• 대한수의학회지
• /
• 제26권1호
• /
• pp.11-17
• /
• 1986

The arterial supply to the eyeball of the Korean native goat has been described. Observations were made by dissection of ten Korean native goats fixed in embalming fluid and injected with neoprene latex. The results were as follows. 1. The eyeball and accessory ocular organ of the Korean native goat received its blood supply chiefly from the A. ophthalmica externa and partly from the branches of A. temporalis superficialis and A. malaris. 2. A. ophthalmica externa formed Rete mirabile ophthalmicum after giving off Ramus muscularis and A. lacrimalis, and continued to A. supraorbitalis. 1) A. lacrimalis was given off between Mm. rectus lateralis and dorsalis, and supplied lacrimal gland. 2) Rete mirabile ophthalmicum gave off A. ciliares posteriores longae and Rami musculares. A. ciliates posteriores longae gave off A. ciliates posteriores medialis and lateralis, Ramus anastomoticus cum A. ophthalmica interna, A. centralis retinae, Aa. ciliares posteriores breves and Aa. episcaeralis. Rami musculares supplied to M. rectus dorsalis, M. obliquus dorsalis, M. retractor bulbi, M. levator palpebrae superioris and M. rectus medialis, and continued Aa. ciliares anteriores after giving off A. episclerales and A. conjunetivales. 3) A. supraorbitalis supplied to M. rectus dorsalis. M. obliquus dorsalis and conjuntiva, and passed into supraorbital foramen. 3. A. malaris gave off A. palpebrae tertiae, A. palpebralis inferior medialis and A. palpebralis superior medialis, which supplied to third eyelid, medial aspect of the eyelids and conjunctiva. 4. A. temporalis superficialis gave off A. palpebralis inferior lateralis and A. palpebralis superior lateralis, which supplied to lateral aspect of the eyelids, M. orbicularis oculi and M. frontoscutularis.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
• /
• 제40권4호
• /
• pp.160-168
• /
• 2014

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the condylar position in relation to the glenoid fossa before and after orthodontic-orthognathic surgical treatment and to investigate the relationship with skeletal relapse. Materials and Methods: Lateral cephalograms and temporomandibular joint tomograms from 19 patients with mandibular prognathism who received orthodontic-orthognathic surgery were included in this study. Samples were divided into two groups based on skeletal change during the retention period. The relapse group consisted of 7 patients (3 females and 4 males; mean age, 21.9 years) whose pogonion or menton displaced more than 1 mm during the retention period and the stable group consisted of 12 patients (5 females and 7 males; mean age, 21.7 years). Anterior joint space, posterior joint space, superior joint space, and anteroposterior index were measured on tomograms at pretreatment and posttreatment timepoints. Condyle position and frequency of the positional change were compared between both groups. Results: In the relapse group and stable group, 42.9% and 45.8% of the condyles, respectively, showed forward or backward displacement at posttreatment. However, the changes were small and the mean anterior, posterior, superior joint spaces and frequencies of the positional changes did not differ statistically between both groups. Conclusion: Our results suggest that small positional changes of the condyle, which may occur after orthodontic-orthognathic surgery treatment, may not be related to skeletal relapse after removal of the orthodontic appliances.

