• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.251-258
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• 2008

The neurotoxicity of C-terminal fragments of amyloid precusor protein (CT) is known to play some roles in Alzheimer's disease progression. In this study, we investigated the effects of the recombinant C-terminal 105 amino acid fragment of amyloid precusor protein (CT105) on cholinergic function using CT105-injected rat. To study the effects of CT105 on septohippocampal pathway, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) positive neurons were examined in the medial septum and in the diagonal band after an injection of CT105 peptide into the lateral ventricle. Immunohistological analysis revealed that the number of ChAT-immunopositive cells decreased significantly in both medial septum and diagonal band. In addition, CT105 decreased ChAT-immunopositive cells in the hippocampal area, particulary in the dentate gyros. To study the effect of amyloid beta peptide ($A{\beta}$) and CT105 on the cholinergic system, each peptide was injected into the left lateral ventricle, and acetylcholine (ACh) levels were monitored in hippocampus. ACh level in the hippocampal area was reduced to 60% of control level in $A{\beta}$-treated group, and the level was reduced to 15% of control level in CT105-treated group, at one week after the injection. ACh level was further reduced to 35% of control in $A{\beta}$-treated group, whereas the level was slightly increased to 30% of control in CT105-treated group at 4 weeks after the injection. Taken together, the results in the present study suggest that CT105 impairs the septohippocampal pathway by reducing acetylcholine synthesis and release, which results in damage of learning and memory.

• Journal of The Korean Association of Information Education
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.259-266
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• 2017

The goal of this study is to introduce the SW Edu-thon program designed to strengthen pre-service teachers' software teaching competencies and to report its outcomes. In order to achieve the goal, we have conducted a survey for twenty-two teams of two pre-service teachers who have participated in the regional pre-contest and selected for the best lesson plans. The survey consists of several sections including the level of SW competencies, learning motivations, educational outcomes, satisfaction toward the lecturers, mentors, educational programs, and management and operations. In addition, we have analyzed the mentors' progression reports written by the participating in-service teachers who have helped the pre-service teachers to develop and implement their SW lesson plans. The results of this study provide with the outcomes of the program and the future directions for operating the SW Edu-thon program.

• Education of Primary School Mathematics
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.85-95
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• 1997

Recently, by the popularization of computers and the development of many kinds of information transmission software, the living pattern in business offices and in home-life have changed rapidly. Because of the great progression of today's science technology, the influence of social education on the children is larger than that of the traditional school.. By a rapid change in the social atmosphere, there are some people who insist the traditional school education system is of no use any more. There have been many calls for reform of traditional schooling and in particular there has been major rethinking of school mathematics. The initial demand for change in elementary school mathematics is because of the poor achievement of students. There are even more compelling reasons for change. For example today's science technology society requires a different mathematical literacy for its citizens than that of the past. The importance of problem-solving based on interest and progress is more important than just paper-pencil computation in elementary schools. And also the increasing information wave of today's society demands that the school accept the long-distance education which could not be imagined in the past. Taking account of this variety, school education in the future should willingly introduce and apply the open education system to keep pace with today's society. To accept society demands actively, today's schools are going to accept and apply the idea of the open education. In this viewpoint, the purpose of the paper is to analyze the causes of under-achievement in mathematics teaming, the directions of school mathematics education, the system of textbooks and the problems of teaching-learning programs and paper-pencil test.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.271-277
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• 2022

In this study, the effect of the anatomical practice extracurricular program on the major efficacy and satisfaction of medical health students was investigated. The research tool used a major efficacy survey, a program satisfaction survey, the major efficacy survey compared and analyzed the improvement before and after participation in anatomy practice and the satisfaction survey between anatomy pictures after completion of the extracurricular program. As a result of comparative analysis between the two groups, the effect on major efficacy was significant after the program progression, and in the case of satisfaction, the satisfaction of the anatomical practice group was higher than that of the anatomical picture group. Through these research results, when operating an anatomical practice extracurricular program, it is thought that operating an anatomical practice program rather than creating an anatomical picture improves the major efficacy and satisfaction score.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.815-833
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• 2016

