• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.64-72
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• 1993

Analytical models for the prediction of the size of hardened zone in laser surface hardening are presented. The models are based on the solutions to the problem of three-dimensional heat flow in plates with infinite thickness. The validity of the model was tested on medium carbon steel for Gaussian mode of beam. Then the model for rectagular beam was used for the predicition of the size of hardened zone on various hardening process parameters. From the calculation results it appeared that the size and shape of the hardened zone are strongly dependent on process parameters such as beam mode, beam size, and traverse speed.

• 열처리공학회지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.165-171
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• 1997

Laser hardening for the piston ring groove of ductile cast iron was tried. Mechanical and microstructural investigation for the hardened area indicated that the laser heating technique could replace conventional induction hardening process completely and further showed that post grinding process would be eliminated by minimizing bulging of heat treated area. In laser hardening, the volume increase caused by martensitic phase transformation proved to be less than $10{\mu}m$, which insures no post machining on the hardened surface. As expected, the depth of hardening was inversely proportional to the beam scanning velocity and the highest surface hardness was obtained at the beam velocity of 0.75m/min. Heat treatment using phosphate coating demonstrated quite comparable result to the case of graphite suscepter.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 제어로봇시스템학회 1991년도 한국자동제어학술회의논문집(국내학술편); KOEX, Seoul; 22-24 Oct. 1991
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• pp.252-257
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• 1991

This paper proposed that the eddy-current measurement method can be used a means of in-process measuring the hardening depth in Laser surface treatment process. Also, this paper deal with the numerical analysis of magnetic flux distribution and experimental result of measurement. In Laser heat treatment process of steels, a thin layer of the substrate is rapidly heated to austenitizing temperature and subsequently cooled at a very fast rate due to the self-quenching by heat conduction into the bulk body, to produce a martensite structure which have low magnetic permeability. The eddy-current measurement method depends on the properties of material to be measured such as electric conductivity, magnetic permeability and geometry. In this paper, the hardening depth was measured by detecting relevant magnetic permeability changes caused by heat treatment of steels.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.66-75
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• 1993

This paper proposes a monitoring method for nondestructive and in-process measurement of the case depth in LASER surface heat treatment process. The method is essentially an eddy-current method, and measures sensing coil's electrical impedance which varies with the changes of the material microstructure due to hardening. To investigate te validity of the proposed method a series of experiments were performed for various hardning depths. The results show that the relationship between the eddy- current sensor output and the changes in case depth is almost linear. This indicates that the eddy-current measuring method can be used as one of the possible monitoring method for mesauring the hardened depth in LASER heat treatment processes.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제35권8호
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• pp.1048-1054
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• 2011

레이저 표면경화처리는 고밀도 에너지 열원에 의해 레이저 조사부위만 급속 가열한 후 표면의 열이 내부로 전도되어 급속히 자기냉각 됨으로써 표면을 경화시키는 방법이다. 이 표면처리 방법은 열처리에 의한 열변형이 거의 없고, 표면경화처리 이후 다른 공정을 수반하지 않는다. 또한 국부적인 가공이 가능하기 때문에 복잡한 형상을 가지는 금형에는 적합한 표면처리 방법이다. 본 연구에서는 열처리에 적합한 빔 프로파일을 가진 고출력 다이오드 레이저를 이용하여 금형재료용 주철의 표면처리를 실시하였다. 프레스 금형 공정에 따른 금형의 형상이 다르기 때문에 적용부위에 따라 시험편을 평면과 모서리부로 나누어 열처리를 실시하였다. 이때 모서리부의 열처리는 광학헤드를 $10^{\circ}$ 기울인 상태에서 진행하였다. 그 결과, 모서리부의 열처리는 평면부와 비교하여 형상에 따른 열전달 루트가 제한되므로, 입열이 집중되기 쉬워 평면 열처리보다 빠른 이송속도에서 경화가 이루어졌다.

