• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.135-145
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• 2000

부정교합의 분류가 치아의 위치적 관계에 의해 구분되면, 동일한 집단에 속하더라도 이들의 안면두개골은 서로 다른 구조적 관계를 지니고 있어 이들을 동일시 할 수 없으며 안면두개골의 형태적 특징에 의한 분류가 필요하다. 저자는 $6\sim14$세 사이의 III급 부정교합 아동 135명의 측두방사선규격사진을 7, 9, 11, 13세의 연령으로 구분한 후, 중두개저각 $40.3^{\circ}$를 기준으로 이보다 작은 집단(하악전돌효과군)과 큰 집단(하악후퇴효과군)으로 분류하여 각 집단의 안면두개골의 형태적 특징을 횡단 누년적으로 비교 평가하였다. 모집단의 39.3%가 하악전돌효과군으로, 60.7%가 하악후퇴효과군으로 나타났으며, 두 개저, 비상악복합체 상악골 및 하악골의 전후방적 길이 그리고 전안면높이와 후안면높이 등의 수직적 길이가 하악후퇴효과군에서 크게 나타난 것으로 미루어 III급 부정교합 아동의 많은 수가 좁고 긴 얼굴형 (leptoprosopic faceform)에서 찾아볼 수 있는 형태적 특징을 많이 지니고 있으며, 두 군간에는 형태적, 구조적인 차이와 함께 시기적으로도 각기 다른 성장양태를 보이는 것으로 가늠된다.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.201-218
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• 1989

This study was focused on the distribution of different facial types of the Class II division I malocclusion groups and skeletal characteristics of the each group and those that anteropsterior relationship of the maxilla and mandible calculated from the analysis of ANB angle and Wits appraisal was quite different from each other, as well. Cephalometric headplates of 140 persons of Class II division 1 malocclusion whose mean age was 11.2 years and 69 persons of normal occlusion whose mean age was 12.2 years were utilize as materials. Measurements were recorded, tabulated and statistically analyzed employing the tracings of the lateral cephalograms, then Class II division 1 malocclusion group was divided into 9 Types according to the angle of SNA and SNB for the anteroposterior relationship of the maxilla and mandible, another 9 Types according to the FH-NPog and SN-MP for the horisontal and vertical relationship, and the other 9 Types according to the ANB and Wits appraisal for intermaxillary relationship as well, with which was based on $Mean{\pm}$ 1SD of those of normal occlusion. The result allowed the following conclusion: 1. $37.1\%$ of population demonstrated maxilla within nounal range and retrognathic mandible to the cranial base, $30\%$ for both maxilla and mandible within normal range, $20\%$ for retrognathic maxilla and mandible and $12.9\%$ of the rest were ananged in Class II division 1 maloccusion groups. 2. Retrognathic mandible and hyperdivergent face accounted for $30.7\%$, mesognathic mandible and neutrodivergent face for $29.3\%$, mesognathic mandible and hyperdivergent face for $16.4\%$, retrognathic mandible and neutrodivergent face for $13.6\%$, mesognathic mandible and hypodivergent face for $10\%$ of population were computed in Class II division 1 malocclusion groups. 3. It was suggested that skeletal Class II malocclusion might be due to anomaly in size and shape of cranial base, underdevelopment of mandible, retropositioning of mandible, underdevelopment of posterior face against anterior face, or any combination of these factors. 4. Population with underdevelopment and / or retropositioning of the mandible showed hyperdivergent tendency of facia profile. 5. The ANB angle and Wits appraisal did not coincide the severity of anteroposterior dysplasia in $35.7\%$ of Class II division 1 malocclusion group each other, and this inconsistency was suggested to be related with mandibular rotation, inclination of cranial base, and anteroposterior position of the maxilla.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.298-307
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• 2003

