• 환경영향평가
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.323-337
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• 2006

This work discussed the species composition, phylogeny, spatio-temporal distribution, ecology and natural history of North Korean Pinaceae or pine tree family, which seems to be important to maintain nature and ecosystem in the Korean Peninsula. Out of five genera and sixteen species of Pinaceae of the Korean Peninsula, North Korea contains four genera and eleven species of Pinaceae, including Pinus densilflora, P. koraiensis, P. pumila, Picea jezoensis, P. koraiensis, P. koraiensis var. koraiensis, P. pungsanensis, Larix gmelini, L. gmelinii var. olgensis, Abies holophylla and A. nephrolepis. In terms of phylogeny Pinus is closely related to Picea, and followed by Larix. Abies is close to Tsuga which only occur at Ullung Island. Distributional pattern of North Korean Pinaceae can be classified into four types; three species of nation-wide montane type i.e., Pinus densilflora, P. koraiensis and Abies holophylla, four species of central and northern subalpine type, i.e., Pinus pumila, Picea koraiensis, Larix gmelini and Abies nephrolepis, one nation-wide subalpine type, Picea jezoensis, and three species disjunctive to north type, i.e., Picea koraiensis var. koraiensis, P. pungsanensis, and Larix gmelinii var. olgensis. Pinaceae species occurring on the alpine and subalpine belts of North Korea, such as Pinus koraiensis, P. pumila, Picea jezoensis, P. koraiensis, P. koraiensis var. koraiensis, P. pungsanensis, Larix gmelini, L. gmelinii var. olgensis and A. nephrolepis are considered as the glacial descendant from the boreal region. Those species might have migrated from the north during the Pleistocene glacial epochs in search of favourable condition, and since the Holocene period they survived on the hostile alpine and subalpine environments, in which they are more competitive than warmth-tolerant temperate vegetation. Certain species, such as Picea pungsanensis, is segregated on the isolated mountains since the Pleistocene period, and forced to adapt to local environment, and eventually became an endemic species of North Korea. Recent rapid global warming trend especially in northern high mountains of North Korea could cause an unfavourable environment for the survival of cold-tolerant Pinaceae of the alpine and subalpine belts. Pinus densiflora, which is occurring on the montane belt might faced with difficulties due to both the deforestation and the outbreak of insect-borne disease, such as Bursaphelenchus xylophilus.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 1990

소련의 시베리아 지방(地方)에서 생육(生育)하고 있는 주요(主要) 침엽수재(針葉樹材)인 가문비나무(Picea jezoensis), 북양전나무(Abies sachaliensis), 잣나무 (Pinus karaiensis), 구주소나무(Pinus sylvetris) 및 북양낙엽송 (Larix gmelini)에 대하여 가도관(假導管)의 길이, 그리고 방사조직(放射組織)의 높이와 밀도(密度)의 출현상태(出現狀態) 및 변이(變異)를 조사하였으며 그것을 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1) 가도관(假導管)의 길이는 잣나무가 가장 길며(평균 $3550{\mu}$), 그 다음이 북양전나무와 북양낙엽송(각각 $3440{\mu}$)이고, 가문비나무가 약 $2900{\mu}$으로 가장 짧았다. 또한 한국산(韓國産) 침엽수재(針葉樹材)보다 다소 긴 경향(傾向)이 있다. 2) 일반적(一般的)으로 가도관(假導管)의 길이는 심재부(心材部)보다도 변재부(邊材部)에서, 또한 조재부(早材部)보다도 만재부(晩材部)에서 더 긴 경향(傾向)을 나타내고 있다. 3) 방사조직(放射組織)의 높이는 북양낙엽송이 가장 높고(14.5세포고(細胞高)), 그 다음이 가문비나무와 구주소나무(약 13.5세포고(細胞高))이며, 잣나무가 9.7세포고(細胞高)로 가장 낮았으며, 한국산(韓國産) 침엽수재(針葉樹材)보다는 높은 경향(傾向)이 있었다. 4) 방사조직(放射組織)의 높이는 수심부(髓心部)에 가까운 젊은 영계(令階)에서는 낮고 수피부(樹皮部)로 향(向)하여 높아지는 경향이 있다. 5) 횡단면(橫斷面)에서 접선방향(接線方向) 1mm내(內)에 함유(含有)되는 방사조직밀도(放射組織密度)는 북양낙엽송과 가문비나무가 7.9와 8.3개(個)로 가장 많으며, 북양전나무가 7.1, 그리고 잣나무와 구주 소나무가 6.1~6.2개(個)로 가장 적었다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.22-31
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• 1996

