level smart ships.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.241-248
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• 2012

Exposure of cells to ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation can induce production of free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS), which damage cellular components. In addition, these agents can stimulate the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and decrease collagen synthesis in human skin cells. In this study, we examined the anti-photoaging effects of extracts of Tetraselmis suecica (W-TS). W-TS showed the strongest scavenging activity against 2,2-difenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and peroxyl radicals, followed by superoxide anions from the xanthine/xanthine oxidase system. We observed that the levels of both intracellular ROS and lipid peroxidation significantly increased in UVB-irradiated human skin fibroblast cells. Furthermore, the activities of enzymatic antioxidants (e.g., superoxide dismutase) and the levels of non-enzymatic antioxidants (e.g., glutathione) significantly decreased in cells. However, W-TS pretreatment, at the maximum tested concentration, significantly decreased intracellular ROS and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and increased superoxide dismutase and glutathione levels in the cells. At this same concentration, W-TS did not show cytotoxicity. Type 1 procollagen and MMP-1 released were quantified using RT-PCR techniques. The results showed that W-TS protected type 1 procollagen against UVB-induced depletion in fibroblast cells in a dose-dependent manner via inhibition of UVB-induced MMP-1. Taken together, the results of the study suggest that W-TS effectively inhibits UVB-induced photoaging in skin fibroblasts by its strong anti-oxidant ability.

• 산업공학
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.422-430
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• 2012

In this article, we introduced the estimation method by 'Safety Integrity Level'(SIL) for the criterion of safety assurance and performed a case study on a flame scanner. SIL requires probabilistic evaluation of each set of equipment used to reduce risk in a safety related system. FMEDA(Failure Modes, Effects and Diagnostic Analysis) method is widely used to evaluate the safety levels and provides information on the failure rates and failure mode distributions necessary to calculate a diagnostic coverage factor for a part or a component. Basically, two parameters resulting from FMEDA are used for SIL classification of the device : SFF(Safe Failure Fraction) and PFD(Probability of Failure on Demand). In this case study, it is concluded that the flame scanner is designed to fulfill the condition of SIL 3 in the aspect of SFF and PFD.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.432-439
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• 2004

Korean certification regulation for particulate filtering respirators requires inward leakage (IL) test as European Standards (EN) and the standard levels of regulation are the same as those of EN. This study was conducted to evaluate particulate filtering respirators being commercially used in the market by using IL and assess the characteristics of IL. The study began with discussing the concept of IL, comparison of IL with fit test, and IL measurement method. Three brands of half masks and 10 brands of filtering facepieces (two top class, four 1st class and four 2nd class), total 13 brands respirators, and 10 test panels (subjects) who were classified in 9 facial grids in accordance with face length and lip length, were selected for IL test. IL tests were conducted in the laboratory of 3M Innovation Center which was established by EN standard. As expected ILs of half masks were lower than those of filtering facepiece mask. ILs of half masks and some filtering facepieces were significantly different in manufacturers. ILs of 1st class filtering facepieces were found to be much more than those of 2nd class and thus the result would cause wearers to get confused to select a mask. Four of six brands being no compliance with standards were thought that they should be tested again for certification because of a lot of differences from standards. There were no significant differences among ILs of five exercises. In 6 out of 13 brands lognormal distribution of ILs may be a better fit distribution and in 7 brands both lognormal and normal distributions were rejected. The result indicates that geometric mean may be better than arithmetic mean to establish standard.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.62-71
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• 2011

There is widespread concern that particulate filtering respirators (PFRs) available in Korea will be efficient for nanoparticles. The purpose of this review study was to analyse research literature and recommend PFRs suitable for protection against nanoparticles. In all studies, respirators containing electret filter media (N95, P100 and FFP2, FFP3) consistently have their MPPS below 100 nm and particle penetration levels at the MPPS can vary widely, but they comply with NIOSH or EN certification criterion. Electret filtering facepieces respirators (FFRs) were found to shift in the Most-Penetrating Particle Size(MPPS) from 30-60 to 200-300 nm range after the electric charges were removed, and FFRs were above their minimum penetrations of criterion. Korean special class and first class FFRs (the same as FFP3 and FFP2, respectively) would be effcient for nanoparticles unless FFRs are removed electric charges. It is difficult to evaluate if mechanical PFRs is efficient for nanoparticles due to the lack of related materials.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.147-152
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• 2022

Objective: This study was conducted to obtain an objective index that can be quantified and used for establishing an animal welfare certification standard in Korea. For this purpose rumen pH, ruminating time, milk yield, milk quality, and blood components of cows reared in farms feeding high forage level (90%) and farms feeding low forage level (40%) were compared. Methods: Data on rumen pH, rumination time, milk yield, milk fat ratio, milk protein ratio, and blood metabolism were collected from 12 heads from a welfare farm (forage rate 88.5%) and 13 heads from a conventional farm (forage rate 34.5%) for three days in October 2019. Results: The rumination time was longer in cattle on the welfare farm than on the conventional farm (p<0.01), but ruminal pH fluctuation was greater in the cattle on conventional farm than the welfare farm (p<0.01). Conventional farms with a high ratio of concentrated feed were higher in average daily milk yield than welfare farms, but milk fat and milk production efficiency (milk fat and milk protein corrected milk/total digestible nutrients) was higher in cattle on welfare farms. Blood test results showed a normal range for both farm types, but concentrations of total cholesterol and non-esterified fatty acid were significantly higher in cows from conventional farms with a high milk yield (p<0.01). Conclusion: The results of this study confirmed that cows on the animal welfare farm with a high percentage of grass feed had higher milk production efficiency with healthier rumen pH and blood metabolism parameters compared to those on the conventional farm.

• 방송공학회논문지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.196-203
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• 2013

본 논문에서는 국내 디지털 저작권 보호 업체 혹은 대학 및 연구소에서 개발하고 생산하는 포렌식마크 기술의 품질을 객관적으로 평가할 수 있는 평가절차와 평가지표를 정량적으로 제시하였다. 포렌식마크 기술을 객관적으로 평가하기 위해서 본 논문에서는 우선, 구매자 정보가 삽입된 테스트 영상의 공격 항목과 수준을 정하고, 포렌식마크 정보의 추출 성능을 평가하기 위한 평가절차로서 평가항목, 평가기준, 평가절차를, 그리고 인증을 위해서는 포렌식마크 기술의 신뢰성에 대한 통계정보를 포함하는 인증서를 생성하기 위한 인증절차를 포함하였다. 이러한 포렌식마크 기술의 평가 및 인증 기술은 기술 개발자에게는 자신들이 개발한 포렌식마크 기술에 대한 객관적인 평가결과를 미리 알아볼 수 있어서 기술의 상품성을 점검할 수 있고 소비자 입장에서는 객관적이고 보편타당성 있는 평가 결과에 대한 신뢰를 가질 수 있다. 평가자 입장에서는 기술 평가를 통해 객관적이고 정량적인 평가 결과를 얻을 수 있어서 상대적인 우열을 가리기가 용이해지는 편리성을 얻을 수 있다. 이를 통하여 포렌식마크 기술의 발전과 디지털 저작권 보호 시장의 활성화에 일조를 할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.