• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.8 no.2
• /
• pp.178-183
• /
• 1984

This study was conducted to know the influence of plant age and cultural conditions such as plant population density and light intensity under the shading on the leaf shape of panax ginseng. The result obtained were as follows; 1) Leaf length(L)/maximum width(W) was no difference with different age of over 3-over 3year old plant, but that of 1 or 2-yearold was smaller than those of over 3-year old. The values of L/W showed in the order of 2 or 4,3, 1 or 5 leaflet. 2) Ratios of leaflet area to leaf area were 32.0% in leaflet 3, from 209.% to 27.9% in leaflet 2 or 4, and from 6.5% to 7.1% in leaflet 1 or 5. 3) The coefficients of variability for L/W and ratio of leaflet area to leaf area of leaflet 3 were smallest among leaflets. 4) There were significant differences between largest and smallest leaflet 3, leaf areas and ratio of leaflet 3 area to leaf area in same plant. 5) LW and ratio of leaflet 3 area to leaf area were not affected by plant population density. 6) It showed a tendency that the L/W was increased with increasing the light transmittance rate (LTR). The ratio of leaflet 3 area to leaf area of ginseng grown under 20% LTR was not different comparing to that of plant grown under 5% LTR, but it was significantly increased in plant grown at 100% LTR.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.42 no.5
• /
• pp.640-646
• /
• 1997

To determine variations in leaflet length (LL), leaflet width (LW), leaflet size (LS), and leaflet shape index (LSI), and their association with eight agronomic traits, characterization data of 884 soybean accessions which were grown in the autumn of 1992 in Taiwan were analyzed. LL ranged from 4.3 to 14.7 cm, and LW ranged from 2.8 to 9.7 cm. Also, LS (LL $\times$ LW) ranged from 12.1 to 124.6 $\textrm{cm}^2$. The absolute variation of LL, LW, and LS was not large because of limitation in vegetative growth by short day length. None was classified as a large leaflet based on the International Board for Plant Genetic Resources (IBPGR) descriptors. LSI (LL /LW) ranged from 1.21 to 3.06, and three accessions were classified as narrow leaflet. There were differences in ranges and means of LL, LW, LS, and LSI between and within temperate and tropical accessions. LL, LW, LS, and LSI had highly significant positive correlations with seven agronomic traits and highly significant negative correlation with 100-seed weight except LW for all accessions. There was variation in the closeness of association among leaflet traits, and between and within temperate and tropical accessions. Generally, LL, LW, and LS were more closely associated with days to flowering, plant height at $R_1$ and $R_8$, number of pods per plant; LSI was more closely associated with 100-seed weight than other traits.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.48 no.3
• /
• pp.248-251
• /
• 2003

To find ideal leaf types for soybean breeding program, we examined the relationships among leaf anatomical and morphological characteristics and $\textrm{CO}_2$ assimilation on the different leaflet shape of soybean (Glycine max). In anatomical characters of leaf, palisade and spongy cells were thicker in both small seed cultivars with narrow leaflet and large seed cultivars with wide leaflet than others. $\textrm{CO}_2$ uptake per plant and leaf thickness were significantly associated with seed yield per plant, showing difference among the soybean cultivars. Although the leaf area was lower for narrow leaflet cultivars, which had a significantly higher photosynthetic rate per plant comparable to the wide leaflet cultivars.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.30 no.1
• /
• pp.15-19
• /
• 1985

This study was carried out to develope the equations for estimating the areas of leaflet, leaf, and total leaf for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 years old ginseng, Panax ginseng, grown in field. The highest correlation coefficient was found between leaflet area and product of leaflet length and width(LW) in all leaflets although leaflet shape varied somewhat according to the position and plant age. It was possible to estimate area of the leaf, and total leaf by one central leaflet in a compound leaf. The equations for estimating the leafet, leaf areas of 1 year differ to those of over 2 years old plant, but there was no difference among those of 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 years. The equations for 1 year old are A =0.64 LW, A' =A/0.38, and for 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 years old, A =0.60 LW, A' =A/0.32, A" =A' x number of leaves of central leaflet(A), leaf(A') and total leaf areas(A"), respectively. The estimation of leaflet, leaf, total leaf areas of ginseng plant grown under 20% light-transmittance rate was possible by using the equations mentioned.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.48 no.3
• /
• pp.243-247
• /
• 2003

To examine ideal leaf types with higher $\textrm{CO}_2$ assimilates and different seed sizes, 12 soybean varieties were planted on the pot in a plastic house covered with glass. Leaf function based on stomatal conductance and $\textrm{CO}_2$ assimilation in soybean is different in seed size and leaflet shape. Mean $\textrm{CO}_2$ assimilation of a single leaf was 19.66 $\mu\textrm{molm}^{-2}\textrm{s}^{-1}$ and showed higher in small seed cultivars with narrow leaflet than that of small seeds with wide leaflet (18.29 $\mu\textrm{molm}^{-2}\textrm{s}^{-1}$), but within large seed groups, it was higher in wide leaflets (19.17 $\mu\textrm{molm}^{-2}\textrm{s}^{-1}$) than narrow leaflet cultivars (17.45 $\mu\textrm{molm}^{-2}\textrm{s}^{-1}$). In small seed and narrow leaflet cultivars, stomatal conductance ranged from 0.14 to 0.15 $\mu\textrm{molm}^{-2}\textrm{s}^{-1}$, while $\textrm{CO}_2$ assimilation ranged from 19 to 20 $\mu\textrm{molm}^{-2}\textrm{s}^{-1}$. The Photosynthetic rate was closely related to stomatal conductance, transpiration and water use efficiency.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
• /
• v.19 no.9
• /
• pp.1761-1772
• /
• 2005

