• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.596-603
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• 2021

Objective: To evaluate the feasibility and diagnostic performance of ultrasound (US)-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology and core-needle biopsy (US-FNAC/CNB) for the diagnosis of laryngo-hypopharyngeal masses. Materials and Methods: This was a single-center prospective case series. From January 2018 to June 2019, we initially enrolled 40 patients with highly suspicious laryngo-hypopharyngeal masses on laryngoscopic examinations. Of these, 28 patients with the mass involving or abutting the pre-epiglottic, paraglottic, pyriform sinus, and/or subglottic regions were finally included. These patients underwent US examinations with/without subsequent US-FNAC/CNB under local anesthesia for evaluation of the laryngo-hypopharyngeal mass. Results: Of the 28 patients who underwent US examinations, a laryngo-hypopharyngeal mass was identified in 26 patients (92.9%). US-FNAC/CNB was performed successfully in 25 of these patients (96.2%), while the procedure failed to target the mass in 1 patient (3.8%). The performance of US caused minor subclinical hematoma in 2 patients (7.7%), but no major complications occurred. US-FNAC/CNB yielded conclusive results in 24 (96.0%) out of the 25 patients with a successful procedure, including 23 patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and 1 patient with a benign mass. In one patient with atypical cells in US-FNAC, additional direct laryngoscopic biopsy (DLB) was required to confirm SCC. Among the 26 patients who received US-FNAC/CNB, the time from first visit to pathological diagnosis was 7.8 days. For 24 patients finally diagnosed with SCC, the time from first visit to the initiation of treatment was 25.2 days. The mean costs associated with US-FNAC/CNB was $272 under the Korean National Health Insurance Service System. Conclusion: US-FNAC/CNB for a laryngo-hypopharyngeal mass is technically feasible in selected patients, providing good diagnostic performance. This technique could be used as a first-line diagnostic modality by adopting appropriate indications to avoid general anesthesia and DLB-related complications.

• 대한두경부종양학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.205-209
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• 2001

Purpose: Most cases of primary hyperparathyroidism are due to parathyroid adenoma or parathyroid hyperplasia. Parathyroid carcinoma is a very rare cause of hyperparathyroidism. Although the diagnosis of parathyroid carcinoma is usually established by pathologic criteria especially of vascular or capsular invasion, some clinical and biochemical features differentiate it from benign forms of hyperparathyroidism. We under-took a retrospective study in 6 patients with parathyroid carcinoma, with the aim of conveying experience from management for this rare cause of hyperparathyroidism. Methods: Clinical symptoms, biochemical laboratory, radiologic, and intraoperative findings, local recurrence and distant metastasis were analyzed in 6 patients diagnosed pathologically as a parathyroid carcinoma after operation from 1992 to 2001. Results: Mean age was 50.2 years (33.0-60.0 years) and male to female ratio was 1:1. Neck mass was found in 5 patients, multiple bone pain in 3 patients and renal stone in 1 patient. One case has suffered from chronic renal failure for 19 years. Although preoperative laboratory evaluations showed the aspects of hyperparathyroidism in all cases, mean serum calcium level was 11.2mg/dl(10.5-12.1mg/dl), slightly elevated. Laboratory values after surgery were within the normal range in 5 cases. However, in one case with chronic renal failure, serum PTH levels, serially checked, were above the normal range. Any of imaging methods failed to suggest a parathyroid carcinoma preoperatively. Parathyroid adenoma was suspected in 3 cases, thyroid cancer in the other cases before surgery. The extent of resection was radical resection of parathyroid lesion with more than unilateral thyroid lobectomy and central compartment neck node dissection and in 2 cases, the resection of recurrent laryngeal nerve or strap muscles was added. During follow-up period, any local or systemic recurrence were not evident in all the cases. Conclusion: Although parathyroid carcinoma is a rare disease and its preoperative diagnosis, in our experience, could not easily be made, the understanding of characteristic clinical and biochemical feature could help diagnosis at first surgery. Radical resection without remaining residual tumor is most important for the management of the parathyroid cancer.

