• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
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• 고려인삼학회 1978년도 학술대회지
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• pp.55-66
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• 1978

Five ginsenosides $(A_1,\;A_2,\;B_1,\;B_2,\;C)$ and a yellow pigment were isolated from American ginseng stems and leaves. Ginsenoside $A_2,\;B_1,\;B_2$ and C were proven to be identical with Korean ginseng root ginsenoside $Rg_1,$ Rd, Re and $Rb_2,$ respectively. The yellow pigment proved identical with panasenoside isolated from Korean ginseng leaves. Ginsenoside $A_1$, which was also present in American ginseng roots, was not identical to any of the known root (ginsenoside $R_{0}-Rg_{2}$) and leaf (ginsenoside $F_{1}-F_{3}$) Korean ginseng saponins. A gas-liquid chromatographic method was developed to analyze ginsenosides and sapogenins in rabbit plasma and urine samples. Panasenoside and stigmasterol were found to be the best internal standards for ginsenosides and sapogenihs, respectively. Ginsenoside C had a significantly longer half-life, higher plasma protein binding, lower metabolic and renal clearance than ginsenoside $A_1,\;A_2\;and\;B_2$. Ginsenosides were not found in rabbit plasma and urine samples after oral administration. Ginsenoside C had a higher toxicity than ginsenoside $A_2$ after intraperitoneal administration to mice. Toxicity was not observed after oral administration of the ginsenosides.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제41권spc1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 1996

The edible natural pigments extracted from plant organs become steadly popular to consumer because of those physiological functions desirable for food preservation and human health in recent years. There are a number of colored rice genotypes from light brown to blackish purple via reddish brown and purple. Some researchers reported their results on extraction recipes and identification of chemical structure of the pigments from the colored rice. The pigments extracted from colored rices can be largely divided into two types of anthocyanin and tannin pigments. Anthocyanin pigments are mainly contained in purple or blackish purple rice while tannin pigments are mainly contained in brown or reddish brown rice. Some brownish purple rices showed two peaks of tannin and anthocyanin pigments simultaneously. Purple rices showed better extraction of pigments in $0.1\%$ HCl-contained $80\%$ methanol or $0.5\%$ malic-acid-contained $80\%$ ethanol, while red rices revealed better extraction of pigments in $0.01\%$ citric-acid-contained $80\%$ ethanol. The anthocyanin pigments are generally unstable to heat, light and acidity of solution. The pigments extracted from colored rice can be preserved stably under the dark and cool(<$5^{\circ}C$) condition and at pH $2.0\~4.0$. The anthocyanin pigments of purple rice are mainly composed by cyanidin-3-glucoside (chrysanthemin). The other pigment fractions in purple rice were identified to peonidin-3-gluco-side, malvidin-3-galactoside(uliginosin) and cyanidin-3-ramnoglucoside(keracyanin). The pericarp coloration of purple rices is controlled by three complimentary genes C (anthocyanin), A(activator) and $Pl^{w}$(purple leaf) genes, while the red rices are expressed by complimentary interaction between Rc(basic substance of pigment) and Rd(distribution of pigment) genes or C and $Pl^{w}$ genes. Recently, the antioxidation and antimutagenic activity in main component of anthocyanin pigments extracted from colored rice were identified. The natural pigments from colored rice can be useful for beverages, cakes, ice scream, cosmetic and so on.

• 한국잠사곤충학회지
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.61-69
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• 1999

모시, 삼베 및 견직물의 천연염료 염색 중 탄닌색소 함유 염료재료, 한약재 염료재료를 이용한 염색방법 구명 시험과 염색 후 항균성검증과 염색견뢰도를 측정한 결과는 다음과 같다. 가. 탄닌색소를 함유한 상수리나뭇잎, 호두외피, 밤송이 등의 추출액을 염색할 경우에 모시, 삼베, 견직물은 pH가 낮을수록, 또한, 염색온도가 높을수록 염섹직물은 짙게 염색되었다. 나. 홍화 염색에 있어서 홍색색소 추출온도가 40$^{\circ}C$에서는 염색 직물의 색상은 자주색(RP), 70$^{\circ}C$이상에서는 주황(YR)색상으로 변화되었다. 다. 염색견뢰도는 탄닌계 염재 및 쪽은 3~4급 이상으로 우수하였으며, 한약재 염재는 대부분이 3급이하로 불량하였다. 라. 주요 한약재 염재의 항균성은 직물별로도 차이가 있지만 소목의 균감소율이 낮기 때문에 항균성이 높았다.

