• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.233-240
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• 1982

This study was conducted to elucidate the translocation pattern of photosynthate labelled by $^{14}C$ in rice cultivars and the effects of nutrient composition on the translocation in rice plant during ripening, Showing coincidence between the grain filling rate and the translocation of $^{14}C$ into the grain during ripening period, the translocation patterns of cultivars tested were grouped by three; 1) the late dominance type (Akibare), 2) the early dominance type (Taebaegbyeo, Chupungbyeo), and 3) the semi-late dominance type (Milyang #23, Milyang #42, and Yushin). The negative relation ship existed between the translocation ratio of $^{14}C$ into the grain and the nitrogen content in plants, but not significant, The nutrient depletion of P, K, Ca, Mg, and Si in water medium from the panicle initiation to the heading stage resulted in the decrease of grain weight by 4 to 12 percent and the increase of translocation of $^{14}C$ into grain assimilated at heading. The effect of resupply of these nutrients after heading was recognized by the order of P>Mg>K and Ca. But the effect of Si resupply was hardly recognized in increasing grain weight. The photosynthetic rate was greatly affected by the nitrogen status and the depletion of P, K, and Ca decreased the photosynthetic rate in single leaf at heading, while the depletion of Si enhanced the rate.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.376-382
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• 2014

The soluble loess-sulfur mixture allowed standing to remove insoluble component materials for five weeks after manufacturing. We decreased the pH level of soluble loess-sulfur mixture at pH 1.0 modified with decreasing 25% sodium hydroxide than original content. The pH ranges of soluble loess-sulfur mixture solutions were adjusted to pH 5.0-pH 11.0 (pH 1 unit) with brown rice vinegar (pH 2.8). The pH of original loess-sulfur mixture was about pH 13 and damaged the foliar parts and young leaves of tomato after twice application. These stock solutions can be diluted 500:1 with tap water to make a 0.05% working solution and were sprayed two times with 7 days interval to the leaf and stem of tomato, which were spontaneously infected with E. cichoracearum. Control efficacy of powdery mildew ranged from 85% to 90% at 7 days after first application. After second application, each loess-sulfur mixture solutions adjusted pH level significantly suppressed the powdery mildew disease in tomato. Consequently, loess-sulfur complex adjusted pH level with brown rice vinegar was suggested to be low in acute toxicity at all different pH values and suggested to use an agent for control of tomato powdery mildew in organic farming.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.124-124
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• 2017

Cadmium (Cd) is of particular concern because of its widespread occurrence and high toxicity and may cause serious morpho-physiological and molecular abnormalities in in plants. The present study was performed to explore Cd-induced morpho-physiological alterations and their potentiality associated mechanisms in Sorghum bicolor leaves at the protein level. Ten-day-old sorghum seedlings were exposed to different concentrations (0, 100, and $150{\mu}M$) of $CdCl_2$, and different morpho-physiological responses were recorded. The effects of Cd exposure on protein expression patterns in S. bicolor were investigated using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) in samples derived from the leaves of both control and Cd-treated seedlings. The observed morphological changes revealed that the plants treated with Cd displayed dramatically altered shoot lengths, fresh weights, and relative water content. In addition, the concentration of Cd was markedly increased by treatment with Cd, and the amount of Cd taken up by the shoots was significantly and directly correlated with the applied level of Cd. Using the 2-DE method, a total of 33 differentially expressed protein spots were analyzed using MALDI-TOF/TOF MS. Of these, treatment with Cd resulted in significant increases in 15 proteins and decreases in 18 proteins. Significant changes were absorbed in the levels of proteins known to be involved in carbohydrate metabolism, transcriptional regulation, translation and stress responses. Proteomic results revealed that Cd stress had an inhibitory effect on carbon fixation, ATP production and the regulation of protein synthesis. In addition, the up-regulation of glutathione S-transferase and cytochrome P450 may play a significant role in Cd-related toxicity and stress responses. Our study provides insights into the integrated molecular mechanisms involved in response to Cd and the effects of Cd on the growth and physiological characteristics of sorghum seedlings. The upregulation of these stress-related genes may be candidates for further research and use in genetic manipulation of sorghum tolerance to Cd stress.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.413-422
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• 2018

