• 벤처혁신연구
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.141-150
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• 2021

ESG경영을 실효성 있게 추진하기 위해서는 지배구조에 있어서 이사회와 이사를 중심으로 한 경영상 의사결정이 이루어 져야 함에도 불구하고 회사의 경영진이 ESG요소를 고려한 의사결정을 할 의무를 부담하고 있지 않다. 우리나라 법인(회사)은 상행위나 그 밖의 영리를 목적으로 설립 단체로, 법률상 단체를 법인으로 취급하는 목적은 단체의 법률관계를 간편하게 처리하려는 것과 법인의 재산과 단체구성원의 개인재산을 구분하여 단체 재산을 독립된 주체의 재산으로 하기 위한 것이지만, 법인에게 주어진 자연인에게 권리와 같은 법인격은 '공공의 권익을 해'하거나, '위법을 정당화'하거나, '사기를 비호'하거나, '범죄를 옹호'하기 위하여 이용되었을 때에는 단체에게 주어진 인격 즉, 법인격을 부인하고 법인관계인(자연인)의 책임을 확대하여야 한다. 법인의 불법행위에 대하여 민사적 책임을 지고 있으나, 위와 같이 법인격이 부인된 상태에서의 법인의 불법 행위에 대하여 법인 관계인(자연인)의 책임은 민사적 책임은 인정되고 있으나, 법인 관계인(자연인)의 형사적 책임에 대한 것은 제한 된 범위 내에서만 이루어지고 있다. 법인의 사회적 책임이 지대한 만큼 법인 관계인(자연인)의 책임을 민사적 책임에 국한한다는 것은 법인의 국민경제에 미치는 영향을 고려하면 한다면 그 실효성이 반감된다고 할 것이다. 지배의 완전성, 재산의 혼융, 채권자의 권리침해, 자본의 과소성과 같은 객관적 요건과 회사의 법인격이 지배주주에 대한 법률적용을 회피하기 위한 수단으로 함부로 사용되거나 채무면탈이라는 위법한 목적 달성을 위하여 회사제도를 남용하려는 주관적 의도가 있다면 회사의 법인격 부인을 하여야 할 것이다. 대형 프로젝트를 수행하여 막대한 규모의 사업이 진행되고 그로 인한 사업수익도 천문학적인 숫자에 이르는 등 기업의 사회에 대한 영향력이 증가하여 그 사회적 책임의 정도가 높아지고 있음에도 불구하고, 민사적 책임으로 그 책임이 제한되는 경우에 피해에 비하여 피해자가 입은 손해에 대한 책임을 회복할 수 없는 경우에 법인관계인(자연인)에게 기존의 형사적 제재로는 과실 책임과 제한된 범위 내에서 고의책임을 물을 수밖에 없는 한계에 이르고 있다. 그러한 경우에 우리나라 사회의 자본주의 성숙도, 세계에서 차지하는 경제적 위상 등을 고려하여 법인관계인(자연인)에게 민사적 책임과는 별도로 형사적 책임을 도입할 필요성이 있다고 본다. 우리나라의 경우 법인격 부인이 인정되기 위한 요건이 엄격하지만 미국은 지배 혹은 사기(fraud)만 있으면 족하다고 하고 있다. 그러므로 법인격 부인에 있어서 민사적 책임에 관한 것이 아니라 법인관계인(자연인)의 형사적 책임에 관한 것이므로 지배주주의 법인의 지배 혹은 채권자에 대한 사기가 인정되는 경우에는 별도의 입법을 통하여 그 행위자를 형사적으로 처벌하는 것이 법인의 사회적 책임을 강화하는 방안이 될 수 있다.

• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.367-418
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• 2018