• 한국레이저가공학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.7-12
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• 2008

Laser Transformation Hardening(LTH) is one branch of the laser surface modification processes. A lot of energy is needed for the LTH process to elevate workpiece surface to temperature of the austenite transformation($A_3$), which results from utilizing a beam with a larger size and lower power density comparatively. This study is related to the surface hardening for the rod-shaped carbon steel by the high power diode laser whose beam absorptivity is better than conventional types of lasers such as $CO_2$ or Nd:YAG laser. Because a beam proceeds on the rotating specimen, the pretreated hardened-phase can be tempered and softened by the overlapping between hardened tracks. Accordingly, the longitudinal hardness measurement and observation of the micro structure was carried out for an assessment of the hardening characteristics. In addition, a hardening characteristics as a hardenability of materials was compared in the point of view of the hardness distribution and hardening depth and width.

• 한국정밀공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정밀공학회 2006년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.219-220
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• 2006

Laser surface hardening technologies have been used to improve characteristics of wear and to enhance the fatigue resistance for mold parts. The objective of this research work is to investigate the influence of the process parameters, such as power of laser and defocused spot position, on the characteristics of laser surface hardening for the case of SKD61 steel. CW Nd:YAG laser is selected as the heat source. The optical lens with the elliptical profile is designed to obtain a wide surface hardening area with a uniform hardness. From the results of the experiments, it has been shown that the maximum hardness is approximatly 740 Hv when the power, focal position and the travel of laser are 1,095 W, +1mm and 0.3 m/min, respectively. In addition, the hardening width using the elliptical lens was three time larger than that using the defocusing of laser beam.

• 열처리공학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.44-52
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• 1995

The specimen for laser hardening have been carried out using SM45C which is coated with black paint or graphite for better absorption. Segmented mirror was used in order to produce a square beam ($10{\times}10mm$) at the surface with a homegeneous intensity distribution across the beam. $CO_2$-Laser power was changed from 2kW to 4kW and transfer velocity was varied from 0.1m/min to 2.0m/min. The maximum hardness and case depth of SM45C steel are 790Hv and 1.5mm by laser hardening. When the surface of specimens was melted during laser hardening. the surface hardness of SM45C steel was decreased. The surface hardness of 2 layer coated specimen(black paint: $15.4{\mu}m$, graphite coating: $9.5{\mu}m$) was increased than that of 1 layer coated specimen. It is desirable to prepare 2 or more coating layer on the steel surface in order to sufficient case depth and hardness in laser hardening. The graphite coating on the specimen surface was obtained more uniform temperature distribution than black paint coating in laser hardening process.

• 대한용접접합학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한용접접합학회 2006년도 춘계 학술대회 개요집
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• pp.248-250
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• 2006

The study on a surface transformation hardening of a rod-shaped SM45C carbon steel is carried out by using CW Nd:YAG laser. Conventionally, $CO_2$ laser has been usually used as a laser source for a transformation hardening. however, it is needed to an additional absorbent coating like a colloidal graphite owing to a lower absorbtion rate. On the other hand, no cost and post-removal process of coating is required to Nd:YAG laser, due to a higher absorbtion rate relatively. Moreover, there is a merit which is capable of building up the more flexible processing system resulted from a beam delivery through a optical fiber. In this study, we were going to recognize characteristics of a transformation hardening using a optic head with a gaussian beam distribution.

• 한국기계가공학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.31-37
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• 2011

Recently, the technology of surface treatment is being more important which affects the material cost reduction and substitution to the expensive material. The material used for the mechanical processing should have not only high intensity, but also strength toughness, wear resistance and corrosion resistance. In order to increase the durability and have better quality of the parts using such kind of tooling material, various kinds of research of the surface hardening through many kinds of heat resources is being done and practically applied. In this study, the characteristics of hardening surface zone for high strength of the press die material through laser beam irradiation are researched. In this study, it is experimentally observed by the status of the surface morphology, tensile strength, the hardness distribution of the base metal and wear condition by the surface hardness pattern by the laser beam based on the process parameters of $CO_2$ laser by using SM45C and STD11 used for press tool. Through this research, the characteristics of surface hardened zone for high strength of the thin metal by laser beam irradiation is done.