Soybean transgenic plants with ectopically expressed AtABF3 were produced by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and investigated the effects of AtABF3 expression on drought and salt tolerance. Stable Agrobacterium-mediated soybean transformation was carried based on the half-seed method (Paz et al. 2006). The integration of the transgene was confirmed from the genomic DNA of transformed soybean plants using PCR and the copy number of transgene was determined by Southern blotting using leaf samples from $T_2$ seedlings. In addition to genomic integration, the expression of the transgenes was analyzed by RT-PCR and most of the transgenic lines expressed the transgenes introduced. The chosen two transgenic lines (line #2 and #9) for further experiment showed the substantial drought stress tolerance by surviving even at the end of the 20-day of drought treatment. And the positive relationship between the levels of AtABF3 gene expression and drought-tolerance was confirmed by qRT-PCR and drought tolerance test. The stronger drought tolerance of transgenic lines seemed to be resulted from physiological changes. Transgenic lines #2 and #9 showed ion leakage at a significantly lower level (P < 0.01) than ${\underline{n}}on-{\underline{t}}ransgenic$ (NT) control. In addition, the chlorophyll contents of the leaves of transgenic lines were significantly higher (P < 0.01). The results indicated that their enhanced drought tolerance was due to the prevention of cell membrane damage and maintenance of chlorophyll content. Water loss by transpiration also slowly proceeded in transgenic plants. In microscopic observation, higher stomata closure was confirmed in transgenic lines. Especially, line #9 had 56% of completely closed stomata whereas only 16% were completely open. In subsequent salt tolerance test, the apparently enhanced salt tolerance of transgenic lines was measured in ion leakage rate and chlorophyll contents. Finally, the agronomic characteristics of ectopically expressed AtABF3 transgenic plants ($T_2$) compared to NT plants under regular watering (every 4 days) or low rate of watering condition (every 10 days) was investigated. When watered regularly, the plant height of drought-tolerant line (#9) was shorter than NT plants. However, under the drought condition, total seed weight of line #9 was significantly higher than in NT plants (P < 0.01). Moreover, the pods of NT plants showed severe withering, and most of the pods failed to set normal seeds. All the evidences in the study clearly suggested that overexpression of the AtABF3 gene conferred drought and salt tolerance in major crop soybean, especially under the growth condition of low watering.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.279-286
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• 2009

This study was carried out to utilize the waste heat from office building for turfgrass culture on a roof garden. Heating system had been installed in the middle of soil profile on the turf areas in the garden plots. The results showed that the installation of heating system increased the shoot density, turfgrass quality, coverage rate, and root length compared with the control plots. The surface temperature of heating plots reached at $10.9^{\circ}C$ when the control plot showed $0^{\circ}C$, however, the soil moisture content was decreased 1.9% by the heating system. When the height of the snow accumulation reached over a 15cm, the it took only 4 days to melt out completely, while the height did not changed those period at the control plots. When the water temperature in boiler increased to $60^{\circ}C$ from a proper temperature of $55^{\circ}C$ in turf growth, the desiccation from leaf tip was started to occur caused by drought stress. More detail research should be followed in stress physiology in turf management in roof garden operation.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.194-202
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• 2021

