• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.287-297
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• 2021

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the differences in preventive health behaviors of school-age children according to their mothers' health beliefs and attitudes toward the prevention of infectious diseases. Methods: This study was conducted with 121 pairs of 4th to 6th grade elementary school children and their mothers from October 13 to October 30, 2020. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive analysis, an independent t-test, a one-way ANOVA, Sheffé's test, Pearson's correlation coefficient analysis and a multiple linear regression. Result: The mean and SD of mother's health belief in preventing infectious diseases was 3.58±0.41, the mean and SD of mother's attitude toward preventing infectious diseases was 3.39±0.38, and the mean and SD of late school-age children's preventive health behavior was 3.52±0.37. The multiple linear regression results show that the children's vaccination behavior was influenced by their mothers' perceived benefits in preventing infectious diseases. In addition, the child's vitamin C and vegetable consumption was influenced by the mother's perceived susceptibility in preventing infectious diseases, and the child's mask-wearing behavior was influenced by the mother's perceived seriousness in preventing infectious diseases. Conclusion: In order to improve the health behavior of school-aged children, programs or education are required to enhance the health beliefs and attitudes of their mothers, who were shown to affect the preventive health behavior of their children.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.77-86
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to explore the number and type of proverbs known by elementary school children and explain what variables might influence the proverbs' perception. From Seoul and Chonbuk areas, 632 forth, fifth, and sixth graders at elementary school participated. They completed an open-ended questionnaire asking them to list as many proverbs as they know and probing their experience in the use of proverbs with grandparents, parents, and peers. The results showed that the participants listed a total of 185 proverbs, at an average of six proverbs each, and that 63% were a concrete proverb consisting of only concrete and visible nouns. Children reported relatively different ratios of concrete/abstract/complex proverbs according to their grade. Sixth graders perceived more proverbs which included nouns than other graders. Multiple regression analysis revealed that children's grade and using proverbs with peers influenced their proverb perception. These results may suggest a possibility of relationship between figurative language and cognitive development related to thinking of late school-age children.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.477-486
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• 2019

Purpose: This study was conducted to investigate the factors affecting health promotion behaviors in late school-aged children by establishing a hypothetical model based on the planned behavior theory. Methods: From July 19 to August 31, 2017, 460 questionnaires were distributed to fifth and sixth graders at three elementary schools in Korea, of which 318 were ultimately analyzed. Results: All the fit indices were shown to be appropriate, indicating satisfactory fit. In the final model, six of the nine paths included in the hypothetical model were supported. Specifically, perceived behavioral control had the most influence on intention, followed by subjective norms, self-esteem, and health knowledge. Intentions were the most influential factor for health-promoting behaviors, followed by self-esteem and health knowledge. Subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and self-esteem explained 57.6% of intention to engage in health promotion behaviors and 61.7% of variation in health promotion behaviors was explained by health knowledge, self-esteem and intention. Conclusion: The findings of this study provide support for a model that can be used to facilitate the practice of health promotion activities in children in the later years of school age.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.67-84
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• 2011

This study examined the effects of parental control and children's autonomy on self-esteem, using a sample of 415 school-age children (208 boys and 207 girls) recruited in Seoul. Ordinary Least Square regressions revealed a variety of gender-based differences in the associations among these three variables. Boys with high maternal behavioral control had high levels of self-esteem, whereas girls under low paternal psychological and high behavioral control reported high levels of self-esteem. Boys with high maternal behavioral control and girls with high paternal behavioral control also reported high levels of autonomy. Autonomy was found to exert a positive impact on self-esteem for both boy and girls. Autonomy played a mediating role in the relationships between maternal behavioral control and self-esteem for boys, and between paternal behavioral control and self-esteem for girls. These findings highlight the differential influences of psychological control and behavioral control on autonomy and self-esteem, as well as the relative impact of the opposite sex parent on the development of autonomy and self-esteem in late childhood.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.119-128
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• 2014

Purpose: This study is an examination of the paths in which the primary factors of anxiety, impulsiveness, knowledge of life safety practice, attitudes towards life safety practice, interpersonal support, and self-efficacy from Pender's Health Promotion Model influence the practice of life safety behavior in school-age children. Methods: The sample consisted of 489 5th and 6th grade students recruited from five elementary schools in Seoul City and four provinces, South Korea. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlations, factor analysis, and structural equation modeling. Results: Attitudes towards life safety practice, interpersonal support, self-efficacy and impulsiveness directly influenced practice of life safety behavior. Anxiety did not have a direct influence on practice of life safety behavior, but indirectly affected it. In this modified model, 52.0% of the practice of life safety behavior was explained by the primary factors. Conclusion: To facilitate the practice life safety behaviors in late childhood, a positive attitude towards life safety needs to be developed along with decreasing impulsiveness and enhancing self-efficacy.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.169-184
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• 2016