• 치과방사선
• /
• 제19권1호
• /
• pp.105-121
• /
• 1989

The author analysed tomograms and submento-vertex radiograms of 90 temporomandibular joints from 45 asymptomatic young adults. 15 had Angle class Ⅰ malocclusion, 15 classⅡ and 15 class Ⅲ. Corrected lateral tomograms were obtained in three condylar positions; centric occlusion, centric relation and 1 inch mouth opening. The condylar angulation, depth of cut, joint spaces were analysed in each radiogram. The obtained results were as follows; 1. The mean condylar angulation in Angle class Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ group was 17.55±5.51° 13.33±8.85° 16.25±6.60° respectively, and there was no significant difference in each group. The mean condylar angulation of right side (16.62±7.23°) was larger than left side (14.80±7.33°). 2. The mean depth of cut in Angle class Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ group was 8.13±1.61㎝, 3.05±3.80㎝, 7.75±2.19㎝, respectively. Angle class Ⅰ and class Ⅱ group revealed significant difference in measurement (p<0.0l). 3. The mean height of articular fossa in Angle class Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ group was 8.67±3.06㎜, 9.61±2.57㎜, 8.93±2.83㎜, respectively. And the mean width of articular fossa was 19.90±2.80㎜, 19.48±3.83㎜, 20.36±4.82㎜, respectively. 4. The mean height and width of condylar head was 5.11±1.16㎜, 11.20±2.26㎜, respectively. 5. In centric occlusion, the superior joint space was the largest (3.42±1.42㎜), followed by anterior joint space (2.94±1.95㎜) and the posterior joint space (2.64±1.19㎜. In centric relation, the anterior joint space was the largest (3.86±2.17㎜), followed by the superior joint space (3.64±3.68㎜) and the posterior joint space (1.18±0.77㎜). 6. The displaced measurement from centric relation to centric occlusion was 1.10±1.04㎜ anteriorly and 0.24±0.97㎜ inferiorly. In 1 inch mouth opening state, the condylar head displaced posteroinferiorly (2.49±2.49㎜ posteriorly, 1.17±1.34㎜ inferiorly) from the apex of articular eminence. And Angle class Ⅰ and Ⅱ group, Angle class Ⅱ and Ⅲ group revealed significant difference in posterior measurement, respectively (p<0.01).

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
• /
• 제38권2호
• /
• pp.81-87
• /
• 2008

Purpose: To investigate the relationship between 3D bone architectural parameters and direction-related elastic moduli of cancellous bone of mandibular condyle. Materials and Methods: Two micro-pigs (Micro-$pig^R$, PWG Genetics Korea) were used. Each pig was about 12 months old and weighing around 44 kg. 31 cylindrical bone specimen were obtained from cancellous bone of condyles for 3D analysis and measured by micro-computed tomography. Six parameters were trabecular thickness (Tb. Th), bone specific surface (BS/BV), percent bone volume (BV/TV), structure model index (SMI), degree of anisotropy (DA) and 3-dimensional fractal dimension (3DFD). Elastic moduli of three orthogonal directions (superior-inferior (SI), medial-lateral (ML), andterior-posterior (AP) direction) were calculated through finite element analysis. Results: Elastic modulus of superior-inferior direction was higher than those of other directions. Elastic moduli of 3 orthogonal directions showed different correlation with 3D architectural parameters. Elastic moduli of SI and ML directions showed significant strong to moderate correlation with BV/TV, SMI and 3DFD. Conclusion: Elastic modulus of cancellous bone of pig mandibular condyle was highest in the SI direction and it was supposed that the change into plate-like structure of trabeculae was mainly affected by increase of trabeculae of SI and ML directions.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
• /
• 제23권4호
• /
• pp.242-246
• /
• 2010

Background: The first sacral nerve root block (S1NRB) is a common procedure in pain clinic for patients complaining of low back pain with radiating pain. It can be performed in the office based setting without C-arm. The previously suggested method of locating the needle entry point begins with identifying the posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS). Then a line is drawn between two points, one of which is 1.5 cm medical to the PSIS, and the other of which is 1.5 cm lateral and cephalad to the ipsilateral cornu. After that, one point on the line, which is 1.5 cm cephalad to the level of the PSIS, is considered as the needle entry point. The purpose of this study was to analyze the location of needle entry point and palpated PSIS in S1NRB. Methods: Fifty patients undergoing C-arm guided S1NRB in the prone position were examined. The surface anatomical relationships between the palpated PSIS and the needle entry point were assessed. Results: The analysis revealed that the transverse and vertical distance between the needle entry point and PSIS were $28.7{\pm}8.8mm$ medially and $3.5{\pm}14.0mm$ caudally, respectively. The transverse distance was $27.8{\pm}8.3mm$ medially for male and $29.5{\pm}9.3mm$ medially for female. The vertical distance was $1.0{\pm}14.1mm$ cranially for male and $8.1{\pm}12.7mm$ caudally for female. Conclusions: The needle entry point in S1NRB is located on the same line or in the caudal direction from the PSIS in a considerable number of cases. Therefore previous recommended methods cannot be applied to many cases.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
• /
• 제39권4호
• /
• pp.384-389
• /
• 2012