• 대한후두음성언어의학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.19-26
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• 2020

Background and Objective Endoscopic airway dilation is the primary treatment for pediatric subglottic stenosis (SGS) due to its feasibility and non-invasiveness. The aim of this study is to evaluate the risk factors for the failure of endoscopic airway dilation in pediatric patients with SGS. Materials and Methods This study reviewed medical records of 38 pediatric patients had endoscopic dilation from a single and tertiary referral center, retrospectively. The success of the endoscopic dilation procedure was defined as no dyspneic symptom without tracheostomy or laryngotracheal reconstruction. Demographic profiles, underlying disease, and Myer-Cotton SGS severity grade were recorded. Success rates and risk factors for the failure of treatment were analyzed. Results The SGS patients with severity grade I was most common. After mean 1.8 numbers of procedures, there were 23 patients (60.5%) in the success group and 15 patients (39.5%) in the failure group. Age, sex, underlying diseases, and SGS severity grade were not significantly different between two groups. In patients who had multiple endoscopic procedures, the failure group showed SGS deteriorated after procedures in 66.7%, compared to 11.1% of the success group. In multivariable analysis, a long-term intubation (≥1 month) was identified as an independent risk factor for failure of endoscopic dilation procedure. Conclusion Although endoscopic dilation procedure is safe and effective for the management, repetitive endoscopic dilation may not give clinical benefit in patient with long-term intubation. Other airway procedures must be considered in those group of patients.

• 대한후두음성언어의학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.39-47
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• 2019

Background and Objectives : Pediatric vocal health problems are relatively common. However, it is not yet well studied whether uniform diagnosis and treatment is done properly in South Korea. The purpose of this study was to investigate the methods that the Korean speech therapists use to diagnose and treat pediatric voice problem. Materials and Method : An anonymous online questionnaire was administered to 32 speech language therapists registered at the Korean laryngeal speech linguistics society detailing demographics, employment institution, general management of pediatric patients with vocal problem including assessment and treatment procedures. Results : Current practice patterns were analyzed on 32 speech language therapists providing services in South Korea mostly working at tertiary university hospital. One third of pediatric patients were assessed without proceeding to treatment. One fifth of patients were treated without assessment. Perceptual assessment was the main pretreatment assessment methods used. Treatment was done in the following order : Voice rest, SOVT, yawn-sigh and resonant voice. Post-treatment evaluation was used in the following order : Instrumental assessment, clinical judgment, and recording comparison. Conclusion : Speech language therapists practice in South Korea mostly follows the ASHA practice guidelines. However, there are still great amount of cases in which only the evaluation was done without appropriate treatment. Further research is needed to make SPLs more systematic and efficient for evaluating and treating pediatric vocal patients.

• 대한기관식도과학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.50-56
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• 2007

Background and Objectives: Laryngotracheal stenosis and its reconstruction in children is a highly challenging field to airway surgeons, and the way of stenting after a reconstructive surgery is still controversial. The aims of this study were to analyze the single institutional experiences of laryngotracheal reconstruction (LTR) in the pediatric patients with laryngotracheal stenosis and to compare the outcomes of single-stage LTR (SSLTR) with conventional two-stage LTR (TSLTR) in these patients. Materials and Methods: Medical records of 14 children (mean age 4.1 years) were reviewed, who received 20 LTR including 6 revisions for their moderate to severe subglottic stenosis and/or combined posterior glottic stenosis. Of these 20 LTR, tracheostoma was temporarily maintained after LTR in 12 cases (TSLTR) or not in the other 8 cases (SSLTR). Results: Overall decannulation rate of LTR that were performed before and after the year of 2003 was 40% (4/10) and 70% (7/10) respectively. Decannulation rate was 42% (5/12) in TSLTR group and 75% (6/8) in SSLTR group (P = 0.197). Mean interval to decannulation after LTR was 9.8 months and 7.2 days in TSLTR and SSLTR groups respectively (P = 0.004). A number of additional touch-up procedures that were required after LTR was 4 in TSLTR and 2.7 in SSLTR group (P = 0.238). Major complication rate was similar in both groups (33% in TSLTR and 38% in SSLTR, P = 0.910). Conclusion: A laryngotracheal reconstruction in children is a technically demanding procedure and its outcome is largely dependent on the surgeon's experience. Albeit there was a tendency that SSLTR ofters a higher decannulation rate, less additional touch-up procedures and similar complication rates, a shorter interval to decannulation after LTR was the only advantage that was confirmed as statistically significant in this study.