Air permeabilities for both sapwood and heartwood of the three softwoods(Picea jezoensis, Larix gmelini, Pinus sylvestris), imported from the Russian Far East, in the three different structural directions were measured using steady-state rotameter method. After measuring permeability, the liquid absorption into the longitudinal permeability specimens was measured, and then related with the measured permeability. The longitudinal permeability was overwhelmingly greater than the transverse permeability, with the radial direction showing higher permeability than the tangential direction. There appear to be species differences in permeability of the three softwoods. The mean longitudinal sapwood permeability of P. jezoensis(3.300darcy) and P. sylvestris(3.028darcy) were considerably greater(ca. 25times) than that of L. gmelini(0.134darcy). Also the average longitudinal heartwood permeability of P. jezoensis(0.300darcy) was about 10 times as great as that of P. sylvestris(0.029darcy) and L. gmelini(0.024darcy). The average calculated radius of pit openings in the heartwood was $0.101{\mu}m$ for L. gmelini, $0.152{\mu}m$ for P. sylvestris for and $0.703{\mu}m$ for P. jezoensis. Heartwood permeability increases with the increase in radius of pit pore and the decrease in ring width and in extractive content, even though the correlation between permeability and its affecting factors was dependent on species. However, there was an inverse relationship between specific gravity and permeability, showing poor correlation between them. The correlation between air permeability and liquid retention was fairly high, so it was revealed that prediction of liquid absorption into the wood by using permeability was feasible.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제99권5호
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• pp.720-725
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• 2010

On the basis of vegetation data in the 9.12 ha (380 m ${\times}$ 240 m) permanent sample plot of the spruce-fir valley forest in Liangshui National Reserve of Xiaoxing'an Mountains, the study was conducted to evaluate spatial distribution pattern and spatial association by using point pattern analysis for living and dead trees of Larix gmelini by DBH size class. The number of L. gmelini were counted as 59 living stems/ha (6.42 $m^2$/ha of basal area) and 34 dead stems/ha (2.86 $m^2$/ha of basal area). The distributional curve of diameter class exhibited bimodal shape. The analysis of spatial distribution patterns of all living larch stems noted the clumped distribution on the whole. The size of larch aggregates of dead stems was decreased as diameter class was increased. The distribution of dead stems became gradually randomized with decreased clumped size as the scale increased. Living stems and dead stems of the larch had positive spatial association at most of scales, illustrating that the occurrence of mortality of the larch tree was closely related to the distribution pattern of living larch trees.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.28-36
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• 1997

Several thick board and dimension lumbers of Japanese larch(Larix leptolepis), Dahurian larch(Larix gmelini) and radiata pine(Pinus radiata) air-dried in four different seasons to compare air-drying process. Patterns of air-drying curves were influenced by climatological conditions and limber thickness. The initial drying rates of summer were the highest, followed those of fall, spring and winter. The drying times to equilibrium moisture contents for four seasons were nearly the same except for winter. However, the drying time for winter required twice more time than the other seasons. The drying time of dimension lumbers required 1.3 times more than boards. The final moisture contents were lowest during spring, highest during winter and similar between summer and fall.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.48-52
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• 2000

구 조선총독부 청사(구 중앙청 건물)는 1916 년에 착공되었으며 건물기초를 다지기 위해 백두산 압록강변에서 벌채한 낙엽송(잎갈나무) 말뚝 약 만개를 박았다는 기록이 있다. 1996 년에 철거된 중앙청 자리에 경복궁 흥례문을 중건하는 공사 중 발견된 구 조선총독부 청사 말뚝 100 여 개를 채집하여 그 중 15 개에 대한 수종과 나이테를 분석하였다. 말뚝의 직경은 평균 27cm이었다. 목재조직관찰을 위하여 프레파라아트를 만들어 현미경으로 조사한 결과 모두 잎갈나무임이 확인되었다. 나이테로 관찰한 수령은 평균적으로 103년이었으며 가장 오래된 것이 151 년생이었다. 나이테 너비를 측정하여 151년 나이테 그래프(연륜연대기)를 작성하여 중국쪽 장백산(백두산) 잎갈나무 나이테 그래프(1602-1994)와 유사성올 비교하였으나 서로 일치하지 않았다. 이는 총독부청사 말뚝 채취지역이 중국측과 고도가 차이가 있는 것으로 생각된다. 백두산 압록강변에 자라고 있는 잎갈나무에 대해 나이테 자료를 얻을 수 있다면 화산활동과 같은 과거 백두산지역의 역사와 고환경을 나이테를 통하여 알아낼 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.125-132
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• 2003

