• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.30 no.1
• /
• pp.41-48
• /
• 2006

In the browning reaction of Korean ginseng, it appears that enzymatic and non-enzymatic browning reaction occurred In initial stage of steaming fresh ginseng at low temperature, and then non-enzymatic browning reaction followed in the drying period after steaming. Browning reaction of red ginseng occurred between $60{\sim}90$ min of steaming at $100^{\circ}C$, and browning pigments of red ginseng were mostly water soluble substances. The structural characteristics of water soluble browning reaction products(WS-BRPs) isolated from Korean red ginseng were showed the presence of hydroxyl, amide carbonyl and aliphatic methane groups. From sugar analysis it was identified that L and S-1, melanoidins isolated from red ginseng, contained two kinds of sugars, glucose and xylose, and the other melanoidin S-2 contained the previous and fructose. In order to find out pertinent methods for the acceleration of browning during ginseng processing, various treatment were made on fresh ginseng with sugars, amino acids and inorganic nitrogenous compounds and the extent of browning was measured. Among sugar tested, maltose resulted in the greatest acceleration of browning followed in decreasing order by glucose and lactose, whereas pentoses, fructose, sucrose and raffinose had negligible effect. A marked browning occurred in ginseng treated with basic amino acids, while the extent of browning was not greatly increased when ginseng was treated with aliphatic amino acids, hydroxyl amino acids, or acidic amino acids. The brown color intensity gradually increased with an increase of glucose concentration far up to 0.5M. L, S-1, and S-2 were found to have an ability to donate hydrogen to DPPH, and also they had anti-oxidative activity in the experiments of hydrogen peroxide scavenging, inhibitory activity in the formation of MDA from linoleic acid, auto oxidation of ok-brain homogenates, lipid peroxidation by the enzymatic and non-enzymatic system in liver microsome fraction, and mitochondrial fraction etc. The amounts of acidic polysaccharide(AP) in red ginseng were higher than those of wild and cultured Panax quinquefolius, Panax notoginseng as well as white ginseng (Panax ginseng). In white ginseng, the AP amount is no difference in root ages or sizes, also, the AP amount of ginseng body was similar to that of rhizome, but was higher than that of leaf and epidermis. Addition of red ginseng acidic polysaccharide(RGAP) increased production of nitric oxide(NO) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-$\alpha$ in the rodent macrophage cultures, and treatment of RGAP in vivo stimulated tumoricidal activities of natural killer (NK) cells.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
• /
• v.19 no.3
• /
• pp.157-161
• /
• 2011

Growth characteristics, root yield and ginsenoside contents of 3-year-old ginseng in greenhouse shaded by $30^{\circ}$ sloped-curtain made of aluminum were compared to traditional shade facility in order to develop cultural practice for organic ginseng. Light transmittance ratio in greenhouse with $30^{\circ}$ sloped-curtain shade was distinctly lower than that of traditional shade from sunrise to 9 a.m., while its ratio in greenhouse was higher than traditional shade since 9 a.m. due to the reflection of light. Air temperature of greenhouse was $1.3^{\circ}C$ higher than that of traditional shade on the first ten days of August due to more reflected light. Root yield of greenhouse was 44% higher than that of traditional cultivation because of the inflow of reflected light and the decrease of disease of Alternaria and Anthracnose by blocking rainfall. Dry matter partitioning ratio of rhizome and lateral root were increased in ginseng cultivated at greenhouse due to longer survival time in leaf than traditional cultivation. Total ginsenoside contents cultivated at greenhouse was decreased in the part of taproot, while it was increased in the part of lateral and fine root compare to traditional cultivation. Individual ginsenoside contents between greenhouse and traditional cultivation showed significant difference more frequent in fine root than taproot and lateral root. Total ginsenoside contents including $Rb_1$, $Rb_2$, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, $Rg_1$, and $Rg_2$ in whole root of 3-year-old ginseng did not showed significant difference by greenhouse and traditional cultivation.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.20 no.3
• /
• pp.403-410
• /
• 2010

In order to produce high-quality fermenting composts, a microorganism was isolated from the natural world. The bacterium has not only in high enzyme activities but also had good antimicrobial activities against phytopathogenic microorganisms. Its cultivating characteristics were then investigated. Bacterium KJ-9, which contains high CMCase, protease and chitinase activities and excellent antimicrobial activities against phytopathogenic microorganisms, was separated from leaf mold and identified as Bacillus licheniformis by two methods: Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology and API 50 CHL Carbohydrate Test Kit (Bio Merieux, France) using an ATB (Automated Identification) computer system (Bio Merieux, France). Optimal medium for cultivation of B. licheniformis was 2% soluble starch as a carbon source, 0.5% yeast extract as a nitrogen source and 0.05% $MgSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O$. Optimal growth conditions of pH, temperature and shake speed were pH 7.0, $50^{\circ}C$ and 180 rpm, respectively. Culture broth of B. licheniformis KJ-9 cultured for 36~60 hr was effective in fungicidal activities against plant pathogens including Botrytis cinerea, Corynespora cassicola, Fusarium oxysporum, and Rhizoctonia solani.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.31 no.1
• /
• pp.45-49
• /
• 2002