항공에 있어서 안전이 가장 중요한 것처럼 무인항공기 운영에 있어서도 안전이 가장 중요하고 무인항공기 운영자의 법적책임에 있어서도 안전운영책임이 가장 중요하다고 할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 무인항공기 운영자의 안전운영 책임을 중심으로 무인항공기 운영자가 지게 되는 법적책임 문제를 사고 발생 시 피해를 보상해주는 보험 문제와 함께 심도있게 고찰하였다. 우선 무인항공기 운영자의 법적책임 문제는 가장 기본적인 무인항공기 운영자의 정의, 범위, 자격요건을 살펴보고 규제동향으로 국제민간항공협약, ICAO 부속서와 RPAS Manual, 로마협약 등 주요 국제협약, 항공안전법 등 국내 관련 법률상의 운영자의 책임규정을 고찰하였다. ICAO에서는 무인항공기도 궁극적으로는 유인항공기와 동등한 수준의 기술상 및 운항상의 안전성을 확보할 것을 요구하고 있으며 무인항공기 운영의 대원칙으로 사람, 재산 및 다른 항공기에 대한 위험을 최소화 하는 방법으로 운영 되어야 한다고 규정하고 있다. 이와 관련 무인항공기 사고의 경우는 대부분이 지상에 추락하여 제3자의 인명이나 재산에 피해를 입히는 사고가 대부분인 점을 감안 관련 국제협약인 로마 협약상의 운영자의 책임과 국내 상법 항공운송편의 제3자 책임 관련 규정을 중점적으로 살펴보았으며 사고 발생에 따른 배상책임 문제도 살펴보았다. 로마협약과 관련하여서는 1952년 로마협약이 운영자의 책임을 상세히 규정하고 있다. 배상책임과 관련하여서는 아직 발효는 되지 않았지만 EU 일부국가에서는 2009년 로마협약상의 책임한도액을 따르고 있는 점이 특징이다. 아직 우리나라는 어떠한 로마협약에도 가입하지 않고 있으나 상법 항공운송편은 배상책임에 있어 1978년 로마협약을 모델로 하고 있다. 이들 이외에 무인항공기 운영에 따르는 관련 법적책임으로 가장 많이 문제가 되고 있는 보안관련 책임과 사생활 침해에 대한 책임도 살펴보았다. 보험과 관련하여서는 전 세계적으로 항공보험의 가입 의무화 경향과 이에 따른 주요 각국의 규제현황을 살펴보고 무인항공기에의 적용 가능성을 살펴보았다. 또한 현행 국내 항공사업법상의 보험가입 의무화 조항과 초경량 비행장치 보험 규정과 문제점을 살펴보았다. 요컨대 무인항공기 운영자는 무인항공기를 인명이나 재산 또는 다른 항공기에 위험을 주지 않도록 안전하게 운영할 법적책임이 있으며 사고 발생 시는 적절한 보상책임이 있다고 할 것이며 이를 위한 보험제도 등 법제도적 장치가 마련되어야 한다.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제23권11호
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• pp.167-173
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• 2018

The Korean government announced its goal of commercializing autonomous vehicle by year 2020. With such changes, it is expecting to decrease car accident mortality by half. To commercialize autonomous car, not only worries on safety of autonomous vehicle has to be solved but at the same time, institutional system has to be clear to distinguish legal responsibilities in case of accident. This paper will present the legal improvement direction of the introduction of autonomous vehicles as follows. First, it is necessary to re-establish concept of 'driver' institutionally. Second, it is appropriate to focus on Level 3 autonomous vehicle which is about to be commercialized in year 2020 and organize legal responsibility. Third, we should have a clear understanding on how level 3 autonomous vehicle will be commercialized in the future. Fourth, it is necessary to revise The Traffic Law, Act on Special Cases concerning the Settlement of Traffic Accident, and Automobile Accident Compensation Security Law in line with level 3 autonomous vehicle. Fifth, it is necessary to review present car insurance system. Sixth, present Product Liability Law is limited to movable products (Article 2), however, it is necessary to include intangible product which is software. Seventh, we should review on making special law related to autonomous car including civil, criminal, administrative, and insurance perspectives.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.3-27
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• 2022

Climate change is a man-made disaster that has become a major global concern today. With increasingly visible symptoms of climate change in recent years, it has become evident that climate action can no longer be dismissed as a mere matter of choice, but as a matter of survival for the human being. To address the impending climate change crisis in a collaborative and sustainable manner, the international community has been taking various measures including Kyoto protocol and the Paris Agreement. With respect to the private investor's project investment in line with international agreements on climate change, recently we have seen multiple legal judgments which clearly indicate the subject of judicial responsibility for investment in climate change related projects. However, in order to hold judicial responsibility occurring during the implementation of climate change related projects, a causal relationship between the responsible entities and clear responsibility must be demonstrated, and applicable institutional arrangements need to be arranged. It may be the right time for global community to consider shifting not only to human ethical obligations but also legal obligations. In this regard, concerned governments should consider legislating arbitration laws, regulations, and institutional arrangements in more specific and applicable manner.

• 무역학회지
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.131-148
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• 2021

This study examines how corporate social responsibility (CSR) affects corporate tax avoidance behavior. Using a sample of publicly listed U.S. firms, we find that legal CSR-which is required by law-reduces the level of corporate tax avoidance because this type of CSR reduces information asymmetry between investors and corporate management in such a way that investors are less likely to perceive tax avoidance behavior as a risk. On the other hand, we find that the relationship between normative CSR-which is a voluntary type of CSR behavior-and tax avoidance is not statistically significant. Instead, our additional analysis reveals that normative CSR increases the level of corporate tax avoidance conditional on reporting quality. This study provides meaningful implications to the academic literature and to practitioners. Not only does this study highlight the fact that not all CSR are alike, it highlights that it is important to provide transparent CSR information in order to allow stakeholders to estimate the net effects of firms' CSR activities and tax payment.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• 제22권11호
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• pp.294-302
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• 2022

The article explores the prospects and trends for the transformation of some basic concepts of law associated with the development of artificial intelligence systems and the problems of liability for harm caused by a robot. The prospects, conditions and consequences of vesting robots with partial (quasi) or full legal personality are explored. This process should lead to a revision of the concepts of will, subjective side and legal responsibility in the direction of their greater universalization. The legally significant signs of will, legal personality, legal liability in relation to robots, artificial intelligence systems and other complex automated information systems are clarified. The author identifies the following essential factors of legal qualification of an act committed by a robot: goals, reasons for setting goals, connections between the planned result and the action taken, the actual result, the reasons for the difference between the actual result and the planned one. The article pays special attention to the preventive function of legal liability, which, when applied to robot subjects, can be expressed in the following basic procedures. 1. Accounting for legal requirements in the behavior of the robot. 2. Timely adaptation of the robot to changes in legislation and other regulatory legal acts that affect its behavior. 3. Accounting for incidents. 4. Destruction of a series of robots whose actions lead to unacceptable consequences.