The leaves of Selaginella tamariscina were used for the treatment of many diseases in traditional medicine. In the study, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and wound healing activities of the hot-water extract(STW) and 80%ethanol extract(STE) obtained from S. tamariscina were evaluated. As a result, the polyphenol content of STW and STE were 38.108±0.766 mg/g and 17.927±1.064 mg/g, respectively. The DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities with the IC50 values of the STW were over 2 times lower than that of the STE. In the MTT assay, RAW264.7 cell viability of two extracts was decreased by about 6% at 1 mg/mL, whereas for HaCaT cell viability increased by 18% at 50 ㎍/mL. In addition, STW and STE suppressed the production of nitric oxide(NO), Tumor-necrosis(TNF)-��. COX-2 and PGE2 in lipopolysaccharide(LPS) induced RAW264.7 cells. Furthermore, the STE showed wound healing effect through the promotion of skin cell migration in TNF-�� stimulated human keratinocytes. These results indicated that the STW and STE have the potential to be used as a new cosmetic active ingredients in skin care.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.63-82
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• 2022

The purpose of this study is to compare growth condition of landscape woody plants growing on the different ground structures in apartment complex. I chose Manseok Beach Town Complex 2, in Manseok-dong, Seo-gu, Incheon which has both natural and artificial ground as a subject site. Analysis of three phases of soil showed that artificial ground had average liquid phase of 30.89%, artificial ground mounding 33.88% and natural ground 24.40%. It means that artificial ground has higher water content than natural ground despite having same earthiness. It is believed that artificial ground is not as well drained as natural ground even though it is connected to the natural ground and has a deep soil depth because of mounding. Comparative study between woody plants on natural ground and those on artificial ground demonstrated that trees on natural ground grew 40.4% compared to those on artificial ground(0.875mm more) in terms of diameter growth. Average diameter growth of trees on natural ground was 3.040mm against 2.165mm for those on artificial ground. All 19 tree species which were measured for root diameter growth showed similar or higher growth on natural ground than on artificial ground. When it comes to growth of height, arborvitae showed highest growth on natural ground, followed by Thuja occidentalis, Pinus strobus, Magnolia denudata, Diospyros kaki and Aesculus turbinata. I measured branch growth and rate of leaf adherence of Pinus strobus. Average annual rate of branch growth of woody plants on natural ground was twice as high as those on artificial ground. I could conclude that ground structure influences branch growth of Pinus strobus. Statistics analysis of tree damage demonstrated significant result, meaning that there is a difference in the average damage rate depending on structure of ground. In order to validate growth difference by planting ground, I conducted T-Test of growth of diameter, root diameter, branch and height on woody plants growing on natural and artificial ground. As a result, it is believed that there is a difference in the growth of trees depending on the ground structure. Putting all these results together demonstrates that woody plants on natural ground generally grow better than those on artificial ground, which means ground structure does have an influence on the environment of growth of trees.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.10
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• pp.1294-1300
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• 2008

Nelumbo nucifera G. tea white breads were prepared by the addition of 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, and 0.04% hemicellulase to flour of the basic formulation. The experiments and control were then compared in terms of quality characteristics, including pH, total titratable acidity, fermentation power of dough expansion, specific volume, baking loss, moisture content, color, textural characteristics, external and internal surface appearances, and sensory qualities in order to determine the optimal ratio of hemicellulase in the formulation. There were no significant differences in pH and total titratable acidity of dough among the experiments. Fermentation power of dough expansion were increased as incubation time increased. Baking loss was the highest at the 0.04% addition level, while the lowest at the 0.01% level. As hemicellulase content increased, pH, hardness, and fracturability of bread decreased, while total titratable acidity, specific volume, and resilience increased. Water content and lightness were the highest in the control bread samples, and yellowness was maximal in the 0.01% group. Bread made by the addition of hemicellulase had significantly higher greenness and flavor than the control group. Color, consistency, and springiness of crumb, density and uniformity of crumb pore, softness, chewiness, overall acceptability, lotus leaf flavor, delicious taste, astringency, bitterness, and off-flavor were not significantly different among the samples. The results indicate that adding 0.02$\sim$ 0.03% hemicellulase in N elumbo nucifera G. tea white bread is optimal for quality and provides a product with reasonably high overall acceptability.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.105-110
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• 2013