This study was executed by China along with the Tumen river, which formed border of North Korea and China. As a result 91 family, 282 genera, 363 species, 57 variety 4 species, total 424 taxa of vascular plants were identified. The examination area was include the region that had various vegetation such as upper swampy land, seashore dune, a river, a high mountain grassy plain, deciduous tree zone, evergreen coniferous forest zone. The followings are representative plants, which found in an examination area but not in South Korea. Picea koraiensis, Larix gmelini var. principis-ruprechtii, Betula playphylla, Ulmus pumila, Populus koreana, Ledum palustre var. diversipilosum, Rhododendron parvifolium, Salix brachypoda, Phacelurus latifolius, Carex gotoi, Carex capricornis, Calla palustris, Aquilegia flabellata var. pumila, Lilium davuricum, Astragalus membranaceus, Trifolium lupinaster, Ledebourieila seselodeds, Polemonium racemosum, Scutellaria baicalensis, Linnaea borealis, Thladiantha dubia, Inula helenium, Trollius hondoensis, Hypocaeris ciliata, Aconitum kirinense, Aconitum arcuatum, Potentilla viscosa var. macrophylla. And there are 21 rare and endangered species, which Korean Forest Sevice designated, such as Aconitum koreanum, Acorus calamus var. angustatus, Polygonatum stenophyllum, Drosera rotundifolia, Iris setosa, Jeffersonia dubia, Lilium davuricum, Lilium cernum, Paeonia obovata, Penthorum chinense, Phacelurus latifolius, Rosa marretii, Sparganium stoloniferum, Thymus quinquecostatus, Trillium tschonoskii, Utricularia japonica, Tripterospermum japonicum, Vaccinium uliginosum, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, etc. Especially, plants like, Acanthopanax senticosus, Jeffersonia dubia and Lillum cernum which have high values of ornamental, and medical use are in an extinction crisis. High swampy land was formed to upper stream of Tumen river. It showed representative vegitation, like Carex sp., Scirpus radirans, Eriophorum latifolium. Wetlands plant and a dune plant were mixed in down stream area of Tumen river. On a dune, seashore plants, such as Carex kobomugi, Salsola collina, Raphanus sativus var. raphanistroides, Rosa rugosa, Scutellaria strigillosa, Linaria japonica, Phacelurus latifolius were appeared frequently.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.39-45
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• 1974

지위지수추정시 발생되는 오차를 감소시키기 위하여 수고생장과정에 적합한 실험식과 기타 정보를 얻고자 이 연구를 착수한 것이다. 11개 실험식으로 물오리나무, 일본잎갈나무, 잎갈나무, 잣나무, 젓나무, 리기다소나무, 상수리나무와 갈참나무의 수고생장 추정식을 계산하였다. 계산결과에 의하면 수종간에는 적합실험식의 종류가 서로 다르며 지위지수는 임령에 따라 항상 일정한 것이 아니고 변동하는 경우가 있으므로 지위지수추정시 수간석해 또는 다변형지위지수 곡선을 이용함이 합리적인 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국습지학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.43-55
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• 2003

Vegetation structure was investigated in the Hyeonchang wetland and its watershed around the Nakdong-gang, Changryeong-county, Gyeongsangnamdo, Korea. from May to August, 2001. The vegetation type of the Hyeonchang wetland was classified into 12 communities based on the actual vegetation map: Phragmites communis community, Zizania latifolia community, Phragmites communis - Persicaria perfoliata community, Salix koreensis community, Persicaria perfoliata - Phragmites communis community, Spirodela polyrhiza community, Persicaria perfoliata community, Cyperus amuricus community, Cyperus amuricus-EchinochJoa crus-galli var. frumentacea community, Phragmites communis-Zizania latifolia community, EchinochJoa crus-galli var. frumentacea community, and Persicaria maackiana community. Among them, Phragmites communis community was the largest (4.3 ha, 24%). The dominant vegetation type were Phragmites communis community, Echinochloa crus-galli var. frumentacea-Persicaria maackiana community, and Cyperus amuricus subcommunity based on the phytosociological method. The vegetation type of the Hyeonchang wetland watershed was classified into five communities based on the actual vegetation map: Pinus densilflora community, Pinus rigida community, Pinus densiflora-Quercus acutissima community, Pinus densiflora-Larix gmelini var. principis-ruprechtii community, and Populus tomentiglandulosa community. Among them, Distribution area of Pinus densiflora community was largest (399.3 ha, 61.8%). And the degree of green naturality of the Pinus densiflora community was 7 and 8 degree.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.187-200
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• 2003

중국과 북한의 국경을 이루는 두만강 접경지역을 따라 중국 측에서 식물상을 조사하였다. 그 결과 92과 287속 470종 57변종 4품종, 총 531 분류군의 관속식물이 나타났다. 식물상 조사는 고층습지, 해안사구, 하천, 고산초원, 낙엽활엽수림, 상록침엽수림, 혼효림, 노방식물군 등 다양한 생태환경의 대상지에서 수행되었다. 본 조사지역에서 환경부가 지정한 보호식물로 솔나리, 산작약. 깽깽이풀, 가시오갈피, 대청부채, 큰연령초 등 6종이 조사되었으며 산림청 지정의 희귀 및 멸종위기식물은 노랑돌쩌귀, 창포, 끈끈이주걱, 부채붓꽃. 깽깽이풀, 날개하늘나리. 솔나리. 말나리, 산작약, 낙지다리, 모새달, 층층둥굴레, 붉은인가목, 흑삼릉, 백리향, 큰연령초, 통발, 덩굴용담, 들쭉나무, 월귤, 가시오갈피 등 21종이 나타났다. 조사된 관속식물 가운데 종비나무, 잎갈나무, 만주자작나무, 비술나무, 물황철나무, 백산차, 황산차, 닥장버들, 부전자작나무, 회령사초, 양뿔사초, 산부채, 하늘매발톱, 황기, 달구지풀, 방풍, 꽃고비, 황금, 린네풀, 왕과, 목향. 금혼초, 누른진범, 키다리바꽃. 끈끈이딱지꽃 등은 남한에 자생하지 않는 중국의 동북지역 특산식물로 조사되었다.