• 대한후두음성언어의학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.118-123
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• 2019

Background and Objectives Voice evaluation is classified into subjective tests such as auditory perception and self-measurement, and objective tests such as acoustic and aerodynamic analysis. When evaluating dysphonia, subjective and objective test results do not always match. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between subjective and objective evaluation in patients with dysphonia and to identify meaningful parameters by disease. Materials and Method The total of 322 patients who visited voice clinic from May 2017 to May 2018 were included in this study. Laryngeal lesions were identified using stroboscopy. Pearson correlation test was performed to analyse correlation between subjective tests including GRBAS scale and voice handicap index, and objective tests including jitter, shimmer, noise to harmonic ratio (NHR), cepstral peak prominence (CPP), maximal phonation time (MPT), mean flow rate, and subglottic pressure. Results In vocal nodule and sulcus vocalis, among GRBAS system, grade and breathiness showed good correlation with CPP, and roughness showed good correlation with jitter or shimmer. In unilateral vocal cord paralysis (UVCP), grade and breathiness showed a very good correlation with CPP, and also good correlation with jitter, shimmer, NHR, and MPT. Also asthenia showed good correlation with CPP and MPT. Vocal polyp has a limited association with other diseases. Conclusion In patients with dysphonia, grade and breathiness showed good correlation with CPP, jitter, and shimmer, and reflect the state of voice change well especially in UVCP, CPP, and MPT.

• 대한후두음성언어의학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.119-125
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• 2011

Background and Objectives : Temporary or permanent vocal paralysis can be occurred after head and neck surgery such as thyroid cancer, esophageal resection, and chest operation including lung parenchymal resection, due to a vagus or recurrent laryngeal nerve injury. The authors aimed to determine the clinical efficacy of using Calcium-Hydroxyapatite (CaHA) for permanent unilateral vocal cord palsy patients. Materials and Method : Between July 2008 to July 2010, among patients with chief complain of hoarseness and aspiration, only who were diagnosed as unilateral vocal cord palsy under laryngoscopy, were selected. The patients included 3 females and 13 males age range between 29 to 79 and average age was 60 years old. Results : The hoarseness range were $8.94{\pm}0.77$, $4.63{\pm}1.02$, $4.31{\pm}1.30$ statistically showing significant postoperative improve at preoperative, 1 week and 3 months. Also aspiration were $7.44{\pm}2.48$, $3.63{\pm}1.82$, $3.19{\pm}1.91$ statistically improved during the same period. The result of voice analysis showed that the frequency range shows decrease at 1 week and 3 months after the injection compared to that of the preoperative result in both male and female group (Male: $161.63{\pm}32.78$ Hz, $139.13{\pm}30.63$ Hz, $146.67{\pm}34.20$ Hz ; Female: $244.62{\pm}26.62$ Hz, $244.91{\pm}42.03$ Hz, $237.50{\pm}38.95$ Hz). The Maximal phonation time were $2.75{\pm}1.06$ (sec), $8.88{\pm}3.46$ (sec), $8.44{\pm}3.71$ (sec) statistically showing significant postoperative improve at preoperative, 1 week and 3 months. Conclusion : Injection laryngoplasty with CaHA in unilateral vocal cord paralysis is very safe and efficient procedure to improve a voice disorder, a swallowing difficulty, and a quality of life for those patients with a sacrificed RLN, a cancer invasion of the nerve, and a prolonged vocal cord paralysis which is more than six to twelve months.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.611-616
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• 2009