측모두부방사선 사진은 임상적으로 쉽게 드러나지 않은 치아와 골격간의 상세한 관계를 나타내주며, 이것을 계측 분석하는 다양한 방법들이 소개되어 임상에 적용되고 있다. 이 중 Kim's analysis는 수직피개(overbite)의 지표로 ODI(Overbite Depth Indicator), 전후방적 부조화의 지표로 APDI(Anteroposterior Dysplasia Indicator). 그리고 이들의 합인CF(Combination Factor)를 제시하였다. 또 CF에 상하악의 절치각과 안모의 돌출도를 고려하여 EI(Extraction Index)를 산출하였다. 이러한 분석법에 이용되는 각 계측치들이 정상교합자와 III급 부정교합자에서 어떻게 분포하며 어떤 차이를 보이는가를 조사하기 위해 본 연구를 시행하였다. 골격이 조화로우며 안모가 단정한 7세부터 9세의 정상교합자와 동일한 연령의 III급 부정교합자 141명의 아동을 대상으로 하여 Kim's analysis에 이용되는 계측항목들을 통계적으로 분석하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 정상교합자와 III급부정교합자의 비교에서 ODI, APDI, IIA, UL은 유의한 차이를 보였으나, CF와 EI는 통계적인 유의차가 없었다(P<0.01). 2. 정상교합자에서 ODI, APDI, IIA의 평균은 각각 72.63, 80.47, 121.37이었다. 3. III급 부정교합자 ODI, APDI, IIA의 평균은 각각 64.46, 87.31, 129.80이었다. 4. ODI와 APDI의 Pearson 상관계수는 -0.576으로 역상관관계를 나타내었다. 5. EI와 다른 계측치들간의 상관관계는 CF(0.777), LL(-0.607), UL(-0.588), IIA(0.485), APDI(0.444), ODI(0.304)의 순서였다. 이것은 발치분석을 하는데 있어 상순과 하순의 돌출도가 가장 민감하게 반영된다는 것을 암시한다.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.119-127
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• 1997

안모의 수직적 부조화에 부합되는 하악이부 형태에 관하여 보고되어 왔다. 이연구는 하악이부의 형태적 변이와 두개안면골격의 수직적 변이사이에 상관성을 관찰하기 위하여 시행되었다. 성인 남녀 부정 교합자 212명의 측모두부 방사선사진에서 이부의 후경과 고경을 계측하고 이부비를 산출한 후, 이부비 평균 -1 표준편차에 포함되는 즉모군(low symphysis군)과 이부비 평균 +1 표준편차에 포함되는 측모군(high symphysis군)으로 분류하고, 이들의 측모두부방사선사진을 계측하고 비교 분석하여 다음의 결론을 얻었다. 1. 이부비가 크면 hyperdivergent face 이고, 이부비가 작으면 hypodivergent face 가 되는 경향을 보였다. 2. 이부비가 크면 하악각도 컷으며, 이들사이의 상관성은 높았다. 3. 이부비와 수직안면 고경사이에 중등도의 상관성이 있었으며, 특히 이부 후경과 전안면고경사이 및 이부 고경과 후 안면 고경사이에도 중등도의 상관성이 있었다. 4. 이부의 형태적 변이와 설골의 위치사이에는 상관성이 없었다.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.202-213
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• 2008

본 연구는 비만도에 따른 한국인 남성 폐쇄성수면무호흡 환자의 측모 두부 방사선계측학적 특성을 파악하기 위하여 시행되었다. 이를 위하여 계명대학교 의과대학 동산의료원 수면클리닉에 수면장애를 주소로 내원하여 수면다원검사 후 치과에서 측모 두부방사선계측사진 촬영을 한 87명의 성인 환자들을 체질량지수(BMI)와 수면무호흡지수(AHI)에 따라 비비만 단순코골이군(Non-obese, simple snorers), 비만 단순코골이군(Obese, simple snorers), 비비만 수면무호흡군(Non-obese, OSA patients), 비만 수면무호흡군(Obese, OSA patients)의 4군으로 나누어 비교하였다. 그 결과, 4군 중 비만 수면무호흡군의 수면무호흡지수가 가장 컸으며, 비만 수면무호흡군보다 비비만 수면무호흡군의 하악각이 더 크고 혀 길이는 더 작았다. 또한, 비비만 수면무호흡군보다 비만수면무호흡군의 설골이 더 전하방에 위치하였고, 수면무호흡지수에 영향을 미치는 기여 인자는 비만 수면무호흡군에서는 혀 길이, 비비만 수면무호흡군에서는 설골의 후방위치였다. 이처럼 비만 수면무호흡 환자와 비비만 수면무호흡 환자의 측모 두부방사선계측학적 특성과 기여 인자가 다르게 나타나므로, 치료방법도 따라서 다르게 선택해야 할 것이다. 비만 수면무호흡 환자들에게는 먼저 체중감량이 권고되어야 할 것이고, 비비만 수면무호흡 환자들은 폐쇄부위에 따라 구강 내 장치나 Nasal CPAP(continuous positive airway pressure), UPPP (uvulopalatopharyngoplasty) 등이 추천될 수 있을 것이다.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제31권2호통권85호
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• pp.159-172
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• 2001

