• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.147-152
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• 2006

This study was conducted to define dietary patterns among 227 Korean American adults and 151 teenagers living in California using frequency of intake of major food groups and to examine associations of dietary patterns with selected demographic and acculturation variables. Three dietary patterns, 'healthful', 'Korean', and 'western', were identified using factor analysis. For both groups, 'healthful' pattern was characterized by high loading on milk/milk products, fruit, fruit juice, and bean/bean products. 'Korean' pattern had high loading on rice and kimchi. 'Western' pattern was characterized by high loading on meat/meat products, soda, and noodle/pasta. Among Korean American adults, women tended to have higher scores of 'healthful' pattern but lower scores of 'western' pattern, while there was no association of 'Korean' pattern with gender. The older adults were likely to have higher 'Korean' pattern score. Length of stay in the US and English levels were negatively associated with 'Korean' pattern. Korean American female adolescents had lower 'western' pattern scores than did male adolescents. Age was inversely associated with 'healthful' pattern in adolescents. The adolescents who had felt more proud of being a Korean descendant had higher scores on 'Korean' dietary pattern. The study findings support that dietary patterns are associated with acculturation variables such as length of residence in the US, English fluency, and particularly pride in ethnicity for adolescents. Further studies are needed to understand associations of dietary patterns and acculturation with health risk of ethnic groups.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.77-88
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• 2011

Foreign accent in second language production depends heavily on the transfer of features from the first language. This study examines acoustic variations in segments and suprasegments by native and nonnative speakers of English, searching for patterns of the transfer and plausible indexes of foreign accent in English. The acoustic variations are analyzed with recorded read speech by 20 native English speakers and 50 Korean learners of English, in terms of vowel formants, vowel duration, and syllabic variation induced by stress. The results show that the acoustic measurements of vowel formants and vowel and syllable durations display difference between native speakers and nonnative speakers. The difference is robust in the production of lax vowels, diphthongs, and stressed syllables, namely the English-specific features. L1 transfer on L2 specification is found both at the segmental levels and at the suprasegmental levels. The transfer levels measured as groups and individuals further show a continuum of divergence from the native-like target. Overall, the eldest group, students who are in the graduate schools, shows more native-like patterns, suggesting weaker foreign accent in English, whereas the high school students tend to involve larger deviation from the native speakers' patterns. Individual results show interdependence between segmental transfer and prosodic transfer, and correlation with self-reported proficiency levels. Additionally, experience factors in English such as length of English study and length of residence in English speaking countries are further discussed as factors to explain the acoustic variation.

• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.261-270
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• 2012

Nowadays, kitchen are not for the housewives who were independent themselves in the past but for the functional spaces. Kitchen spaces are not only the main function in the residence but also changing spaces which provide the mutual understanding communication between the family members. Although the primary function of the kitchen is food preparation, it is commonly a gathering spot for family and friends, especially if it includes an informal eating area. With so much time spent in the kitchen, and can easily become tired do the decorating scheme. But, for fear of high remodeling costs, it is often unchanged for many years. Surprisingly, there are many changes that can de made to the decorating scheme of a kitchen without either the expense or the inconvenience of remodeling. Between materials on the market, materials for kitchen interior were chosen for this study. Following results came from the materials after combustion. Among boards, MDF showed the highest score in these four categories; residual inflame time, residual glow time, carbonization length, carbonization area. Also, among finishing materials (interior materials), MDF + Poly Coating showed the highest score in those categories. Therefore, it seemed that interior materials need flame retardancy.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers Conference
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• 2004.03a
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• pp.55-61
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• 2004

Numerical simulations were conducted in a rectangular scramjet combustor with a cavity and/or a step in order to investigate their performances for flame-holding. Flow structures and OH radical profiles in the cavity and the step were calculated. The calculated results showed that the cavity generated a larger recirculation zone than the step that had the same depth. Additionally, the combustor with a cavity could make a large low-velocity area than the combustor with a step. The cavity performance was determined by its depth and length. The cavities with too large or too short length did not work effectively, and a certain aspect ratio showed high performance for flame-holding. There was a minimal depth under which the cavity did not work as flame-holder. The fuel injections upstream the cavity and inside the cavity were also tested to investigate the effects on the cavity performance. The result showed that the fuel injection inside the cavity reduced reaction areas and residence time. Therefore, the upstream injection was preferable to the inside injection.

