• 한국가정과교육학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.1-22
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• 2006

본 연구는 중학교 가정교과를 이수한 고등학생 학부모들을 대상으로 가정교과에 대한 인식 및 요구도를 조사하여 가정교과의 바람직한 운영 방안 모색의 기초자료를 제공하는 데에 목적이 있다. 본 연구에서 얻어진 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 가정교과의 교육목표는 건전한 생활 이념과 올바른 인간 형성에 관한 것으로 남녀 학생이 같이 배운다. 23.9%와 여자, 남자가 배워야할 교양과 지식을 배운다. 27.8%가 높게 나타났고, 가정 생활 향상을 위한 과학적 지식과 원리를 배운다라는 목표에 대해서 15.7%로 가장 낮게 나타났다. 2. 가정교과의 성격에 대한 인식도는 실생활과 관련성 인식도 3.84, 내용의 현실성 3.44로 나타났고, 편제에 대해서는 가정영역 시수의 적절성 2.31, 교육내용의 적합성 수준 3.38이었으며, 지도내용에 대해서는 활동을 통한 실천성 3.42, 생활에 대한 적용성 3.65, 흥미와 관심도 3.25, 적성 및 능력 개발 3.19 등이었다. 특히 시수의 적절성 인식이 가장 낮게 나타나 시수의 증가를 바라는 것으로 해석된다. 3. 가정교과의 내용에서 강화하여야 할 단원은 [가족] 4.38이 가장 높게 나타났고 [생활자원 환경관리 소비생활] 4.17, [식생활] 4.06, [주거생활] 3.79, [의생활] 3.64 순이었다. 실습의 문제점으로는 시간 부족 3.90, 시설 설비부족 3.89, 비용의 부담 3.48, 학생들의 흥미도와 실습능력의 부족 3.15로 나타났고, 교사의 지도 능력 부족도 2.83 으로 중간보다 높았다. 그리고, 가정교과 내용이 개정되어야 할 영역은 [가족] 4.18, [생활자원 환경관리 소비생활] 4.02, [식생활] 3.90, [주거생활] 3.78, [의생활] 3.66 순이었다. 4. 1학년 가정교과 내용의 요구도 평균은 3.70-4.11 범위이며 전체 평균 4.01로 매우 높게 나타났다. 학부모 전체의 중단원 요구도는 [우리들의 성장발달]이 4.11로 가장 높았고, [건강한 가족] 4.10, [성과 이성교제] 4.09, [청소년의 영양]과 [청소년의 식사] 4.04 순으로 매우 필요하다고 나타났으며 [조리의 기초와 실제]는 3.70으로 가장 낮았다. 이 중 여학생의 학부모는 [성과 이성교제]가 4.05로 가장 높게 나타났고, 남학생 학부모는 [건강한 가족] 4.24로 가장 높은 특성을 보였다. 5. 2학년 가정교과 내용의 요구도 평균은 3.12-4.09 범위이며 전체 평균 3.56으로 높게 나타났다. 학부모 전체의 중단원 요구도는 [청소년과 소비 생활]이 4.09로 가장 높았으며 [청소년의 일과 시간] 3.84, [자원과 환경] 3.68 순이었으며 [옷 만들기와 재활용]은 3.12로 가장 낮았다. 이 중 여학생 학부모는 [청소년과 소비 생활]이 3.96으로 가장 높게 나타났고, 남학생 학부모는 [청소년과 소비 생활]이 4.22로 가장 높은 특성을 나타냈다. 6. 3학년 가정교과 내용의 요구도 평균은 3.65-4.16의 범위이며 평균 3.76으로 약간 높게 나타났다. 학부모 전체의 중단원 요구도는 [진로의 선택과 직업 윤리] 4.16으로 가장 높게 나타났으며 [실내 환경과 설비] 3.89, [생활 공간의 활용] 3.72, [상차림과 식사 예절] 3.71 순으로 나타났으며, [식사 준비와 평가]는 3.53으로 가장 낮았다. 이 중 여학생 학부모는 [진로의 선택과 직업윤리]가 4.06으로 가장 높았고, 남학생 학부모는 [진로의 선택과 직업 윤리] 4.26으로 가장 높은 특성을 나타냈다. 본 연구 결과로 가정교과의 시수를 증가시켜야 하고 실험 시설의 확충이 필요하다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 또한 교사의 연수를 확대 실시하여 교육의 질을 높이고, 교과의 전문성을 가진 기술 및 가정교사가 Team Teaching을 하는 수업 방법의 도입 및 정착이 요구되며 교과내용에서는 [가족]과, [소비 생활], [진로교육]의 내용이 강조되는 방향으로 개정되어야 할 것이다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.81-115
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• 1992

The problem addressed by this study was to determine the effect of nurse - patient agreement on the means to achieve nursing goals in the early postpartum period of primiparous mothers. It was hypothesized that the experimental treatment would result in hegher self-confidence and satisfaction in maternal role performance. This purpose was to contribute to the planning of nursing care to enhance self- confidence and satisfaction in maternal role performance and to the development of relevant nursing theory. Especially, the early postpartum period is crucial toward in recovery from childbirth and attainment of the maternal role. Maternal role attaintment is a complex social and cognitive process of stimulus -response accomplished by learning. Most women attain the maternal role sucessfully. But, some primiparous mothers experience difficultites in attainment of the maternal role due to lack of experience and knowledge. Self-confidence and satisfaction in maternal role performance are important factors in attainment and adjustment to the maternal role (Mercer, 1981a, 1981b ; Lederman, Weigarten, and Lederman, 1981 :Bobak and Jensen, 1985). Nursing is defined as behaviors of nurses add patients that attain nursing goals through action, reaction, interaction, and transaction. For attainment of nursing goals, active participating transactions must occur by agreement on the means to achieve those goals through