This study investigated children's (grade 3 to 9) responses to assessment items on energy as a cross-cutting concept in order to get basic information for a learning progression. The assessment consisted of 8 ordered multiple-choice items at the contexts of electric circuit, mechanical energy of falling objects, phase change of matter, dissolution, biological phenomena of a lizard, food chain, radiative equilibrium between Sun and Earth, and the system of water cycling. Children's responses to each item were analyzed with using cross-tabulations in terms of grades and item option levels and Wright map and Differential item functioning based on Rasch modeled item response analysis. The results offered empirical evidence of children's development of understanding energy from relation between energy and its phenomena, types of energy, transfer and conversion of energy, towards conservation and equilibrium of energy for all of eight contexts. Children of each grade did not fully understand energy conservation. As grade goes up, their understandings of energy transfer and conversion were differentiated across the contexts and topics of energy. According to Rasch analysis, children had easier understanding of energy on dissolution and poorer understanding of energy on water cycling than that on other contexts. It was discussed and suggested that the results of this study help us organize science topics with regard to energy when developing new national science curriculum.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.75-88
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to understand the factors affecting interactions as well as the students' learning process in small group activities. For this purpose, the changes and characteristics of students' interactions in scientific inquiry experiments were analyzed. This study focused on 2 homogeneous small groups of eighth graders. Students were involved in 13 inquiry experiments for one year and students' interactions in each experiments were observed and recorded using video/audio and the data recorded were transcribed. The analysis of data was based on the method of making a note by looking on and listening to the data repeatedly. Changes in the interactions of the two homogeneous groups differ remarkably. In small group A, owing to the conflicts of students' emotions, learning through social interactions became to be impossible. On the other hand, the interactions in small group B became more active. It seems that this changes are affected largely by the existence of peers who are able to mediate different opinions or feelings among group members. In general, middle school students were poor at receiving peers' opinion, cared a lot about writing reports. The less able students tended to be placed at a disadvantageous position in experiment lessons emphasizing social interactions. Four factors that affected the change of interactions were identified: Is the aim of experiments the understanding or completion of report? Is there any attitude towards peers' suggestions? Is there a disposition to care about peers? Is there any peer to mediate on peers' opinions or feelings? Educational implications of the progression of activities emphasizing interactions and the organization of grouping were drawn.

• Journal of Korea Game Society
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.115-124
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• 2010

In the beginning brain waves were used for monkeys to control robot arm with neural activity. In recent years there are research that measured brain waves are used for the control of programs which monitor the progression of dementia or enhance of attention in children diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Moreover, low-price devices that can be used as a game control interface have become available. One of the problems associated with control using brain waves is that the mean amplitude, mean wavelength, and mean vibrational frequency of the brain waves differ from individual to individual. This paper attempts to propose a method to normalize measured brain waves using normal distribution and calculate the waveforms that can be used in controlling games. For this, a framework in which brain waves are converted in seven stages has been suggested. In addition, the estimation process in each stage has been described. In an experiment the waveforms of two subjects have been compared using the proposed method in the BCI English word learning program. The level of similarity between two subjects' waveforms has been compared with correlation coefficient. When the proposed method was applied, both meditation and concentration increased by 13% and 8%, respectively. Because the proposed regularization method is converted into a waveform fit for control functions by reducing personal characteristics reflected in the brain waves, it is fitting for application programs such as games.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.48-60
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to analyze the patterns and characteristics of changes in integrated process skills during the process of science high school students' inquiry by using group-based trajectory modeling. 59 students participated in this study. Three hypothetico-deductive inquiry tasks were used as an intervention activity. We asked science high school students to perform those three tasks sequentially and to generate reports of the process and results. We evaluated students' reports by four elements (designing inquiry, collecting data, analyzing data, and forming conclusion) of the integrated process skills according to the scoring rubric developed by Lee and Park (2017), and analyzed the level of changes in integrated process skills in those three inquiry tasks by using group-based trajectory modeling. In addition, we analyzed the characteristics of changes in integrated process skills from several perspectives. The findings are as follows: First, concerning the change patterns of students' integrated process skills, all of the four elements were classified into two groups, but the change patterns were very different by elements. Second, regarding the change characteristics of students' integrated process skills, we found the context-dependency of integrated process skills, variation of learning progression for integrated process skills, and jaggedness of integrated process skills level. Based on these findings, we suggested that a couple of ways be sought to improve the integrated process skills of science high school students.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.239-255
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• 2011