• 한국전산유체공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.10a
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• pp.245-248
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• 2005

SCRamjet is the key technology for hypersonic flight over mach number 6. It is characterized by very short residence time in combustor because its internal flow is supersonic. In this short time, the whole process of combustion must be done. Especially numerical study of combustor is important because air-fuel mixing rate influences the performance of combustor. Various methods of air-fuel mixing enhancement are proposed. Among these, cavity injection method is selected to study in this paper. The numerical study is conducted with the variation of the cavity length at the fixed height of unit and jet injection on the downstream of cavity.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.37-46
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• 2004

The purpose of the study was to examine the socio-psychological factors of outdoor spaces in apartment complex. The data for the empirical analysis were collected from 412 households living in Haeundae New Town, Busan, and analyzed using descriptive statistics, factor analysis, and one-way analysis of variance and Duncan's multiple range test. The socio-psychological factors abstracted were territoriality, privacy, safety, sociality, accessibility, and identity. It was found that the households were generally positive to the overall socio-psycological factors in the current apartment complex. The significant explanatory variables for the responses to the socio-psychological factors were age of the wife, education of the wife, occupation of the wife, tenure type, monthly household income, length of residence, and overall satisfaction with outdoor spaces.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.24 no.11
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• pp.1549-1554
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• 2000

A new method to determine the total heat exchange factor was proposed for the prediction of billet temperature in a reheating furnace. This method employed the squared of the difference between measured and predicted temperatures as an objective function. The real billet temperature in a walking beam type reheating furnace with 19.75m of its effective length was directly measured by thermocouples. The present method was validated by showing that the predicted billet temperature was in a good agreement with the measured one.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.133-147
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• 2001

This study examined whether the ego-identities of institutionalized children and adolescents differ by grade, gender, reason for and length of residence, age at entering the institution, parents' visiting, relationship with parents before entering the institution, and caretakers' emotional support. We assumed that the ego-identities of institutionalized children had an effect on social interactions. The subjects were 121 5th and 6th graders, 135 middle, and 85 high school students who were institutionalized in Seoul. As predicted, the ego-identities of institutionalized children and adolescents differed by grade, and by such social interactions as parents' visiting, relationship with parents before entering the institution, and caretakers' emotional support. Results support the importance of social interactions for understanding the ego-identities of institutionalized children and adolescents.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.317-327
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• 1997

The objectives of this study were to review studies on the community attachment and to identify it's related variables. Community attachment variables were divided into linear development model variables and system model variables. The theoretical base for linear development model originated from Ferdinand Toennies(1957) and system model was from Kasarda and Janowitz(1974). Linear development model variables were population size and density. And system model variables were age, education, income, number of children, marital status, length of residence, sex, and job. Recent studies on the community attachment were being carried out through system model than linear development model.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.87 no.4
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• pp.620-629
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• 1998

The purposes of this study were to understand the resident' attitudes toward national parks and to identify the residents' perceptions of tourism and the influence of socioeconomic characteristics on their response. In winter of 1997, 153 questionnaires were obtained from a convenience sample of households within Soraksan National Park boundary. The residents perceived both positive and negative environmental and economic impacts of tourism, however, they were reluctant to attribute social costs to tourism. Despite some negative tourism impacts, most of the residents supported additional tourism development and disagreed to limit the number of visitors. Their perceptions of tourism impacts were varied with age, education level, economic dependency on tourism, place of residence, and length of residence.