악안면 기형과 부정교합의 성공적인 교정치료를 위하여 안모의 3차원적인 평가가 필수적 이지만 교정의사는 주로 측모두부방사선사진에 기초한 진단 및 치료계획에 익숙하다. 이는 정모두부방사선사진에 관한 계측치, 악골의 폭경 성장에 관한 지식과 임상적 의의에 대하여 관심이 부족한 때문으로 생각된다. 본 연구에서는 골격성 I 급 부정교합으로 진단된 6세에서 16세 사이의 남자 130명과 여자 171명을 대상으로 정모두부방사선사진 상의 두개골 및 상하악골의 폭경을 계측하여, 연령과 경추골 발육지표(CVMI)에 따른 변화 양상을 알아보았다. 다항 회귀모형 (polynominal regression models)과 변수선택법(method of variable selection)을 이용하여 적합한 회귀모형(regression model)을 각 성별에서 선택하고 이를 이용하여 연령에 따른 각 계측치의 평균 및 개별 계측치(individual measurement)의 70% 신뢰구간(confidence interval)을 추정하여 그래프로 작성하였으며, 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1.모든 폭경 계측치는 나이 또는 CVMI의 증가에 따라 점차 증가하였으며, 6세부터 16세까지의 총변화량은 상악골 폭경 보다는 하악골 폭경이 그리고 여자보다는 남자에서 더 많은 경향을 나타내었다. 2. Mx-Mn difference, Mx-Mn width differential, Mx/Mn ratio는 연령과 CVMI에 따른 남녀간의 유의차가 없었다. 3.회귀모형을 이용하여 나이에 따른 남녀 계측치의 평균 및 신뢰구간을 70%로 추정하여 상악골폭경, 하악골 폭경, Mx-Mn difference, Mx/Mn ratio에 대한 그래프를 얻었다. 4. 한국인의 상하악골 폭경은 성장기 동안 서양인에 비하여 큰 경향을 나타내었다. 본 연구의 결과를 성장기 부정교합환자의 폭경 성장 평가와 폭경 부조화의 진단에 이용한다면 치아 석고모형 만을 이용하는 한계를 적절히 보완할 수 있다고 생각된다.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.253-271
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• 1992

The purpose of this study was to investigate the difference of EMG activity of the Orbicularis oris and Mentalis muscle between normal occlusion and class III malocclusion group during various lip position and to find out whether any correlations exist between the muscular activity and craniofacial morphology. In this study, 50 subjects with a mean age of 22.9 Years (range 20.0-26.0) were investigated (25 subjects were normal occlusion, and 25 subjects were class III malocclusion). EMG data were recorded from the Orbicularis oris and Mentalis muscle during rest lip posture, lip position at maximum biting, lip position at maximum sealing effort, lip position at chewing, swallowing and phonation with the Medelec MS-25 electromyographic machine. Lateral cephalometric radiographs was taken with the mandible in intercuspal position on all subjects. All data were recorded and statistically processed. The findings of this study can be summerized as follows: 1. In normal occlusion, the maximal mean amplitude of upper lip during the lip position at chewing was lower than that of lower lip and mentalis muscle. But the maximal mean amplitude of orbicularis oris and mentalis muscle during the other lip position was not statistically different. 2. In Class III malocclusion, the maximal mean amplitude of upper lip during the lip position at chewing, swallowing and phonation was lower than that of lower lip and mentalis muscle. But the maximal mean amplitude of orbicularis oris and mentalis muscle during the other lip position was not statistically different. 3. Compare to normal occlusion, the Class III malocclusion was showed low maximal mean amplitude of upper lip during rest lip posture and the lip position at swallowing of saliva, and showed great maximal mean amplitude of lower lip and meantalis muscle during the lip position at chewing and phonation. 4. In normal occlusion, the maximal mean amplitude of upper lip during various lip position was not correlated with the length and thickness of upper lip, but the maximal mean amplitude of lower lip during the lip position at chewing and swallowing was positively correlated with the thickness of lower lip. 5. In Class III malocclusion, the maximal mean amplitude of upper lip during rest lip posture was negatively correlated with the thickness of upper lip, and the maximal mean amplitude of lower lip and mentalis muscle during the lip position at chewing and swallowing was positively correlated with the thickness of lower lip and mentalis muscle. But the maximal mean amplitude of orbicularis oris and mentalis muscle during the other lip position was not correlated with the cephalometric measurements of soft tissue. 6. The correlation between the maximal mean amplitude of orbicularis oris and mentalis muscle and cephalometric measurements of incisors was not nearly present. 7. In normal occlusion, the maximal mean amplitude of lower lip and mentalis muscle during the lip position at maximum biting was negatively correlated with the angle between palatal plane and mandibular plane. In Class III malocclusion, the maximal mean amplitude of upper lip, lower lip and mentalis muscle during function was negatively correlated with the length of maxilla, the maximal mean amplitude of upper lip and lower lip during function was negatively correlated with the SNA and SNPo, and the maximal mean amplitude of lower lip during the lip position at chewing was negatively correlated with the ANB.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.288-297
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• 1999