Background Numerous procedures are available for nipple reconstruction without a single gold standard. This study presents a method for reducing donor-site morbidity in nipple reconstruction using a composite nipple graft after transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flap breast reconstruction. Methods Thirty-five patients who underwent nipple reconstruction using a composite nipple graft technique between July of 2001 and December of 2009 were enrolled in this study. To reduce the donor site morbidity, the superior or superior-medial half dome harvesting technique was applied preserving the lateral cutaneous branch of the fourth intercostal nerves. The patients were asked to complete a previously validated survey to rate the color and projection of both nipples, along with the sensation and contractility of the donor nipple; and whether, in retrospect, they would undergo the procedure again. To compare projection, we performed a retrospective chart review of all the identifiable patients who underwent nipple reconstruction using the modified top hat flap technique by the same surgeon and during the same period. Results Thirty-five patients were identified who underwent nipple reconstruction using a composite nipple graft. Of those, 29 patients (82.9%) responded to the survey. Overall, we received favorable responses to the donor site morbidity. Projection at postoperative 6 months and 1 year was compared with the immediate postoperative results, as well as with the results of nipples reconstructed using the modified top hat flap. Conclusions The technique used to harvest donor tissue is important. Preserving innervation of the nipple while harvesting can reduce donor site morbidity.

• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
• /
• 제22권1호
• /
• pp.7-12
• /
• 2013

Purpose: Breast reconstruction with lower abdominal tissue can produce the best outcome with acceptable rates of long-term complication. However, for cases in which sufficient abdominal tissue is not available, an superior gluteal artery perforator (SGAP) flap can be considered as the next option for autologous breast reconstruction. Materials and Methods: Among a total of 63 women who underwent breast reconstruction with free autologous tissue transfer from July 2010 to April 2011, SGAP flap was performed for four patients. In two cases, patients did not have enough abdominal tissue for sizable breast reconstruction. In another case, the patient had a long abdominal scar due to donor hepatectomy of liver transplantation. In the last case, which was a revisional case after radiation necrosis of a previous pedicled transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous (TRAM) flap, a large amount of healthy skin and soft tissue was needed. SGAP flap was elevated in lateral decubitus position. The internal mammary vessels were used for recipient vessels in all cases. Results: Breast reconstruction was performed successfully in all four cases without flap loss. Donor site complication was not observed, except for one case of seroma. The shape of the reconstructed breast was satisfactory in all patients. Conclusion: SGAP flap is an excellent alternative option for the TRAM or deep inferior epigastric artery perforator flap for breast reconstruction. In terms of narrower width, harder consistency of soft tissue, and shorter pedicle, it is clear that the SGAP flap is less competent than the TRAM flap. However, in cases where abdominal tissue is not available, SGAP flap is the only way of providing a large amount of healthy tissue.

