• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.231-246
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• 2023

Purpose - This study attempts to provide a new theoretical perspective on the quality signaling and its impact on a market under information asymmetry, focusing on how the accuracy and the cost of quality signaling affect sellers' and buyers' profit, suggesting appropriate designs of quality signaling methods which mitigates information asymmetry. Design/methodology/approach - In order to examine the effect of quality signaling on strategic interactions within the market, we establish an analytic model where market outcomes are determined by seller's quality claim and price, and buyers are risk-neutral. By investigating this analytic model through relevant game trees, we find the subgame perfect Nash equilibria of the market and predict related market outcomes based on sellers' quality signaling strategy. Findings - Our analytic model shows counterintuitive results that seller profit will be the lowest with inaccurate quality signaling and the highest with no quality signaling, mostly due to the certification cost. Consequently, sellers should proceed with caution if the quality signaling is less than accurate, as it may backfire. We believe that this is due to the fact that the inaccuracy of quality signaling causes some confusion and uncertainty in both sellers and buyers' decision to maximize profit, making it hard for sellers to predict buyers' behavior. Research implications or Originality - Although the sources and types of quality signaling errors have been investigated in the literature, there has not been satisfactory understanding regarding how inaccuracy of quality certification affects specific market outcomes. We expect that our theoretical model would provide important implications on how to utilize quality signaling to solve adverse selection issues in markets under information asymmetry.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.79-88
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• 2014

This study investigated the quality characteristics of apple jam added with ginger. The apple jam was prepared with apples, sugar, lemon juice and various amounts (0, 2, 4, 6, 8%) of ginger. Increasing the amount of ginger decreased moisture contents and sugar content of the jam, whereas the pH gradually increased. In addition, with increased amount of ginger, the lightness(L) and yellowness(b) significantly decreased, while redness(a) gradually decreased. There wasn't any significant difference in the samples with up to 4% ginger(p<0.05). In the texture profile analysis, hardness and adhesiveness increased significantly with increased amount of ginger. When more amount of ginger was added, cohesiveness increased with no significant difference based on the amount of ginger. With increased amount of ginger, springiness and chewiness gradually increased. The results of the sensory evaluation show that the apple jam added with 4% ginger got the highest overall-acceptability scores. In conclusion, it is possible to enhance the quality and acceptability of apple jam by adding 4% ginger.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.220-227
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• 2011

The morphology of the two marine urostyloid ciliates, Pseudokeronopsis carnea (Cohn, 1866) and Uroleptopsis citrina Kahl, 1932, in the family Pseudokeronopsidae, collected from the Yellow Sea, and the East Sea, Korea, respectively, were studied using live observation and protargol impregnation. Additionally, the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene was sequenced. These two species are firstly recorded in Korea. The main diagnostic key is as follows. Pseudokeronopsis carnea: body outline elongate-elliptical, brown-reddish or orange-red in colour in vivo; bicorona of 16-24 frontal cirri; one buccal and two frontoterminal cirri; 7-10 transverse cirri; 5-7 dorsal kineties; two types of cortical granules (one orange-red pigment, mainly grouped around cirri and dorsal bristles, arranged in typical rubra-pattern; the other, colourless and blood-cell-shaped, and densely distributed); contractile vacuole in the posterior half of the cell on the left side, usually in posterior 1/3-2/5. Uroleptopsis citrina: body outline elongate-elliptical, lemon-yellow in colour in vivo; two types of cortical granules (one yellow pigment; the other, blood-cell-shaped, densely distributed); bicorona of 12-18 frontal cirri; 2-3 frontoterminal cirri; two midventral rows comprising 26-35 cirri (consisting of anterior paired cirri, non-paired single cirri, and posterior paired cirri); three dorsal kineties. In addition, the SSU rRNA sequences of the two species were compared with public database of these species and consequently, showed high similarity.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.19-29
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• 2018

Objectives: Despite a rise of an interest in tooth whitening, diverse problems are being caused in case of hydrogen peroxide that is being used as a tooth bleaching agent. Thus, the aim was to examine tooth whitening effectiveness using natural products as a plan for supplementing this. Methods: As a result of having measured a tooth color through using VITA Easyshade V after having developed toothpaste with the application of extracts such as Citrus Peels, Mulberry (Morus alba L.) Root Bark, strawberry, and lemon, and then having used it for 10 weeks, they are as follows. Both upper and lower 6 anteriors mostly got brighter. Results: A statistically significant difference was shown especially in the right canine (p=0.015), in the right central incisor (p=0.007), and in the left central incisor (p<0.001). In consequence of having measured a color change, the tooth got brighter gradually in the higher extract content and in the lengthier use time. In case of canine, it got less bright compared to other teeth. In the outcome of evaluating sensuality, most of the questions were indicated to be high in case of using a whitening toothpaste for 10 weeks. But in what "there is no stickiness in the mouth, the stickiness was more felt in the use up to 5 weeks, but was improved in 10 weeks. Conclusions: The bleaching effectiveness was proved by developing a toothpaste with the application of natural extracts. A short-term effect cannot be seen like a whitening agent of using hydrogen peroxide. But there is a continuous effect in consideration of tooth-brushing more than 3 times a day.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.10 no.1 s.19
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• pp.171-190
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• 1992

