• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.39.1-39.8
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• 2019

The present report presents a case of dens invaginatus (DI) in a patient with 4 maxillary incisors. A 24-year-old female complained of swelling of the maxillary left anterior region and discoloration of the maxillary left anterior tooth. The maxillary left lateral incisor (tooth #22) showed pulp necrosis and a chronic apical abscess, and a periapical X-ray demonstrated DI on bilateral maxillary central and lateral incisors. All teeth responded to a vitality test, except tooth #22. The anatomic form of tooth #22 was similar to that of tooth #12, and both teeth had lingual pits. In addition, panoramic and periapical X-rays demonstrated root canal calcification, such as pulp stones, in the maxillary canines, first and second premolars, and the mandibular incisors, canines, and first premolars bilaterally. The patient underwent root canal treatment of tooth #22 and non-vital tooth bleaching. After a temporary filling material was removed, the invaginated mass was removed using ultrasonic tips under an operating microscope. The working length was established, and the root canal was enlarged up to #50 apical size and obturated with gutta-percha and AH 26 sealer using the continuous wave of condensation technique. Finally, non-vital bleaching was performed, and the access cavity was filled with composite resin.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.260-264
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• 2013

Calcium hydroxide root canal filing paste (vitapex) is widely used as canal filling paste for infected canal. However, chemical burn is possible because of the high alkali base of calcium hydroxide. A 57-year old woman was admitted to our clinic for consistent dull pain and paresthesia in the left upper lip, zygoma and buccal cheek area, which developed during an endodontic treatment of the left lateral incisor. Radiographic finding showed radiopaque material, which exits from the left incisor root apex, and was within the left canine and first premolar buccal soft tissue. The overfilled Vitapex extended to the soft tissue was surgically curetted. The result of the surgical curettage was favorable. Though slight hypoesthesia on the upper lip was still remained, paresthesia on zygomatic and buccal cheek area was completely recovered. As far as we know, this is the first case report of infraorbital nerve damage from overfilled Vitapex material.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.61-66
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• 2012

Ultrastructural characteristics of blacktip grouper, Epinephelus fasciatus spermatozoa were investigated using transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The spermatozoa of E. fasciatus consisted of a spherical head part, a midpiece with cytoplasmic canal entrance and a flagellum with lateral fins. Internal ultrastructurally, the nucleus contains high electron dense chromatin having granular particles and has no acrosome. The centriolar complex lies outside of the nuclear fossa and it is connected by the osmophilic filaments. Also the osmophilic filaments connect between the centriolar complex and the nuclear membrane. The midpiece contains eight to nine spherical mitochondria, cytoplasmic canal and necklaces. The flagellum has a typical 9+2 axonemal structure. The lateral fins contain vesicles and a typical 9+2 axonemal structure. Consequently this study contributes to comparative grouper spermatology and provide useful systematic taxonomic characters.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.66-71
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• 2006

To evaluate the ratio of gutta-percha area in the canal after canal obturation with Continuous Wave of Condensation Technique (CWCT) with varying depths of plugger penetration, forty root canals of extracted human teeth were prepared up to size 40 of 0.06 taper with $ProFile^{(R)}$. Canals of three groups were filled with CWCT with System $B^{TM}$ (Analytic Tech. , USA) and different plugger penetration depths of 3, 5, or 7 mm from the apex. Canals of one group were filled with lateral condensation technique as a control The felled teeth were cross-sectioned at 1, 2 and 3 mm levels from the apical foramen. The ratio of gutta-percha area in the canal was analyzed using $Auto^{(R)}$ Cad 2000. Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range test. At all levels, higher gutta-percha area ratio was found with deeper plugger penetration depth in CWCT, and cold lateral condensation group showed higher ratio than group of plugger penetration to apical 7 mm in CWCT. At apical 1 mm and 2 mm levels, group of plugger penetration to apical 3 mm showed significantly high or gutta-percha area ratio than those of apical 7 mm and lateral condensation (p<0.05). It is concluded therefore that, under the conditions of the present study, deeper plugger penetration depth results in more favorable and efficient obturation in CWCT.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.2.1-2.12
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• 2024