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of parental forgiveness and parent-child communication on school-age children's forgiveness in late childhood. Methods: A total of 231 fifth and sixth graders (122 boys and 109 girls) living in Daegu participated in the study. They responded to questionnaires regarding parental forgiveness, parent-child communication and children's forgiveness. The data were analyzed by t-tests, Pearson's correlations, and SEM using SPSS 18.0 and LISREL 9.1. Results: First, paternal forgiveness had a direct effect on children's forgiveness. Second, parental forgiveness had an indirect effect on children's forgiveness through parent-child communication. Finally, multigroup analyses revealed that paternal forgiveness had a direct effect and an indirect effect through father-child communication on boys' forgiveness, whereas maternal forgiveness had an indirect effect on girls' forgiveness through mother-child communication. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the gender of parents and children needs to be considered to explain school-age children's forgiveness. In addition, these findings have implications for future research and practice by highlighting the importance of parental forgiveness and parent-child communication in forgiveness education programs for children and parent education programs.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.199-208
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• 2015

Purpose: This study was conducted to analyze the association between health literacy and health behavior and the effect of health literacy on health behavior in late school-age children. Methods: Data were obtained from 333 participants who were $5^{th}$ and $6^{th}$-grade students sampled from 8 elementary schools in Busan. Rapid Estimate of Adolescent Literacy in Medicine (REALM-Teen) and Newest Vital Sign (NVS) was used for assessing linguistic and functional health literacy, and the health promotion behavior score was measured for health behavior. Results: The percentage of those with limited linguistic and functional health literacy was high (47.1%, 56.8%). Linguistic health literacy (r=.38, p<.001) and functional health literacy (r=.11, p=.048) had a correlation with health behavior. Health behavior was significantly associated with perceived health status (${\beta}=1.94$, p<.001), number of times of health education (${\beta}=0.18$, p<.001), academic achievement (p<.001), home literacy environment (${\beta}=0.13$, p=.016), perception of changes after health education (p=.011), and linguistic health literacy (${\beta}=0.23$, p<.001). Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that children with adequate health literacy are more likely to do health behaviors. Therefore, it is important to develop educational strategies to raise children's health literacy level and consequently to induce them to perform more health behaviors in daily life.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.59 no.7
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• pp.303-307
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• 2016

Purpose: To identify the relationship between dietary habits and childhood gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in preschool children. Methods: We performed a questionnaire study to analyze the relationship between dietary habits and GERD in 85 preschool children with GERD and 117 healthy children of the same age. Results: Irregular and picky eating were more p-revalent in the GERD group than in the control group (odds ratio [OR], 4.14; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.37-12.54 and OR, 4.96; 95% CI, 1.88-13.14, respectively). The snack preferences and the late night eating habits were significantly more prevalent in the GERD group than in the control group (OR, 3.83; 95% CI, 1.23-11.87 and OR, 9.51; 95% CI, 2.55-35.49, respectively). A preference for liquid foods was significantly more prevalent in the GERD group (OR, 9.51; 95% CI, 2.548-35.485). The dinner-to-bedtime interval was significantly shorter in the GERD group than in the control group ($157.06{\pm}48.47$ vs. $174.62{\pm}55.10$, P=0.020). In addition, the time between dinner and bedtime was shorter than 3 hours in 47 children (55.3%) of the GERD group and 44 (37.6%) of the control group. This difference was statistical significance (P=0.015). Conclusion: Dietary habits such as picky and irregular eating, snack preference, a preference of liquid foods, late night eating, and a shorter dinner-to-bedtime interval had a significant correlation with GERD. Further large-scale studies are necessary to confirm our results.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.535-537
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• 2011

Recently, combination of surgery and radiation therapy (RT) has been recommended in the treatment of craniopharyngioma. RT could be associated with late complications, including vasculopathy. We report two cases of the moyamoya syndrome seen in children with craniopharyngioma who received RT after surgical resection. Thirty-five patients in pediatric age with craniopharyngioma were surgically treated. Fifteen out of 35 patients underwent surgical resection followed by RT or gamma knife surgery. Two of the 15 were found to have symptoms of transient ischemic attack and were diagnosed as moyamoya syndrome through the cerebral angiography. Age at RT was 4 and 13 years, respectively. The latent period for development of the moyamoya syndrome was 27 months and 3 years, respectively, after RT. The RT dose of both patients was 54 Gy. These two patients received bilateral encephaloduroarteriosynangiosis procedures. We report here these two cases of radiation-induced moyamoya syndrome in pediatric craniopharyngioma. Pediatric patients with craniopharyngioma who received RT should be reminded, during follow-up, about the risk of development of the moyamoya syndrome.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.49-60
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• 2010

This study sought to investigate and assess the development patterns of children, aged from 3 to 5, by means of a longitudinal approach. The children's developmental patterns are classified according to five curriculum areas; physical health, social skills, expression, language, and exploration-. The developmental patterns are analyzed in detail according to the observation period, children's ages, and their genders. The subjects consisted of 108 children in A city. A research assistant was asked to observe and keep records of the children's behaviors at three distinct times -early, middle, and late in the school year. The 'observational scale for children' was used as the measurement tool. The data which was thus collected was then subject to statistical analysis. The major findings of the study are as follows. First, there were significant differences in all five curriculum areas according to the children's age and observation period. That is, five-year-old children showed higher scores than three- and four-year-old children. Second, there were significant differences in the social development within five curriculum areas according to the children's gender and the observation period. That is, girls exhibited higher scores than boys.