• 의료법학
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.123-163
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• 2014

As results of analyzing judicial precedents about infection in hospitals in connection with mistakes and causality in medical litigations shows that the Mitigation of Law Principles To Prove responsibility in medical litigation has not been able to play its role compared to its intended purposes. And Major sentiment from those judgments is that a mistake can't be proved only by the fact that certain infection in hospital occurred in connection with hospital infection. Therefore, the number of indirect facts to deny estimation is overwhelmingly high. Like this, especially for hospital infection which is difficult to prove indirect facts themselves to estimate mistake, major sentiment from those judgments have a problem that impute sharing of losses caused by hospital infection to patient. In accordance with the Principles of equitable and proper sharing of losses, it's required to prepare legal interpretation and theoretical methods to largely mitigate patient's responsibility to prove medical mistakes compared to other medical litigations in connection with existing Mitigation of Law Principles To Prove responsibility and conventional theory of estimation. In connection with this, the results of review that duty of safety management in hospital infection cases can be the base of conversion of proving responsibility, the duty that prevent hospital infection, corresponding the duty of safety management in hospital infection is not conventional duty of safety management based on duty of good faith but secondary obligation of medical contract. The breach of duty preventing hospital infection is the violation of medical contract, but there is no logical necessity that convert proving responsibility from the obligation of contract itself. Therefore, the duty of preventing hospital infection from the obligation of medical contract, corresponding the duty of safety management in hospital infection cases cannot be the base of conversion of proving responsibility alone. But, it's still required to conversion of proving responsibility in hospital infection, we need further studies on cases of Germany which applies legal estimation of proving responsibilities in hospital infection.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.33-38
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• 2016

Constitution declares culture is area that without any interference from the state space, and so creates each person creative energy. It is a typical movie in culture. The film will be referred to as an important expression form as well as high value-added industries of cultural creativity of ethnic communities. Intervention of the state is necessary that by competing mechanisms of diverse opinions and ideas caused harm. State intervention is only to be operated at a minimum. The vulgarity causes young people have impulsive tendencies and affects adults adversely on on issues, regulation is possible for children and youth protection. This paper aims to suggest a new legislative measure about the legal principles of vulgarity regulation to solve this kind of problem efficiently. Some standard allowed vulgarity regulation on the principles of control.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.865-882
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• 2017

To improve passenger convenience and safety, today's vehicle is evolving into a "connected vehicle," which mounts various sensors, electronic control devices, and wired/wireless communication devices. However, as the number of connections to external networks via the various electronic devices of connected vehicles increases and the internal structures of vehicles become more complex, there is an increasing chance of encountering issues such as malfunctions due to various functional defects and hacking. Recalls and indemnifications due to such hacking or defects, which may occur as vehicles evolve into connected vehicles, are becoming a new risk for automakers, causing devastating financial losses. Therefore, automakers need to make voluntary efforts to comply with security ethics and strengthen their responsibilities. In this study, we investigated potential security issues that may occur under a connected vehicle environment (vehicle-to-vehicle, vehicle-to-infrastructure, and internal communication). Furthermore, we analyzed several case studies related to automaker's legal risks and responsibilities and identified the security requirements and necessary roles to be played by each player in the automobile development process (design, manufacturing, sales, and post-sales management) to enhance their responsibility, along with measures to manage their legal risks.

• 대한안전경영과학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.177-182
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• 2015

Many students can experience, such as for credit and social activities through field trips and participate in field trips. For on-site field training exercise participants currently in Gwangju University They take part in field trip 1, 2, 3 and 4 as the type.. Field Practice 1 type in summer and 2 in winter of 4-week period during vacation holidays with 3 credits, field trips 3 type of 8-week period during vacational holidays with 6 credits recognized for \400,000 in job training fee is also payable by the Leaders in INdustry-university Cooperation Agency. 4 types of job training are fourth grade (Architecture Grade 5) can be employed in conjunction for more than 15 weeks and admitted to the second semester of 15 credits by participating in job training. For most schools, but to pay a fee-job training at the University of Hanyang University, Kyungpook National University has a student assistance in the field training participating companies. This establishment does not have a clear idea of the legal entities responsible in the event of industrial accidents. Academic research is also nonexistent state for them. In this paper, we distinguish the personality for it via the existing labor precedents with respect to the legal responsibility of an industrial accident. This aims at putting the means to establish the role of the University of job training support.