Objectives: This study aimed to determine the effects of 1-rooted mandibular second molar (MnSM) teeth on root canal anatomy complexities of the mandibular central incisor (MnCI), mandibular lateral incisor (MnLI), mandibular canine (MnCn), mandibular first premolar (MnFP), mandibular second premolar (MnSP), and mandibular first molar (MnFM) teeth. Materials and Methods: Cone-beam computed tomography images of 600 patients with full lower dentition were examined. Individuals with 1-rooted MnSMs were determined, and the complexity of root canal anatomy of other teeth was compared with individuals without 1-rooted MnSMs (Group-1; subjects with at least one 1-rooted MnSM, Group-2; subjects with more than a single root in both MnSMs). A second canal in MnCIs, MnLIs, MnCns, MnFPs, and MnSPs indicated a complicated root canal. The presence of a third root in MnFMs was recorded as complicated. Results: The prevalence of 1-rooted MnSMs was 12.2%, with the C-shaped root type being the most prevalent (9%). There were fewer complicated root canals in MnCIs (p = 0.02), MnLIs (p < 0.001), and MnFPs (p < 0.001) in Group 1. The other teeth showed no difference between the groups (p > 0.05). According to logistic regression analysis, 1-rooted right MnSMs had a negative effect on having complex canal systems of MnLIs and MnFPs. Left MnSMs were explanatory variables on left MnLIs and both MnFPs. Conclusions: In individuals with single-rooted MnSMs, a less complicated root canal system was observed in all teeth except the MnFMs.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.222-232
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of heated spreader on the sealing ability of lateral condensation, compared with regular cold spreader. Forty two extracted human teeth with single canal were randomly placed into 3 experimental groups, and four additional teeth were used as positive and negative controls. Each group was prepared with Ni-Ti Profile #40 using step-down technique and obturated with standardized colored gutta-percha cone by standard(cold) lateral condensation technique, warm lateral condensation technique with Endotec and hot spreader soaked in glass bead sterilizer, each with Sealapex sealer. Control groups were not obturated, but prepared. After 2 days in 2% methylene blue, the teeth were invested and made into transparent resin blocks. And then, each block was sectioned horizontally with microtome at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 mm levels from the apex. The linear extent of dye penetration was examined with stereomicroscope at ${\times}$20 magnification. At each of 5 levels, ratio of the area of gutta-percha was obtained by calculating the area of gutta-percha to the total area of the canal. The data collected were then analyzed statistically using an analysis of variance(ANOVA) and Scheffe test. The results were as follows ; 1. All experimental groups produced the apical microleakage. 2. The mean leakage was 1.57${\pm}$0.76mm for cold spreader group, 0.86${\pm}$0.95mm for Endotec spreader group, and 0.64${\pm}$0.93mm for hot spreader group. The difference between hot spreader group and cold spreader group was statistically significant(p<0.05). 1. At the 1 mm level, the mean ratio of area of gutta-percha was 74.58${\pm}$13.15(%) for cold spreader group, 65.42${\pm}$14.62(%) for Endotec spreader group, and 80.72${\pm}$14.63(%) for hot spreader group. There was statistically significant difference between hot spreader group and Endotec spreader group(p<0.05). 2. At the 2mm level, the mean ratio of area of gutta-percha was 87.86${\pm}$11.22(%) for cold spreader group, 66.55${\pm}$14.02(%) for Endotec spreader group, and 92.93${\pm}$7.24(%) for hot spreader group. There was statistically significant difference between Endotec spreader group and other two spreader groups(p<0.05). 3. At the level 3, 4, 5 mm, there was no statistically significant difference between each group. Within the limits of the results of this experiment, warm lateral condensation technique with hot spreader soaked in a glass bead sterilizer demonstrated favorable apical sealing effect and improved density of gutta-percha mass. Thus, it is thought that this obturation technique is effective for clinical use and beneficial to reduce condensation forces, also economical and easy. Lateral condensation, Heated spreader, canal sealing, Microleakage.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.160-166
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• 2013