• 대한정형도수물리치료학회지
• /
• 제9권2호
• /
• pp.25-45
• /
• 2003

Sling exercise treatment(S-E-T) is a therapeutic exercise based on scientific studies for the purpose of treating musculoskeletal or neurological disorders thereby improving strength, endurance, and skills for sensory-motor integration. Exercise resistance and intensity can be modified in various ways by changing the length of rope, patient position, therapist's manual resistance, and using elastic rope. The therapist can also progress to successively higher levels of exercise resistance and intensity by changing the position of the hanging point: the subject of this article. In brief, there are three axial components in S-E-T; hanging point, motor axis, and suspension point. The hanging point can be changed in several ways in relation to the joint; axial, superior, inferior, medial, and posterior hanging points. The position of the hanging point affects the amount of load on agonist and antagonist muscles as well as on the range of motion. To create an advanced exercise program, selection of hanging point can be two-dimensional such as superior-lateral or anterior-medial. Therapists, therefore, can freely but carefully select the best hanging point based on the purpose of the exercise and their level of knowledge in S-E-T.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
• /
• 제5권1호
• /
• pp.58-66
• /
• 2013

PURPOSE. The purpose of this study was to decide the most appropriate point on tragus to be used as a reference point at time of marking ala tragus line while establishing occlusal plane. MATERIALS AND METHODS. The data was collected in two groups of subjects: 1) Dentulous 2) Edentulous group having sample size of 30 for each group with equal gender distribution (15 males, 15 females each). Downs analysis was used for base value. Lateral cephalographs were taken for all selected subjects. Three points were marked on tragus as Superior (S), Middle (M), and Inferior (I) and were joined with ala (A) of the nose to form ala-tragus lines. The angle formed by each line (SA plane, MA plane, IA plane) with Frankfort Horizontal (FH) plane was measured by using custom made device and modified protractor in all dentulous and edentulous subjects. Also, in dentulous subjects angle between Frankfort Horizontal plane and natural occlusal plane was measured. The measurements obtained were subjected to the following statistical tests; descriptive analysis, Student's unpaired t-test and Pearson's correlation coefficient. RESULTS. The results demonstrated, the mean angle COO (cant of occlusal plane) as $9.76^{\circ}$, inferior point on tragus had given the mean angular value of IFH [Angle between IA plane (plane formed by joining inferior point-I on tragus and ala of nose- A) and FH plane) as $10.40^{\circ}$ and $10.56^{\circ}$ in dentulous and edentulous subjects respectively which was the closest value to the angle COO and was comparable with the values of angle COO value in Downs analysis. Angulations of ala-tragus line marked from inferior point with occlusal plane in dentulous subject had given the smallest value $2.46^{\circ}$ which showed that this ala-tragus line was nearly parallel to occlusal plane. CONCLUSION. The inferior point marked on tragus is the most appropriate point for marking ala-tragus line.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
• /
• 제19권2호
• /
• pp.171-176
• /
• 1998

본 연구에서는 뼈의 특성을 파악하는 초음파감쇠 파라미터를 재평가하였다. 초음파 속도, 특정 주파수(0.5MHz)에서의 초음파감쇠 및 광역 밴드 초음파감쇠와 같은 초음파 파라미터들을 해면골 입방체 시편의 세 직교방향(전/후, 내/외, 상/하)에서 측정하였다. 그리고 컴퓨터 영상장치를 사용하여 골밀도를 측정했으며, 골 시편의 무게와 부피를 이용하여 외형밀도도 함께얻었다. 이와같이 구해진 외형밀도와 초음파 속도로부터 초음파 탄성영률을 계산하였다. 주파수 0.5MHz에서의 초음파감쇠와 광역밴드감쇠는 골밀도 및 세 직교방향의 초음파 영률과 서로 관련시켜 연관성을 조사하였다. 그 결과 특정 주파수 초음파감쇠가 골밀도 및 탄성영률을 평가하는 능력에 있어서 광역밴드 감쇠보다 우수함을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 광역밴드 초음파감쇠를 측정하여 골의 상태를 평가하는 형행 초음파 진단 기법이 재검토 되어야 하며 본 연구에서 증명된 특정주파수(0.5MHz) 초음파감쇠를 이용하여 골 다공증 진단 예측율을 향상시킬 수 있다.