The purpose of this study was to set up the objective standards of a space design for preschool children's room. In order to perform the above purpose, this study was organized into three sections. First, literature review to understand the relationship between preschool children's development and children's room, design elements and correlated variables of children's room. Second, survey research to seek a standard of children's room size, necessary furnitures, prefeerred colors and motifs. Third suggestions of objective and concrete alternative plan through the literature review and survey research. The major findings from the survey research were summarized as follows : 1) The mean size of contempory preschool children's room was 3.1 pyong and that of ldeal room was 4.7 pyong. 2) Necessary Furnitures with which more than two-thirds of parents want to furnish were bed, wardrobe, chest of drawers, toy shelves, toy boxes, book cases, chalkboard. Necessary furnitures for different ages were found to vary. For the age 2-5, the funitures for play were major, where as for the age 5-6, the furnitures for study were major. 3) The colors of contemporary preschool children's room were red, yellow, pink, blue, those of parent's favorites were Light colors(pink, skyblue, lemon yellow, Light green, Light purple). The rooms for boy were found with more cold colors, those for girl with more warm colors. 4) The motifs of contemporary preschool children's room were plants, lines, figures from cartoons of fairy tales. Boy's parents prefreerd space science and vehicles, while girl's parents preferred sky scenery and plants for their children's room.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.52 no.5
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• pp.527-529
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• 2014

This study reports the first case of Capillaria hepatica infection in a nutria in Korea. Ten nutrias, captured near the Nakdong River, were submitted to our laboratory for necropsy. White-yellowish nodules were found in the liver of 1 of the nutrias at necropsy. Histologically, the lesions were granulomatous, and infiltrations of lipid-laden macrophages, eosinophils, and several multinucleated giant cells were observed. The lesions consisted of numerous eggs and necrotic hepatocytes. The eggs were lemon-shaped and had polar plugs at the ends of both long sides. The eggs were morphologically identified as those of C. hepatica. Worldwide, C. hepatica infection in nutrias is very rare. Nutrias are a kind of livestock, as well as wildlife; therefore, an epidemiological study for parasitic infections needs to be conducted.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.313-318
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• 2013

In March, 2013, twenty symptomatic freesia plants (10 plants of cultivar Shiny Lemon and 10 plants of cultivar Shiny Gold), with striking virus-like symptoms were collected in Cheongju, Korea. The plants showed chlorotic, coalescing, interveinal, whitish, necrotic, mosaic, mottling or dark brown-to-purple necrotic spots on leaves. Freesia crude sap was directly analyzed by transmission electron microscopy, which potyvirus particles as well as long virus-like particles were detected. Total RNA extracts were analyzed for the infection of Freesia sneak virus (FreSV) by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR with primers specific to FreSV coat protein (CP) gene based on the sequences of FreSV isolates (GenBank No. GU071089, FJ807730 and DQ885455), showing 9 of 20 plants were infected. All 1305bp RT-PCR products were cloned and sequenced. Comparisons of nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences using BLAST and bioinformatics tools resulted in 99 to 100% sequence identity with FreSV isolates FOV, Virginia, and Italy, confirming FreSV in 9 symptomatic freesia plants. Of 9 determined cDNAs of FreSV isolates, sequences of 5 cDNA clones were identical (GenBank No. AB811437) and sequences of 4 cDNA clones were identical (GenBank No. AB811792). To our knowledge, this is the first report of FreSV from Freesia spp. in Korea.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.51-55
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• 2003

A germination method was used to detect biological changes in gamma-irradated apple, orange, and lemon at low doses at 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 1.0 kGy. Ten fruit seeds of each sample were placed on moistened cotton and germinated at 3$0^{\circ}C$ for 7 days. Shoot lengths of all fruits were gradually grown for 7 days, but the growth was signficantly slow down by fifth day. During 7 days of germination, the growth of unirradiated fruits were significantly highter than the irradiated fruits. By examining the gamma-Irradiated fruits in this study, a germination method could be possibly one of the screening test to identify irradiated fruits.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.229-233
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• 2012

This research was to evaluate conservational stability of cleaning treatment and color recovery by weak acid treatment on ivory. Before this experiment, had an ivory identification such as black light and schreger angle to find whether it is authentic or not. In wet cleaning treatment on ivory, used polar solvents such as distilled water, acetone, ethyl alcohol and acetic acid which usually used for cleaning ivory and bones. After cleaning took a experiment to evaluate conservational stability in surface observation, calculate weight and color difference. Following these results, these polar solvents were stable on the ivory samples. On the other hand, in weak acid treatment, used samples that were exposed by UV-A, UV-B, UV-C for 1 weeks, to restore its color from changed to original color. After treatment, found tiny cracks and exfoliation on the surface. Moreover, the color changed when it is treated by lemon juice, so, it is impossible to adapt.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.244-251
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• 2011

Galactinol and rafinose accumulation in plants is associated with stressful environmental conditions such as cold, heat, or dehydration by the action of galactinols synthase (GolS) in the raffinose family of oligosaccharides biosynthetic pathway from UDP-galactose. Moreover, several reports mentioned that GolS transcription is up regulated by various environmental stresses like cold, heat, dehydration. Therefore, to determine whether MoGolS1 was induced with the abiotic stress we analyzed the expression pattern of the gene under various abiotic stresses like heat, cold, abscisic acid, sucrose and salt concentration in the lemon balm plants grown in standard MS medium. The MoGolS1 gene was 981-bp in length encoding 326 amino acids in its sequence and shared 77 and 76% sequence similarity with Arabidopsis thaliana galactinol synthase4 (AtGolS4) and AtGolS1 genes respectively. The MoGolS1 gene was strongly expressed by the abiotic stress induced by sucrose, ABA or heat shock. It was also expressed in responses to cold, Identification and Functional Characterization of the GALACTINOL SYNTHASgene induction with various stresses may be possible for itscrucial function in abiotic stress tolerance in plants, providing a good engineering target for genetic engineering.