• Journal of Information Technology Services
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.139-149
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• 2008

We propose expert system for restoration the original character form of ancient relics based on image processing and computer graphics. Letters engraved in relief like relics and intaglio like curved tombstones and letters engraved in plane or curved part of cultural asset may have been broken by a lot of rubbed copy, a long time and tide. In this paper, we suggest a new method for extracting and recovering the broken letters of cultural asset into an original form by using Z-map, morphological filter, and high frequency filter. Based on the suggested method. we develop the character recovering system.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Broadcast Engineers Conference
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• 2018.06a
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• pp.84-87
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• 2018

Handwritten letter recognition is important for numerous real-world applications and many topics like human-machine interaction, education, entertainment, and more. This paper describes the implementation of a real-time handwritten letters recognition system on a common embedded computer. Recognition is performed using a customized convolutional neural network, which was designed to work with low computational resources such as the Raspberry Pi platform. The experimental results show that the proposed real-time system achieves an outstanding performance in the accuracy rate and the response time for recognition of twenty-six handwritten letters.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.97-109
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• 2015

This study was focused on the placeness of Nogosan Dokjae-dong and rock inscription located in Jangheung-myeon, Yangju-si, Gyeonggi-do. The purpose was to reveal the implication of Nogosan and Dokjae-dong Valley in terms of Historic cultural landscape by considering the characteristics of the place and its landscape, and inferring the significance of the letters engraved on the rock. The result is as follows.10) Samgaksan is one of the five famous mountains in Korea. It is the sacred mountain that stands behind the capital city of the Joseon Dynasty that lasted for 600 years. On the other hand, the placeness of Nogosan is significant since it was the place where people used to bow low to the three great summits of Samgaksan. Furthermore, Nogosan was the perfect place to view Samgaksan that represented the Joseon spirit. Many letters were engraved on the rocks around Dokjae-dong Valley by Misu Heo Mok(許穆) as part of his memories to describe his experience in the mountain and became a scenery. Chusa(秋史) Kim Jung-Hee(金正喜) also engraved letters of 'Mongjae' on the rock that contains a double meaning. Literally, it means 'a dreaming house' However, it also implies that even just a daydream is significant in a way. These letters are presumed to be the signs that are related to Sung-Jae(性齋) Heo Jeon(許傳)'s experience in Dokjae-dong since the letters were part of his famous book title. Below these two letters, Chusa also engraved letters that describe the sexagenary cycle including the year of the rat, horse, dog, and tiger. They are regarded as the letters that describe the fate of Chusa's friend, a scholar born in May 1804. Nogosan and Dongjae-dong Valley are very significant in terms of historic cultural landscape as a viewpoint to see Samgaksan; and a place that cherishes the traces of Misu and shows common values and cohesiveness of well-known scholars of the Joseon Dynasty including Song Wol-Jae(松月齋) and Sung-Jae as a of Gihonamin(畿湖南人). The engraved letters of Chusa and Misu also implicitly demonstrates the major trends of Korea's calligraphy history.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.142-154
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• 2012

This study aimed at learning the characteristics of place identity of the Buan county hall garden and Sangsosan(上蘇山) by looking over the pattern and content of letter-engraved rocks and nearby facilities and history. Especially, we focused on the meaning and contents of the letters in Sangsosan and a Government Office of Buan engraved on rocks in order to learn what the place means. The results of our study are as follows. Buan-hyun(扶安縣) in the Joseon dynasty period blossomed literary culture of enjoying poetry and melody, and this was faithful realization of the concept of "Rakto(樂土)" of 'Saengubuan(生居扶安).' The grand scale letters written by Si-SooPark(朴蓍壽: 1767~1876), head of the office in the early 19th century, in the cursive style on the basis stone of the garden of Buan county building, which was the site of the office of Buan-hyun in the Joseon dynasty period, such as 'Bongraedongcheon(蓬萊洞天)', 'Jurim(珠林)', and 'Okcheon(玉泉)' mean that "'Bongrae', the another name of Buan', is a place where Taoist hermits would live because the spring water of Seorim flows down to be Okcheon.", showing his pride of living Buan. The regions like Seorimjeong, Geumdae(琴臺), and Hyecheon(惠泉) where letters engraved on rocks are located intensively are closely related with those who communicated with Mae-ChangLee(李梅窓: 1573~1610), the slave of the government, and are local attractions and garden traces where the literary culture and scholar's spirit of Buan are well-harmonized. Most of the letters were written from the 19th century to the early 20th century, showing that 4 for landscapes, 8 for Kyungseck(景色: imaginary scenry), 5 for figures, 15 for poems and 2 for others. The ratio of poems is much higher than that of poems in other regions' letters on rocks, and the keyword of the letters is Haecheon. A piece of the place identity heavily influenced by the Taois thermit ideology is revealed by the expressions of 'Bongraedongcheon', 'Sosansaho(蘇山四皓)' or 'the spring water of Haecheon' that was considered as an elixir of Taoist hermits. Seorim the forest, which had been managed after Yeon-Myeong Cho(趙然明: 1797~?), head of the office, planted trees in the 11th year of the reign of King Heonjong(1845), Seorimjeong in the forest, and rocks with engraved letters on them are proof of literary culture and the garden traces showing the characteristics and aspect of Imcheon(林泉) Garden of the office heavily influenced by the Taoist hermit ideology. Along with Naebyeon-san national park and Kyeokpo region, the center of Buan tourism, we hope that cultural heritages including rocks with engraved letters over Seorim park would become a representative cultural heritage and attraction of Buan.