• BMB Reports
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.398-404
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• 1996

Light-chilling effects were investigated in chilling-sensitive cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Ilmichungjang) and chilling-resistant pea (Pisum sativum L. cv. Giant) leaf discs in relation to possible damage in D1 protein. In both plants, dark-chilling did not cause any noticeable changes in (Fv)m/Fm and lincomycin did not affect the decrease in (Fv)m/Fm caused by light-chilling. This result suggests that the de novo synthesis of D1 protein did not occur actively during light-chilling. In pea light-chilled for 6 h. the decreased (Fv)m/Fm was partly recovered in the dark, and almost complete recovery was observed in the light. In cucumber light-chilled for 3 h. the reduced (Fv)m/Fm decreased further for the initial 2 h recovery process in the light regardless of the treatment of lincomycin and recovered very slowly. In both plant species, the treatment of lincomycin inhibited the recovery process in the light, but did not significantly inhibit the process in the dark. In cucumber leaves pulse-labeled with $[^{35}S]Met$, the labeled band intensities of isolated pigment-protein complexes were almost the same during the 6 h light-chilling, but significant decreases in band intensities were observed during the 3 h recovery period. This result suggests that the irreversibly damaged D1 protein was degraded during the recovery period. However, no noticeable changes were observed in the pea leaves during the 12 h chilling and 3 h recovery period. The polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the pigment-protein complexes showed that the principal lesion sites of light-chilling were different from those of room temperature photoinhibition.

• Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.257-264
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• 2007

Rice is one of the world's staple crops and is a major source of carbohydrate. Rice is exported from several countries, providing a major source of income. There are many documents reporting that rice is a salt-sensitive crop in its developmental stages. The objective of this investigation is to evaluate the effective salt-tolerance defense mechanisms in aromatic rice varieties. Pathumthani 1(PT1), Jasmine(KDML105), and Homjan(HJ) aromatic rice varieties were chosen as plant materials. Rice seedlings photoautotrophically grown in-vitro were treated with 0, 85, 171, 256, 342, and 427 mM NaCl in the media. Data, including sodium ion$(Na^+)$ and potassium ion$(K^+)$ accumulation, osmolarity, chlorophyll pigment concentration, and the fresh and dry weights of seedlings were collected after salt-treatment for 5 days. $Na^+$ in salt-stressed seedlings gradually accumulated, while $K^+$ decreased, especially in the 342-427 mM NaCl salt treatments. The $Na^+$ accumulation in both salt-stressed root and leaf tissues was positively related to osmolarity, leading to chlorophyll degradation. In the case of the different rice varieties, the results showed that the HJ variety was identified as being salt-tolerant, maintaining root and shoot osmolarities as well as pigment stabilization when exposed to salt stress or $Na^+$ enrichment in the cells. On the other hand, PT1 and KDML105 varieties were classified as salt-sensitive, determined by chlorophyll degradation using Hierarchical cluster analysis. In conclusion, the HJ-salt tolerant variety should be further utilized as a parental line or genetic resource in breeding programs because of the osmoregulation defensive response to salt-stress.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제101권2호
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• pp.236-243
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• 2012