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of nitrogen (N) fertilization on the forage growth, production and quality of native reed (Phragmites communis) grasses. Field experiments were conducted in Cheonan and in Ansan, 2012. Treatments were control (no N fertilization), 50 kg/ha and 100 kg/ha in Cheonan plots (fertilization on April $30^{th}$, and harvest on June $21^{st}$). Treatments in Ansan plots were control (no N fertilization) and 60 kg/ha (fertilization on May first, and harvest on August first). Forage growth and leaf colors were improved in N fertilized plots. However, the drymatter (DM) percentage was slightly decreased with N fertilization. Forage yields, in terms of DM, crude protein (CP) and digestible DM (DDM), were significantly increased with N fertilization in both sites. In Cheonan, DM, CP and DDM yields per ha were 4,026 kg, 235 kg and 1,850 kg, respectively, in the control plot, and were 4,658 kg, 306 kg and 2,388 kg, respectively, in the N 50 kg plot, and 5,622 kg, 446 kg and 3,143 kg, respectively, in the N 100 kg plot. In Ansan, DM, CP and DDM yields per ha were 2,802 kg, 177 kg and 1,288 kg, respectively, in the control plot, and were 3,876 kg, 294 kg and 1,853 kg, respectively, in the N 60 kg plot. Forage quality in terms of CP content, in vitro DM digestibility (IVDMD) and relative feed value (RFV) were also increased with N fertilization in both sites. In Cheonan, the CP content, IVDMD and RFV were 5.85%, 45.96% and 64.5 (grade 5), respectively, in the control plot, 6.58%, 51.27% and 72.3 (grade 5), respectively, in the N 50 kg plot, and 7.94%, 55.91% and 72.7 (grade 5), respectively, in the N 100 kg plot. In Ansan, the CP content, IVDMD and RFV were 6.30%, 45.98% and 70.2 (grade 5), respectively, in the control plot, and 7.59%, 47.80% and 78.3 (grade 4), respectively, in the N 60 kg plot. In conclusion, N fertilization of 60~100 kg/ha was desirable for greater forage production, with a higher quality of native Phragmites communis achievable. This should only be applied if the fertilization area is not located at a riverside/streamside or in riparian land where there is a high risk of water pollution by fertilization.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.45-52
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• 2015

We obtained the following results from investigation on vegetation damage from 5 to 6 August, 2013, about one year after an accident that hydrofluoric acid leaked from a chemical maker, Hube Globe in Gumi. Pinus densiflora and Pinus strobus showed very severe damage. Ginko biloba, Quercus acutissima, Pinus rigida, Salix glandulosa, Hibiscus syriacus, and Lagerstroemia indica showed severe damage. Quercus variabilis, Lespedeza cyrtobotrya, and Miscanthus sinensis showed moderate damage. Quercus aliena, Smilax china, Arundidinella hirta, Ailanthus altissima, Robinia pseudoacacia, and Paulowinia coreana showed slight damage. We did not find any plants without leaf damage around there. This result means that fluoride damage still persists in this area as was known that fluoride remains for a long time in air, soil and water and exerts negative effects at all levels of an ecosystem. In addition, fluoride content contained in plant leaf depended on the distance from a fertilizer producing factory and vegetation damage tended to proportionate to the concentration in the Yeocheon industrial complex. In these respects, a measure for removal or detoxification of the remaining fluoride is urgently required around the hydrofluoric acid leak spot. Fertilizing of dolomite containing Ca and Mg, which can trap fluoride, was prepared as one of the restoration plans. In addition, phosphate fertilizing was added in order to enhance soil ameliorating effects. Furthermore, we recommend the introduction of tolerant plants as the second measure to mitigate fluoride damage. As the tolerant plants to make a new forest by replacing trees died due to hydrofluoric acid gas damage, we recommended Q. aliena and S. china, A. hirta, etc. were recommended as plant species to add mantle vegetation to the forest margin to ensure stable interior environment of the forest.