This case report demonstrates an unnecessary endodontic treatment of teeth with florid cemento-osseous dysplasia (FCOD) due to a misdiagnosis as periapical pathosis and emphasizes the importance of correct diagnosis to avoid unnecessary treatment. A 30-year-old woman was referred to our institution for apicoectomies of the mandibular left canine and both the lateral incisors. The periapical lesions associated with these teeth had failed to resolve after root canal treatment over a 3-year period. Radiographic examinations revealed multiple lesions on the right canine, the second premolar, and both first molars as well as the anterior region of the mandible. Based on clinical, radiographic and histological evaluations, the patient condition was diagnosed as FCOD. The patient has been monitored for 2 years. To avoid unnecessary invasive treatment, accurate diagnosis is essential before treatment is carried out in managing FCOD.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.415-416
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• 1975

1. The author have had a case of class V and class Ⅲ combined carious lesion extended on to root surface of upper right lateral incisor. 2. The patient was 40 years old female. 3. After routine root canal treatment of the tooth, the gingival flap was made by vertical incision on gingival tissue between distal surface of upper right lateral incisor and mesial surface of upper right canine. 4. Cavity preparation and amalgam filling on the carious lesion were performed and the flap was sutured.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.91-108
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• 1993

The relationship of cartilage canals to initial osteogenesis of primary ossification center of developing vertebrae in human fetuses ranging from 50mm to 260mm in crown rump length was studied by light and electron microscopy. The cartiage canals of the thoracic vertebrae were first observed at 60mm fetus. Cartilage canals were identified as vascular channels arising from perichondrium surfaces. A number of cartilage canals were observed around the primary center of ossification at 80mm fetus. At 120mm fetus, cartilage canals of the bodies of vertebra were increased. Eventually the canals were eroded from the main medullary cavity and remained at only peripheral regions of growth cartilage. Superficial, intermediate, and deep canals were identified by the characteristics of cartilage cells. Fibroblasts, undifferentiated mesenchymal cells, and vacuolated macrophages were observed adjacent to the matrix of resting cartilage cells in the superficial canal. Fibroblasts and mesenchymal cells were densely packed at the tip of canal, giving an epithelial appearance to the clustered cell in the intermediate canal. Vacuolated macrophages were in contact with matrix of hypertrophied cartilage. The thick-walled vessels in the intermediate and deep canals consisted of typical endothelial cells, but in the newly formed vessels contained mesenchymal cells and fibroblasts incorporated into the vessel wall. During lengthening of cartilage canal, the matrix of cartilage cells were invaded by newly formed capillaries and vacuolated macrophages. At the deep canal, the lateral wall of the canal terminated in matrix containing calcified cartilage. The mesenchymal cells began to differentiate into osteoblasts adjacent to the calcified matrix. The results indicate that the connective tissue cells within the cartilage canals proliferate and differentiate into osteoblasts at the site of primary ossification center.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.46-57
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• 1990

The purpose of this study was to spectrophotometrically investigate the sealing effect of the ultrasonic canal obturation with softened gutta-percha utilizing an endosonic plugger by means of ultrasonic vibrations and heat. The 120 extracted human central and lateral incisors with single root were randomly selected, and the root canals were instrumented up to size #60 file by conventional method. The prepared canals were obtruated with gutta-percha by lateral condensation method, McSpadden technique and ultrasonic condensation method, with or without sealer. All specimens were immersed in 2% methylene blue in an incubator at $37^{\circ}C$ for 10 days. The teeth were then dissolved in 5ml of 60% nitric acid solution and the dye present within the root canal system was returned to solution. The leakage of dye was quantitatively measured via spectrophotometric method. The obtained data statistically evaluated usint two-way ANOVA and Student's t-test. The results were as follows : No statistically significant difference in leakage was observed between the lateral condensation method and ultrasonic condensation method, with and without sealer. When sealer was used or not, McSpadden technique showed significantly greater leakage than lateral or ultrasonic condensation method. Statistical analysis of the data indicated that the canals obturated in conjunction with sealer demonstrated less dye leakage than the canals obturated without sealer(p<0.01), except McSpadden technique. The ultrasonic condensation method appeared comparable sealing ability to the lateral condensation method.