Purpose: The rate of fistulas occuring followed by resection of oral cavity, oropharyngeal, hypopharyngeal, and laryngeal cancer are reported to be 9 ~ 23% according to various documents. Neglected treatment of the fistula can result in a setback in proper treatment with restrictions in oral intake leading to delayed return to daily life. Furthurmore, in severe cases, it may injure important vessels and adjacent structures of the neck area. The author reviewed previously reported cases of treatment methods for fistulas recurring after diverse head and neck operations and with sharing the treatment experiments of our patients, we tried to present a treatment algorism for different fistula types. Methods: Our study was based on retrograde analysis of 64 patients who were clinically diagnosed with fistula after operation for cancer of the head and neck from 1997 to 2008 at Severance Hospital. Their primary sites of cancer were 8 oral cavity, 22 oropharynx, 25 hypopharynx, and 9 larynx. The patients were aged 45 to 75 years and the male to female ratio was 11 to 1. The patient's operation records and progress notes were evaluated for determination of degree of fistula and treatment methods. Results: Most fistulas were clinically suspected after postoperative 5 days and symptoms noted for detection of the fistula were erythema, purulent discharge, edema, tenderness, and fluctuation. The fistula was definitely diagnosed at postoperative 2 weeks with barium test and treatment method ranging from conservative management to operative procedure were applied to each patients. Total 21 patients were managed with conservative protocol. In 15 cases, direct repair of the fistula was done and more stable repair of the fistula was possible with using of TachoComb$^{(R)}$. Pharyngostoma was performed in 14 patients. Among them, 4 patients healed spontaneously, 5 patients were taken direct closure, 4 patients were taken pectoralis major musculocutaneous flap, and one patient was taken esophageal transfer. The other 14 patients were taken 11 pectoralis major musculocutaneous flaps and 3 free flaps without pharyngostoma formation. Conclusion: Fistula is a troublesome complication resulting after resection of head and neck cancer. Early detection and adequate treatment according to the period and condition of the fistula may prevent further complications and reduce the pain of the patient.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.151-159
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• 2007

목적: 국소 진행된 하인두암에서 치료 결과 및 생존율에 영향을 미치는 예후인자를 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 1985년 10월부터 2000년 12월까지 국소 진행된 하인두암 IV기로 근치적 치료를 받은 90명을 대상으로 후향적 분석을 실시하였다. 방사선 단독치료는 12명, 항암화학요법과 병용치료는 65명, 그리고 수술과 수술 후 방사선치료 시행은 13명이었다. 방사선 단독군의 경우 총 방사선 선량은 $59.0{\sim}88.2$ Gy (중앙값 70 Gy)이었다. 항암화학요법은 대부분 5-FU와 cisplatin을 병용하였고, 일부 환자에서는 clsplatin을 기본으로 pepleomycin 또는 vincristin 등을 병용 투여하였다. 추적관찰기간의 중앙값은 15개월이었다. 통계적 방법으로 생존율의 산출은 Kaplan-Meier 법을, 두군의 생존율간의 차이는 Log-rank test를, 그리고 다변량분석에는 Cox prportional hazard model을 각각 이용하였다. 결과: 전체 90명 환자의 3년 및 5년 생존율은 각각 26%, 17%였다. 2년 국소종양제어율은 방사선치료 단독군의 경우 33%, 방사선치료와 항암화학요법을 병용한 군은 32%, 수술 후 방사선치료군 81%로 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다(p=0.006) 생존율에 영향을 미치는 예후인자에 대한 다요인 분석에서 T병기, 동시적 항암화학요법의 유무 및 국소 치료 후 완전 관해 여부가 통계적으로 유의하였다. 방사선치료와 항암화학요법을 병용한 군의 3년 및 5년 후두 보존율은 각각 26%, 22%였다. 이중 동시적 항암항암화학방사선요법이 시행된 11명 환자의 5년 후두 보존율은 52%로 선행화학요법이 시행된 54명의 16%에 비해 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다(p=0.012). 결론: 국소 진행된 하인두암에서 근치적 수술과 방사선치료 병용요법이 방사선치료 단독요법이나 항암화학요법 병용방법에 비하여 더 좋은 결과를 보여주었다. 한편 방사선치료와 동시적 항암화학요법은 후두를 보존할 수 있는 유용한 치료법이 될 수 있음을 시사하였다. 향후 더 많은 환자를 대상으로 전향적 무작위 임상연구가 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.108-115
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• 2002