This study was conducted to enhance the value of chamnamul (Pimpinella brachycarpa (Komarov) $N_{AKAI}$) as an useful food resource. Hunter L, a, b values (lightness, redness, yellowness) of chamnamul leaf were 33.28$\pm$1.94, -10.98$\pm$0.74, 14.05$\pm$1.29 and shearing force was 2745.2g. Contents of tannin and dietary fiber were 100.9 mg%, 24.0% (freeze drying base). The minerals identified in chamnamul were Ca 7.85 g/kg, K 76.31 g/kg, Mg 4.78g/kg, Fe 0.35g/kg, Na 2.35 g/kg. Chamnamul kimchi was packed in polyethylene film (200g) and fermented at 2$0^{\circ}C$ and 4$^{\circ}C$. In color changes kimchi fermented at 2$0^{\circ}C$ showed more increase in Hunter L, a, b values than kimchi fermented at 4$^{\circ}C$. The pH of kimchi decreased and acidity increased with storage time at both temperature. Ascorbic acid contents decreased sharply with storage time. Loss of ascorbic acid contents was about 81.9% in kimchi fermented at 2$0^{\circ}C$ after 5 days, and kimchi fermented 4$^{\circ}C$ lost 77.3% of ascorbic acid after 30 days. Also reducing sugar contents decreased with storage time at 2$0^{\circ}C$ and 4$^{\circ}C$. The results of sensory evaluation showed that optimum ripening time of chamnamul kimchi was 1~3 days at 2$0^{\circ}C$ and more than 20 days at 4$^{\circ}C$.>.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
• /
• v.2 no.1
• /
• pp.19-29
• /
• 1994

The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of composting of vegetable wastes containing high moisture. The parameters investigated were the effect of energy source addition, difference in bulking agent and recirculation of leachate produced during composting. Laboratory scale composting reactors were used in this study. Chinese cabbages were used as a vegetable waste. Dog food was added to the vegetable waste as a energy source. Wood chips and leaves of platan were used as bulking agents. There may be an appropriate amount of energy source to be added for composting high moisture content vegetable waste. In this study, the appropriate amount of energy source was 20% of the vegetable waste by weight basis. Recirculation of total amount of leachate produced each day on the same day may not be an appropriate approach due to the significant heat-quenching effect. When the total amount of leachate produced was equally devided and recirculated everyday through the whole composting period, the heat-quenching effect was comparatively less significant. There were no notable differences in the temperature profile and the $CO_2$ evoluation rate when leaves were used instead of wood chips as bulking agents. Considering waste recycling, it is desirable to use leaf waste as bulking agents if available, because the leaves are also wastes to be disposed of.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
• /
• v.44 no.4 s.141
• /
• pp.257-264
• /
• 2005

In order to establish the successive rearing system brush-footed butterflies (Lepidoptera : Nymphalidae) were reared in a room. Artificial diets were developed for a year-round rearing. Bu-diet was best to rear these butterflies among 3 kinds of diet used. The freeze-dried host plant leaf powder in diet was better than heat-dried one $(60^{\circ}C)$ in the growth of larvae. The rearing results were best in the diet C/N ratio was 1:1. The 24-hrs old eggs could be stored for 5 days at $15^{\circ}C$ or for 3 days at $5^{\circ}C$ and showed 75% of hatchability. On the other hand, pupae could be stored for maximum 15 days at $15^{\circ}C$ because the emergence of abnormal adults appeared much more as the cold storage period got longer. And the adult was able to be stored until 60 days at refrigerator without relation of nectar-sucking period before cold-storage and storage temperature. Also a simple artificial ovipositing kit was devised by ${\Phi}9$ cm of petri-dish and a female oviposited $278{\pm}27$ of eggs with adding the ether extract of host plant to this kit. The systematic successive rearing method of brush-footed butterflies in a room was completed.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
• /
• v.45 no.2 s.143
• /
• pp.145-152
• /
• 2006

Predation of Neoseiulus fallacis was observed for biological control of Panonychus citri that is one of the major insect pests on citrus. The daily predation of development stages of P. citri by an adult female of N. fallacis were 20.1 eggs, 26.1 larvae, 18.2 protonymphs, and 7.4 deutonymphs at 25$^{\circ}C$, The daily predation of P. citri eggs by N, fallacis was observed under different temperatures. The predation was increased as the temperature rise. At this time, ratio of eggs production of l! fallacis after predation of P. citri eggs (number of eggs N. fallacis/number of eggs P. citri consumed by N. fallacis) was 0.09. The daily predation of P. citri eggs by N, fallacis was 21.1, 17.3, and 16.7 on the different arenas (diameter: 20, 40, and 60 mm), respectively. The predation was decreased as the arena of the leaf increase. The functional response of M fallacis to P. citri showed Holling's Type II response: the consumption of prey by N. fallacis increased as the density of prey increase but increasing rate was gradually reduced. As the result, it seemed that N. fallacis can be use for biological control of P. citri.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
• /
• v.35 no.2
• /
• pp.140-145
• /
• 1996