In blood flow passing through the mechanical heart valve (MHV) and elastic blood vessel, hemolysis and platelet activation causing thrombus formation can be seen owing to the shear stress in the blood. Also, fracture and deformation of leaflets can be observed depending on the shape and material properties of the leaflets which is opened and closed in a cycle. Hence, comprehensive study is needed on the hemodynamics which is associated with the motion of leaflet and elastic blood vessel in terms of fluid-structure interaction. In this paper, a numerical analysis has been performed for a three-dimensional pulsatile blood flow associated with the elastic blood vessel and curved bileaflet for multiple cycles in light of fluid-structure interaction. From this analysis fluttering phenomenon and rebound of the leaflet have been observed and recirculation and regurgitation have been found in the flow fields of the blood. Also, the pressure distribution and the radial displacement of the elastic blood vessel have been obtained. The motion of the leaflet and flow fields of the blood have shown similar tendency compared with the previous experiments carried out in other studies. The present study can contribute to the design methodology for the curved bileaflet mechanical heart valve. Furthermore, the proposed fluid-structure interaction method will be effectively used in various fields where the interaction between fluid flow and structure are involved.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
• /
• v.12 no.2 s.17
• /
• pp.63-73
• /
• 2006

In the original plant of Arisaematis Rhizomas, the features of external and internal shape of Arisaema amurense var. serratum $N_{AKAI}$ and A. amurense $_{MAXIM}$. are as follows. 1. In the external shape of original plant, Arisaema amurense var. serratum $N_{AKAI}$ has high stem, an oval-elliptic leaflet and a serrate leaf margin. But A. amurense $M_{AXIM}$ has a relatively low stem, an upside oval leaflet and no serrate leaf margin. 2. On the herbs character of original plant, Ansaema amurense var. serratum $N_{AKAI}$ is small in height and diameter, but A. amurense $M_{AXIM}$ is relatively large in height and diameter. 3. On the gathered herbs character of original plant, the section of Arisaema amurense var. serratum $N_{AKAI}$ is brightly white, easily spilt and strong scent. But the section of A. amurense $M_{AXIM}$ is thin yellowish brown, not easily spilt and weak scent. Also the grade of gathered herbs, both can be classified by diameter and external scent. 4. In the current herbs character, Korean and Sichuan Province products are irregullar shape and have no scent, Jilin Province products are regular shape. Also, Guangxi Province products are small size and concave in one side, Hebei Province products are irregular size and shape. 5. In internal shape of original plant, epidermal cell of Arisaema amurense var. serratum is very tight. With the except of micro difference in parenchyma cell of cortex, on the whole there are nearly no differences with A. amurense $M_{AXIM}$. Also, samely in the internal shape, according to collecting sites, epidermis exhibits a lot layer in curving state and secreting duct is developed and vascular bundle and exists between parenchyma cell of cortex. In the future, additional study is needed to distinguish herb and effect between same genus-degree of relatedness.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.47-52
• /
• 1998

To develop the supplementary heart valve which could reduce the complications of prosthetic heart valve, in vitro experiments were performed to analyze the movement of the supplement valves from the view point of the flow dynamics and leaflet dynamics. The autologous pericardium was attached to deficient portion of the porcine valve which was dissected completely and partially. The pericardium was treated by buffered glutaraldehyde solution in the preshaped mould to preserve the shape of the leaflet. The function of the valves were evaluated in the mock circulatory system and three sets of experiment were performed. The instantaneous motion of the leaflet was pictured by the 35mm camera and the pressure drop through the valve and cardiac output were measured. The supplementary valve which was replaced completely performed better thatn the valve replaced partially. In vitro experiments showed that the supplementary valve which was replaced completely performed better than the valve replaced partially. In vitro experiments showed that the supplementary valve could undertake the prosthetic heart valve in clinic.

• Korean Journal of Computational Design and Engineering
• /
• v.6 no.1
• /
• pp.59-68
• /
• 2001

This paper investigates the structural analysis and design of mechanical heart valve through the numerical analysis methodology. In a numerical analysis methodology application to the thickness minimization structural design of mechanical heart valve, fluid analysis is performed for the blood flow through a bileaflet mechanical heart valve. Simultaneously the kinetodynamic analysis is carried out to obtain the appropriate structural condition for the structural analysis. Thereafter the structural static analysis is also carried out to confirm the thickness minimization structural condition(minimum thickness shape of leaflet).

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
• /
• 2001.04a
• /
• pp.643-646
• /
• 2001

This paper investigates the structural analysis and design of mechanical heart valve through the numerical analysis methodology. In a numerical analysis methodology application to the thickness minimization structural design of mechanical heart valve, structural analysis is performed for the blood flow through a bileaflet mechanical heart valve. The structural static analysis is carried out to confirm the thickness minimization structural condition (minimum thickness shape of leaflet).