nurse -patient mutual goal setting and establishment of their active relationships(King, 1981, Ha, 1977). Based on King's theory of goal attainment (1981), this stuy was planned as a non-equivalent control group, non -synchronized quasi -experimental design using agreement on the means to achieve nursing goals in early postpartum as the experimental treatment. The data were collected from July 20 to Sep. 1, 1991 by questionnaires with 60 primiparous mothers planing to breast feed after normal deliveries at W hospital in Pusan, Korea. The subjects were divided into a control group(conventional group) -those admitted from July 20 to Aug. 12, and an experimental group(agreement group) - those admitted from Aug. 13 to Sep. 1. The instument for agreement on the means to nursing goals in the early postpartum period included five steps - identification of disturbances of problems through action, reaction, and interaction with primiparous mothers : mutual early postpartal nursing goal setting : exploration of the means to achieve goals ; agreement on the means (self- care, ealry maternal -infant contact, performance of mothering behavior, and communicating about the infant's behavior and health condition) : implementation of the means. This instrument was developed on the basis of King's elements that lead to transactions in nurse-patient interactions. Lederman et al's (1981) scale for Confidence in ability to cope with tasks of motherhood and Lederman et al's(1981) scale for Mother's satisfaction with motherhood and infant care were used to measure self-confidence and satisfaction in maternal role performance ·with the subjects immediately after admission and on the day of discharge. Self-care performance in the experimental group was measured by self -evaluation tool developed by the investigator from the literature concerned. The tools to measure Pelf-confidence and satisfaction in maternal role performance, and the tool to measure self-evaluation of self-care performance were tested for internal reliability. Cronbach's Alphas were 0.94, 0.94, and 0.63. The data were analysed by using in S.P.S.S. computerized program and included percentage, x²-test, t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson Correlation Coefficient. The conclusions obtained from this study are summerized as follows : 1. The degree of self-confidence in maternal role performance of the total subjects group measured before the experimental treatment was above average with a mean score of 2.77(range 2.14-3.64). Out of 14 items, those with relatively high mean scores were ‘I would like to be a better mother than I am’(3.95), and ‘I have my doubts about whether I am a good mother’(2.87). Those with low mean scores were ‘I know that my baby wants most of the times’(2.28), ‘When the baby cries, I can tell what she /he wants’(2.37), and ‘I have confidence in my ability to care for the baby’(2;50). That is, the self - confidence of Primiparous mothers was considerably high in mothering, but rather low in activities concerning the infant care and understanding of the infant behavior. The degree of satisfaction in maternal role performance of the total subjects group measured before the experimental treatment was high with a mean score of 3.18(range 1.92-3.92). Out of 13 items, those with relatively high mean scores were ‘I am glad 1 had this baby now’(3.75), ‘I play with the baby between feedings when s/he is awake and quiet’(3.67), and ‘I enjoy being a mother’(3.27). Those with low mean scores were ‘I am upset about having too many responsibilities as a mother’(2.78), ‘It bothers me to get up for the baby at night’(2.82), and ‘I get annoyed if the baby frequently interrupts my activities’.