This study was conducted to investigate the winter ecology of the green leafhopper(GLH), Nephotettix cincticeps Uhler, in Milyang, south-eastern part of Korea from early December to early April during 1990 to 1992. The instar distribution in the overwinteing GLH population collected in December 5th was most of 4th instar 77% to 79% followed by 3rd instar 15% to 17% and 5th instar 3%. These instar distribution rate in the overwintering GLH was changed with collecting dates during overwintering periods of the GLH. Among the GLH population collected, as a result, the distribution rate of the 5th instar was significantly increased in February 20th and was most of 5th instar 70% to 71% in March 19th and was adult 47% to 50% in April 8th. During two overwintering periods of the GLH, the averaged instars converted the instar distribution of the overwintering GLH into the numerical values were 3.91 and 3.86 instar in December 5th, 4.11 and 4.07 instar in February 20th, 4.75 and 4.79 instar in March 19th and 5.42 and 5.45 instar in April 8th respectively. In addition to, the developmental index between pre-collected date and post-collected date of the overwintering GLH was roughly more than 1.0 value. It means that the overwintering GLH was developed without cease though the development was very slow and deponded upon air temperature. The overwintering GLH population were significantly more collected at the levee than at the barley field.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
• /
• v.20 no.4
• /
• pp.283-289
• /
• 2011

This study was conducted to examine the effects of defoliation treatment on the growth and yield of strawberry ($Fragaria{\times}ananassa$ cv. Maehyang and Seolhyang) during nursery period. Leaves of strawberry plantlet had been removed except two, three and four fully expanded leaves until planting date. As the intensity of defoliation was strong, the petiole length was reduced and overgrowth of strawberry plantlet was suppressed. Outer diameter of crown in defoliation treatments significantly decreased but inner diameter of crown was not significant. Number of primary roots of the 3 leaves or 4 leaves defoliation treatment generally tended to increase, but there was not significantly different among treatments. Fresh weight and leaf area in the defoliation treatments significantly decreased and the root weight were higher in partial 3 leaves or 4 leaves defoliation treatment but was not significantly different among treatments. Because T/R ratio decreased significantly as growth inhibition of above-ground part compared to underground part, it is considered easy to take rooting after plantlet plating. As the intensity of defoliation was strong, chlorophyll contents tended to decrease significantly. Reduction of the endogenous nitrogen by defoliation effectively led to promote floral differentiation at low temperature and short day condition. This promoted timing of budding and flowering and also induced uniform flowering after plantlet planting. Marketable fruit yield of 3 leaves defoliation treatment tended to be higher than the control.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.36 no.4
• /
• pp.430-441
• /
• 2012

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of natural bioactive products such as Manda enzyme (T1), Yangmyeongwon (T2), effective microorganisms (T3), and Kelpak (T4) on the growth and ginsenoside contents of Panax ginseng cultured in an aeroponic system using a two-layer vertical type of nutrient bath under natural light conditions. The growth of ginseng plants showed specific characteristics according to the positions in which they were cultured due to the difference of light transmittance and temperature in the upper and lower layers during aeroponic culture in a two-layer vertical type of system. The growth of the aerial part of the leaves and stems of ginseng plants cultured in the lower layer (4,000 to 6,000 lx, $23^{\circ}C$ to $26^{\circ}C$) of the nutrient bath was observed to be superior to that of the ginseng plants cultured in the upper layer (12,000 to 15,000 lx, $25^{\circ}C$ to $28^{\circ}C$). The leaf area was significantly larger in the treatment of T2 and T4 (46.70 $cm^2$) than with other treatments. Conversely, the values of the root weight and root diameter were higher in ginseng plants cultured in the upper layer of the nutrient bath. The root weight was significantly heavier in the treatment of T4 (6.46 g) and T3 (6.26 g) than with other treatments. The total ginsenoside content in the leaves and roots was highest in the ginseng plants cultured by the treatment of T1, at 16.20%, while the total ginsenoside content obtained by other treatments decreased in the order of T4, T5 (control), T2, and T3, at 13.21%, 12.30%, 14.84%, and 14.86%, respectively. The total ginsenoside content of the ginseng leaves was found to be significantly higher in the treatment of T1 in the lower layer of the nutrient bath, at 15.30%, while the content of the ginseng roots in the treatments of T3 and T4, at 1.27% and 1.23%, respectively, was significantly higher than in other treatments in the upper layer of the nutrient bath.