• Journal of Gifted/Talented Education
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.671-695
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• 2013

This study provides an illustrative example of using the multivariate generalizability theory. Specifically, it investigates relative effects of each error source, and finds optimal measurement conditions for the number of items within each content domain that maximizes the reliability-like coefficients, such as a generalizability coefficient and an index of dependability. The method is based on teacher recommendation letters and self-introduction letters, using an analytic scoring method in the context of selection of mathematically gifted students by observation and nomination. This study analyzed data from the 2011 academic year in the science education institute for the gifted, which is attached to the university located in the Seoul metropolitan area. It should be noted that the optimal scoring structures of this study are not generalizable to other selection instruments. However, the methodology applied in this study can be utilized to find optimal measurement conditions for the number of raters, the number of content domains, and the number of items in other selection instruments self-developed by many institutions including: the education institutes for the gifted at provincial offices of education, gifted classes, and the science education institutes for the gifted attached to universities in general. In addition, the methodology will provide bases for making informed decisions in selection instruments of the gifted based on measurement traits.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.58-75
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• 2011

This study aimed to demonstrate that photographic reading can be used to decipher epigraphs more effectively and accurately than conventional rubbing of epigraphy. When using the rubbing technique, the reading rate varies for the each epigraph depending on the time, person, and rubbing method. Thus, we compared the results of conventional rubbing to photographic reading focusing on unread and misread letters. According to the results, some letters were different from those in the reference books, and some letters that could have been readable via photographic reading were misread or read as different letters. In its undamaged state, the Pyeongwangtapbi Monument of Seonggak Daesa is supposed to contain a total of 2,049 letters, and 1,763 of them have been deciphered. This study corrected a total of 308 letters that had not been deciphered or deciphered inconsistently in existing literatures. However, it should be noted that the epigraphs of the Pyeongwangtapbi Monument of Seonggak Daesa read using the rubbing technique were made at least 30-100 years ago, and the photographic reading was performed in 2010. Thus, the overall condition is not perfectly identical. If we read and compare in the same condition, we may obtain even more reliable results. Therefore, based on this study of photographic reading, further studies regarding the correction of the contents of epigraphy should be performed.

• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.37
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• pp.279-306
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• 2009

This study is purposed to observe conventional expression of Hangul Ganchal. The conventional expression of Hangeul Ganchal had set a pattern from 16th century to 17the century after establishing its regular form. It is mainly found in the introduction and the conclusion of the letters. Especially, they are concretely shown at an address form and greeting in the former, a farewell and the close in the latter. Generally, a native tongue was often used in address form at Suncheon Kim's Eongan in 16th century and Hyun-Poong Kwak's Eongan in 17th century. However, a Chinese character was commonly found in the introduction at Jingbo-Eongan-Dok in 19th century. Specifically, in case of response, the conventional expression of 'read your letter' was added in greeting part. In Suneon of 16th century, this type was gradually established to the form, and in Hyuneon of 17th century, a native tongue set a pattern. However, Jingeon of 19th century, a Chinese character was mainly used instead of a native tongue. The changing form of farewell and the close showed similar pattern as the aspect of greeting form. They seemed to be more simple and repetitive in Hyuneon compared with the form of Suneon. Furthermore, a Chinese character was dominated in the conclusion of letters in Jingeon. Consequently, the paper examined the two types of letter between Hangul letters and Chinese character letters were strongly associated with each other. It is expected that more details research will be coped with next study.

• Proceedings of the ESK Conference
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• 1998.04a
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• pp.161-166
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• 1998

In this study, the optimum criteria of space between the lines and the letters which could largely affect the legibility were found by the experiment and were presented as guidelines to design Korean VDT screens. Since the experiment was designed to test the human performance based on the VDT screen design, searching speed (S.S) and error rate (E) were used as the criteria of performance, and CFF value was measured to evaluate user's visual fatigue. The EOG value was also measured for the visual restriction during the experiment for the space between the lines and letters.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.27-30
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• 2003

In this paper a new approach of digitalized ‘Takbon’ is introduced. By image signal processing, the letters which were written on stones can be deciphered. Epigraphic letter is detected by digital image device, digital camera. The two dimensional digital image is preprocessed because of sensor noise and detective turbulence. Color image is transformed into grey level. The letter image is analyzed in time/frequency domain. By the resultant analysis data decisive functions are calculated. Signal Processing techniques, such as scaling, clipping, digital negative, high/low filter, morphology and so on, provide algorithms that can extract letter from stones.

• Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.58 no.6
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• pp.1367-1383
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• 2021

This paper studies Young diagrams of symmetric and pseudo-symmetric numerical semigroups and describes new operations on Young diagrams as well as numerical semigroups. These provide new decompositions of symmetric and pseudo-symmetric semigroups into a numerical semigroup and its dual. It is also given exactly for what kind of numerical semigroup S, the semigroup ring 𝕜⟦S⟧ has at least one Gorenstein subring and has at least one Kunz subring.