(2.82), That is, the satisfaction of primiparous mothers was considerably high in mothering and infant care, but rather low in restraints in time or on the mother's self accomplishment and development. 2. Agreement on the means to achieve nursing goals in the early postpartum period included process of mutual goal setting, exploration of the means to achieve goals, and ahreement in concert means to achieve goals based on the mothers' condition, concerns, self-perception of the nurse - patient interactions. In the process of agreement, there was agreement that the means to achieve goals should be through trust and establishment of active relationships with the nurse through identification of problems according to planned nursing goals and active interaction, such as explanations, teaching, changing of opinions, acceptance or rejection of explanations, and proposing of questions. Therefore agreement on the means to achieve nursing goals in the early postpartum period appears to be an effective nursing intervention for primiparous mothers. 3. The degree of self- confidence in maternal role performance of the exprimental group was higher than that of the control group(t＝3.95, p＜0.01). Out of 14 items, those with higher score in the experimental group were ‘I would like to be a better mother than I am’(t＝1.93, p＜0.05), ‘I know that my baby wants most of the times’(t＝2.75, p＜0.01), ‘When the baby cries, 1 can tell what she/he wants’(t＝2.10, p＜0.05), ‘I have confidence in my ability to care for the baby’(t＝3.72, p＜0.01), ‘I trust my own judement in deciding how to care for the baby’(t＝1.96, p＜0.05), ‘I feel that I know my baby and what to do for him /her’(t＝2.44, p＜0.01), ‘I am concerned about being able to meet the baby's needs’(t＝2.87, p＜0.01), ‘I know what my baby likes and dislikes’(t＝3.26, p＜0.01), ‘I don't know to care for the baby as well as I should’(t＝2.07, p＜0.05), and ‘I am unsure about whether I give enough attention to the baby’(t＝3.04, p＜0.01), That is, the degree of self-confidence in mothering, activities concerning infant care, and understanding of infant behavior of the experimental group was higher than that of the control group. Therefore, the first hypothesis, that the degree of self-confidence in maternal role performance of the experimental group would be higher than that of the control group, was supported(t＝3.95, p＜0.01). 4. The degree of satisfaction in the maternal role performance of the exprimental group was higer than that or the control group(t＝2.31, p＜0.05). Out of 13 items, those with higher score in the experimental group were ‘I am glad I had this baby now’(t＝2.29, p＜0.05), ‘I enjoy taking care of the baby’(t＝2.4g, p＜0.01), ‘It is boring for me to care for the baby and do the same thing over and over’(t＝2.87, P＜0.01), ‘I am unhappy with the amount of time I have for activities other than childcare’(t＝2.51, p＜0.01), and ‘When bathing and diapering the baby, I would like to be doing something else’(t＝2.43, p＜0.01). That is, the degree of satisfaction in mothering, infant care, and restraints in time of on the mother's self accomplishment and development in the experimental group was higher than that of the control group. Therefore, the second hypothesis, that the degree of satisfaction in maternal role performance of the experimental group would be higher than that of the control group, was supported(t＝2.31, p＜0.05). 5. The third hypothesis, that the higher the degree of satisfaction in materenal role performance, the higher the degree of self-confidence in materenal role performance in the experimental group, was supported (r＝0.57, p＜0.01)