As a case study on the use of coteaching in science instruction for science-gifted elementary students, this paper analyzed the characteristics of coteaching science instruction for science-gifted elementary students by plan, performance, and reflection-evaluation stages of the classes. To do this, we observed two teachers' coteaching science instruction for science-gifted elementary students during twelve classes and analyzed the taped videos, their journals, and the transcripts for in-depth interviews with them. The results indicated that the characteristics of the coteaching science instruction, in the planning stage of the classes, showed improvement in the quality of the sciencegifted education programs, the reduction of the psychological burdens of developing the programs, and some efficiency loss due to the joint preparation of the classes. The characteristics in the performance stage of the classes include the seamless progression of the classes through the division of roles, the increase of the students' opportunity to explore, the supplement of the teachers' inadequate descriptions and the overlooked contents, the increase of the interaction between teachers and students and/or the interaction among students, the reduction of the risk of accidents in experiments, and the reduction of the responsibility for teaching. Finally, the characteristics in the reflectionevaluation stage of the classes could be attributed to the diversity of the evaluation viewpoints, the increase of the learning opportunities to develop the teaching professionalism, and the increase of the fear for assessing my own classes.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.401-411
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• 2018

Longevity in medicine can be defined as a long life without mental or physical deficits. This can be prevented by Alzheimer's disease (AD). Current conventional AD treatments only alleviate the symptoms without reversing AD progression. Recent studies demonstrated that Panax ginseng extract improves AD symptoms in patients with AD, and the two main components of ginseng might contribute to AD amelioration. Ginsenosides show various AD-related neuroprotective effects. Gintonin is a newly identified ginseng constituent that contains lysophosphatidic acids and attenuates AD-related brain neuropathies. Ginsenosides decrease amyloid ${\beta}$-protein ($A{\beta}$) formation by inhibiting ${\beta}$- and ${\gamma}$-secretase activity or by activating the nonamyloidogenic pathway, inhibit acetylcholinesterase activity and $A{\beta}$-induced neurotoxicity, and decrease $A{\beta}$-induced production of reactive oxygen species and neuro-inflammatory reactions. Oral administration of ginsenosides increases the expression levels of enzymes involved in acetylcholine synthesis in the brain and alleviates $A{\beta}$-induced cholinergic deficits in AD models. Similarly, gintonin inhibits $A{\beta}$-induced neurotoxicity and activates the nonamyloidogenic pathway to reduce $A{\beta}$ formation and to increase acetylcholine and choline acetyltransferase expression in the brain through lysophosphatidic acid receptors. Oral administration of gintonin attenuates brain amyloid plaque deposits, boosting hippocampal cholinergic systems and neurogenesis, thereby ameliorating learning and memory impairments. It also improves cognitive functions in patients with AD. Ginsenosides and gintonin attenuate AD-related neuropathology through multiple routes. This review focuses research demonstrating that ginseng constituents could be a candidate as an adjuvant for AD treatment. However, clinical investigations including efficacy and tolerability analyses may be necessary for the clinical acceptance of ginseng components in combination with conventional AD drugs.