목적 : 성문상부암에서 방사선 단독치료 또는 수술 후 방사선치료를 받은 환자를 대상으로 방사선치료의 역할을 국소종양제어율과 생존율을 중심으로 후향적으로 분석하고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 1986년 1월부터 1995년 10월까지 134명이 성문상부암으로 진단되어 방사선단독 또는 수술 후 방사선치료가 시행되었고 이 중 계획된 방사선량을 조사 받은 117명의 환자를 대상으로 하였다. 1997년의 AJCC 병기 분류체계에 의하여 재분류하였고 병기 I, II, III, IVA, IVB의 환자 수는 각각 $6\;(5\%),\;16\;(14\%),\;53\;(45\%),\;32\;(27\%),\;10\;(9\%)$이었다. 전체 환자 중 80명은 근치적 목적의 방사선치료로 원발병소에 $61.2\~79.2\;Gy$ (평균 : 69.2 Gy), 경부림프절에 $45.0\~93.6\;Gy$ (평균:54.0 Gy)를 조사하였다. 전체 환자 중 병기 I과 IVB 환자는 모두 방사선 단독치료를 시행하였다. 37명의 환자에서 수술 후 방사선치료를 받았고 원발병소 절제부위에 $45.0\~68.4\;Gy$ (평균:56.1 Gy), 경부림프절에 $45.0\~59.4\;Gy$ (평균:47.2 Gy)를 조사하였다. 수술방법으로서 33명은 전후두적출술(${\pm}$경부림프절 청소술), 3명은 부분후두적출술(${\pm}$경부림프절 청소술), 나머지 1명은 원발병소만의 절제술이었다. 결과 : 전체환자의 5년 생존율은 $43\%$이었다. 병기 I+II와 III+IV의 5년 생존율은 $49.9\%,\;41.2\%$이었으나(p=0.27), 병기 I (n=6) 환자의 종양특성생존율은 $100\%$이었다. 수술 후 방사선치료군(S+RT)과 방사선단독 치료군(RT)의 5년 생존율은 병기 II에서 $100\%$ 대 $43\%$, 병기 III에서 $62\%$ 대 $52\%$이었으나 유의한 차이는 없었고(u=0.17, p=0.32), 병기 IVA에서 $58\%$ 대 $6\%$로 S+RT군의 생존율이 유의한 차이로 양호하였다(p<0.001). 전체 환자의 국소종양 제어율은 $57\%$이었다. 병기별 국소종양제어율은 병기 I, II, III, IVA, IVB에서 각각 100, 74, 60, 44, $30\%$이었다(p=0.008). S+RT 군과 RT군의 국소종양제어율은 병기 II에서 $100\%$ 대 $68\%$, 병기 III에서 $67\%$ 대 $55\%$로 유의한 차이는 없었으나(p=0.29, p=0.23), 병기 IVA에서는 $81\%$ 대 $20\%$로 유의한 차이가 있었다(p<0.001). 방사선 단독치료를 받은 80명의 환자 중 방사선치료반응에 따른 국소종양제어율은 완전관해, 부분관해, 부분관해미만 군에서 각각 76, 20, $0\%$이었다. (p<0.001). 전체환자에서 생존율에 영향을 미치는 예후인자는 다변량 분석을 시행한 결과 N 병기, 수술 여부, 나이였고 국소종양 제어율에 영향을 미치는 유의한 인자는 N 병기, 수술 여부, ECOG 활동도였다. 방사선 단독치료군에서 다변량 분석결과 생존율과 국소종양제어율 모두에 유의한 인자는 방사선치료 후 종양반응과 N 병기였다. 결론 : 조기 병기의 성문상부암에서는 통상적인 방사선단독치료로 후두기능을 보존하면서 수술군과 대등한 종양제어율을 보여주었다. 그러나 진행된 병기의 경우에는 수술과 방사선치료의 병용요법 또는 후두기능의 보존적 측면에서의 동시적 항암화학방사선요법이 고려되어야 할 것으로 생각된다. 특히 진행된 림프절 병소에 대해서는 가능한 한 방사선치료 전 또는 유도화학요법 후 계획된 경부림프절 청소술을 고려해야 할 것으로 생각된다.