본 연구의 목적은 우리나라 특산식물이며, 희귀멸종위기식물인 산개나리의 유전자원 보존 및 복원을 위한 생육 환경 특성을 구명하기 위한 것으로, 서로 다른 광 조건을 가진 북한산 산개나리 개체군의 생장 및 생리적 특성을 조사 분석하였다. 산개나리 각 개체군의 광량은 전광의 10%에서 78%의 범위로 매우 다양하였다. 북한산 산개나리의 잎 길이, 잎 폭, 잎 면적 및 건중량은 광량이 높을수록 증가하였으며, 잎 건중량과 면적의 비도 광량이 높을수록 증가하였다. 산개나리 잎의 엽록소 a와 b의 함량과 카로테노이드 함량 모두 전광의 78% 광량을 가진 개체군에서 가장 높았으며, 총 엽록소 함량과 카로테노이드 함량의 비는 전광의 10% 광량을 가진 개체군에서 가장 높았다. 산개나리 개체군별 광합성 속도는 전광의 78% 광량을 가진 개체군이 전광의 10% 개체군보다 2배 이상 높았으며, 기공전도도, 증산속도, 암호흡 속도 및 순양자수율도 전광의 78% 광량을 가진 개체군에서 가장 높았다. 산개나리 잎에서 측정한 총 비구조 탄수화물 함량은 전광의 78% 광량을 가진 개체군에서 전광의 10% 광량을 가진 개체군보다 1.5배 이상 높았으며, 총 수용성 당 함량도 전광의 78% 광량을 가진 개체군에서 가장 높았다. 결론적으로 자생지에서 생장하는 산개나리의 생장과 생리적 특성은 광량과 정의 상관을 가지므로, 낮은 광량에서 자라는 산개나리 개체군의 생장과 생리적 특성을 개선하기 위해서는 광량이 우선적으로 고려되어야 한다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제58권2호
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• pp.113-118
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• 2013

본 연구는 자색 옥수수 부산물인 옥수수 줄기와 잎을 이용하여 염액을 추출하여 여러 가지 염색 조건에서 염색정도를 관찰하고 자색옥수수 부산물의 염료로서의 가능성을 타진하여 이용성 증진을 위한 기초자료를 제공하고자 실시하였다. 1. 자색 옥수수 추출시 pH에 따른 흡광도의 변화가 없으므로 자색 옥수수 색소 함량을 측정하기 위하여 UV 흡광도를 측정할 때 520~560 nm를 이용하는 것이 효율적일 것으로 생각된다. 2. 자색 옥수수 잎 추출물로 염색한 silk와 cotton은 pH가 높아질수록 직물의 밝기와 적색도가 낮아졌다. 줄기 추출물의 경우에는 뚜렷한 경향을 나타내지는 않았지만 pH 값이 높아질수록 밝기와 적색도가 높아지는 경향을 나타내었다. 3. 농도에 따른 직물의 염색 정도는 silk와 cotton 모두 농도가 높아질수록 밝기는 낮아지고 적색도는 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 4. Silk와 cotton은 일반적으로 염색시간이 길어질수록 명도가 증가하고, 적색도는 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제20권12호
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• pp.1509-1519
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• 2011

The protective effect of nitric oxide (NO) on the antioxidant system under paraquat(PQ) stress was investigated in leaves of 8-week-old lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) plants. PQ stress caused a decrease of leaf growth including leaf length, width and weight. Application of NO donor, sodium nitroprusside (SNP), significantly alleviated PQ stress induced growth suppression. SNP permitted the survival of more green leaf tissue preventing chlorophyll content reduction and of higher quantum yield for photosystem II than in non-treated controls under PQ exposure, suggesting that NO has protective effect on chloroplast membrane in lettuce leaves. Flavonoids and anthocyanin were significantly accumulated in the leaves upon PQ exposure. However, the rapid increase of these compounds was alleviated in the SNP treated leaves. PQ treatment resulted in lipid peroxidation and induced accumulation of hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) in the leaves, while SNP prevented PQ induced increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) and $H_2O_2$. These results demonstrate that SNP serves as an antioxidant agent able to scavenge $H_2O_2$ to protect plant cells from oxidative damage. The activities of two antioxidant enzymes that scavenge reactive oxygen species, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in lettuce leaves in the presence of NO donor under PQ stress were higher than those under PQ stress alone. Application of 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4, 4, 5, 5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (PTIO), a specific NO scavenger, to the lettuce leaves arrested SNP mediated protective effect on leaf growth, photosynthetic pigment and antioxidant systems. However, PTIO had little effect on lettuce leaves under PQ stress compared with that of PQ stress alone. The obtained data suggest that the damage caused by PQ stress is in part due to increased generation of active oxygen by maintaining increased antioxidant enzyme activities and SNP protects plants from oxidative stress. From these results it is suggested that NO might act as a signal in activating active oxygen scavenging system that protects plants from oxidative damage induced by PQ stress and thus confer PQ tolerance.

• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
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• 고려인삼학회 1980년도 학술대회지
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• pp.151-170
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• 1980

Physiological response of Panax ginseng var. atropurpureacaulo (purple stem variety, Pg) to light was reviewed through old literatures and recent experiments. Canopy structure, growth, pigment, leaf anatomy, disease occurence, transpiration, photosynthesis (PS), leaf saponin, photoperiodism and nutrient uptake were concerned. P. ginseng var. xanthocarpus (yellow berry variety, Px) and Panax quinquefolius(Pq) were compared with Pg if possible. Compensation point(Cp) increased with increase of light and ranged from 110 to 150 at $20^{\circ}C$ but from 140 to 220 at $30^{\circ}C$ with 4 to 15 Klux indicating occurence of light and temperature-dependent high photorespiration. Characteristics of Korea ginseng to hate high temperature was well accordance with an observation 2000 years ago. Korea ginseng showed lower Cp and appeared to be more tolerant to high light intensity and temperature than American sheng although the latter showed greater PS, stomata frequency and conductance, chlorophyll and carotenoids. Px showed lower PS than Pg probably due to higher Cp. Total leaf saponin was higher in leaves grown under high light. Ratio or diol saponin and triol saponin(PT/PD) decreased with increase of light intensity during growing mainly due to decrease of ginsenoside $Rg_1$ but increase of ginsenoside Rd. Leaves of Pg and Px had $Rg_1$ but no $Rb_3$ which was only found as much as $20\%$ of total in Pq leaves, and decreased with increase of light intensity. Re increased in Pg and Px but decreased in Pq with increase of light. PT/PD in leaf ranged 1.0-1.5 in Pg and Px but around 0.5 in Pq. Korea ginseng has Yang characteristics(tolerant to high light and temperature), cultured under Eum(shade) condition and long been used for Yang efficacy (to build up energy) while Pq was quite contrary. Traditional low light $intensity(3-8\%)$ for Korea ginseng culture appeared to be strongly related to historical unique quality. Effect of light quality and photoperiodism was not well known. Experiences are long but scientific knowledge is short for production and quality assessment of ginseng. Recent scientific knowledge of ginseng should learn wisdom from old experiences.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.219-226
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• 1986

음지식물(陰地植物)인 인삼(人蔘)과 양지식물(陽地植物)인 대두(大豆) 및 옥수수 사이에는 엽색소(葉色素)의 구성(構成)에 종류(種類)와 양적비율(量的比率)의 차이(差異)가 있을 것으로 추정(推定)하여 이를 비교검토(比較檢討)한 결과(結果)를 이에 보고(報告)한다. 후행(後行)의 인삼, 콩, 옥수수간에 총엽록소, carotenes, xanthophylls 함량의 큰 차이는 나타나지 않았으며 전행(前行)의 인삼에서는 이들 모두의 함량이 낮았다. 인상에서는 전체 carotenoids에 대한 lutein의 몰비(比)가 높았고 옥수수에서는 violaxanthin의 몰비(比)가 높았으며, 전행(前行)의 인상에서 neoxanthin의 몰비(比)가 높았다. 콩, 옥수수에서는 antheraxanthin류(類)로 추정되는 epoxy carotenoid가 있었으나 인상에서는 관찰되지 않았다. Carotenes 함량에 대한 chlorophyll 함량의 비(比)는 인삼에서 가장 높았다. 인삼에 있어서는 광(光)을 더 받는 전행(前行)에서 lutein과 carotenes의 몰비(比)가 감소되고, neoxanthin 과 violaxanthin의 몰비(比)가 증가되었다.