This study has been carried out in order to measure the thickness of soft-tissue on lateral cephalographs based on body mass index(BMI) and the change in soft-tissue thickness after surgical correction of mandibular protrusion. The control material in cephalometric study comprised students at The Dental College, 38 persons, aged 21~24 years and the patient material comprised 20 women and 12men, aged 19~28 years with mandibular protrusion.The thickness of the soft-tissue based on BMI in control and study groups, the comparison between them, immediate postoperative change in the thickness, 6 months after surgery, ratio of soft-tissue response and correlation was established through various statistical methods. The result were as follows : 1. The groups based on BMI showed significant differences each other as regards the linear measurements. The thickest soft-tissue was measured 13.6mm, 15.47mm, 16.76mm at Ss, the thinnest at G' 6.0mm, 6.7mm, 7.26mm respectively. 2. The differences between control and experimental groups based on BMI showed to be significant. There were no differences at G'. The soft-tissue in prognathic patients was thicker at Ss, Ls and thinner at Li, Ls, Pg', Gn', Me'. Differential gap was greater in overweight groups. 3. The immediate soft-tissue change after surgery showed the increase at Li, Ls, Pg', Gn', Me' except G', Ls in all groups. 4. The postoperative soft-tissue change 6 months after surgery was similar with immediate change. The soft-tissue shows the increase in the thickness at Li, Pg', Gn', Me' and the greatest difference occurred at Li, 1.1mm, 0.98mm, 1.2mm respectively. 5. The patients with lower BMI index showed higher soft-tissue response to bony movement at Pg'. The immediate response ratio was 91%, 87%, 81% in A,B,C groups respectively, the response 6 months after surgery showed 96%, 91%, 84%.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제42권5호
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• pp.235-241
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• 2012

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the validity of the 3-dimensional (3D) superimposition method of digital models in patients who received treatment with rapid maxillary expansion (RME) and maxillary protraction headgear. Methods: The material consisted of pre- and post-treatment maxillary dental casts and lateral cephalograms of 30 patients, who underwent RME and maxillary protraction headgear treatment. Digital models were superimposed using the palate as a reference area. The movement of the maxillary central incisor and the first molar was measured on superimposed cephalograms and 3D digital models. To determine whether any difference existed between the 2 measuring techniques, intra-class correlation (ICC) and Bland-Altman plots were analyzed. Results: The measurements on the 3D digital models and cephalograms showed a very high correlation in the antero-posterior direction (ICC, 0.956 for central incisor and 0.941 for first molar) and a moderate correlation in the vertical direction (ICC, 0.748 for central incisor and 0.717 for first molar). Conclusions: The 3D model superimposition method using the palate as a reference area is as clinically reliable for assessing antero-posterior tooth movement as cephalometric superimposition, even in cases treated with orthopedic appliances, such as RME and maxillary protraction headgear.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제43권5호
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• pp.225-234
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• 2013

Objective: The purpose of this study was to classify Korean young adults into 3 groups on the basis of upper incisor exposure rates (UIERs) and to compare the skeletal, dental, and soft tissue variables. Methods: Samples were obtained from 127 students at the College of Dentistry, Wonkwang University in South Korea. Facial photographs of frontal posed smiles and lateral cephalograms of the subjects were taken. The subjects were divided into 3 groups on the basis of UIERs and 20 measurements were compared among the 3 groups. The correlations between the variables were determined. Results: Male and female subjects showed significant differences in the group distribution. Male subjects showed higher frequencies of low smiles, and female subjects showed higher frequencies of high smiles. The vertical height of the anterior alveolar process of the maxilla directly correlated with the UIER. However, the UIER showed no significant correlation with the vertical height of the anterior basal bone or the inclination of the upper incisor axis. In female subjects, the upper central incisor clinical crown length showed an inverse correlation with the UIER. However, this variable showed no significant correlation with the UIER in male subjects. Conclusions: The UIER was directly correlated with the levator muscle activity of the upper lip and inversely correlated with the upper lip thickness, yet there was no correlation between the UIER and upper lip length at rest.