• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.12 no.3_4
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• pp.399-414
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• 2013

The smart sensor technology has opened new horizons for assessing and monitoring structural health of civil infrastructure. Smart sensor's unique features such as onboard computation, wireless communication, and cost effectiveness can enable a dense network of sensors that is essential for accurate assessment of structural health in large-scale civil structures. While most research efforts to date have been focused on realizing wireless smart sensor networks (WSSN) on bridge structures, relatively less attention is paid to applying this technology to buildings. This paper presents a decentralized damage detection using the WSSN for building structures. An existing flexibility-based damage detection method is extended to be used in the decentralized computing environment offered by the WSSN and implemented on MEMSIC's Imote2 smart sensor platform. Numerical simulation and laboratory experiment are conducted to validate the WSSN for decentralized damage detection of building structures.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.40 no.10
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• pp.2026-2034
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• 2015

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) consist of a lot of sensor nodes having limited transmission range. So multi-hop transmission is used for communication among nodes but the multi-hop transmission degrade the end-to-end reliability. Multipath routing and opportunistic routing are typical approaches for guaranteeing end-to-end reliability in WSNs. The existing protocols improve the reliability effectively in small networks but they suffer from rapid performance degradation in large networks. In this paper, we propose the opportunistic multipath routing protocol for guaranteeing end-to-end reliability in large WSNs. Applying multipath routing and opportunistic routing simultaneously is very hard because their conflicting routing features. The proposed protocol applies these approaches simultaneously by section-based routing thereby enhancing end-to-end reliability. Additionally, the proposed protocol guarantees required reliability by the concept of section reliability. The section reliability over a certain level might satisfy required end-to-end reliability. Our simulation results show that the proposed protocol is more suitable for guaranteeing reliability than existing protocols in large-scale WSNs.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.321-340
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• 2007

Structural control technologies have attracted great interest from the earthquake engineering community over the last few decades as an effective method of reducing undesired structural responses. Traditional structural control systems employ large quantities of cables to connect structural sensors, actuators, and controllers into one integrated system. To reduce the high-costs associated with labor-intensive installations, wireless communication can serve as an alternative real-time communication link between the nodes of a control system. A prototype wireless structural sensing and control system has been physically implemented and its performance verified in large-scale shake table tests. This paper introduces the design of this prototype system and investigates the feasibility of employing decentralized and partially decentralized control strategies to mitigate the challenge of communication latencies associated with wireless sensor networks. Closed-loop feedback control algorithms are embedded within the wireless sensor prototypes allowing them to serve as controllers in the control system. To validate the embedment of control algorithms, a 3-story half-scale steel structure is employed with magnetorheological (MR) dampers installed on each floor. Both numerical simulation and experimental results show that decentralized control solutions can be very effective in attaining the optimal performance of the wireless control system.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.12 no.8
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• pp.1505-1510
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• 2008

In large-scale wireless sensor networks, the deployed nodes cannot be replaced or recharged after first deployment. Also, dead nodes maγ lead to the partition of whole networks. While performing data dissemination under a battery power constraint, energy efficiency is a key design factor of routing protocol. As a solution for the efficient data dissemination, in this paper, we propose a protocol namely Hierarchical Data Dissemination (HDD) which provides scalable and efficient data delivery to multiple sources and mobile sinks. HDD uses the facts that sink nodes are central gathering Points and source-centric data forwarding paths are constructed and it is maintained with two-tier communications. The performance of HDD is compared with TTDD about the energy consumption, data delivery time and data success ration. The extensive simulation results show that HDD Routing Protocol outperforms TIDD by more than $1.5{\sim}3times$ on energy consumption.

• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.177-184
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• 2010

Secure routing is vital to the acceptance and use of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) for many applications. However, providing secure routing in WSNs is a challenging task due to the inherently constrained capabilities of sensor nodes. Although a wide variety of routing protocols have been proposed for WSNs, most do not take security into account as a main goal. Routing attacks can have devastating effects on WSNs and present a major challenge when designing robust security mechanisms for WSNs. In this paper, we examine some of the most common routing attacks in WSNs. In particular, we focus on the wormhole routing attack in some detail. A variety of countermeasures have been proposed in the literature for such attacks. However, most of these countermeasures suffer from flaws that essentially render them ineffective for use in large scale WSN deployments. Due to the inherent constraints found in WSNs, there is a need for lightweight and robust security mechanisms. The examination of the wormhole routing attack and some of the proposed countermeasures makes it evident that it is extremely difficult to retrofit existing protocols with defenses against routing attacks. It is suggested that one of the ways to approach this rich field of research problems in WSNs could be to carefully design new routing protocols in which attacks such as wormholes can be rendered meaningless.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartA
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• v.16A no.1
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• pp.17-26
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• 2009

Large-scale wireless sensor network are expected to play an increasingly important role for the data collection in harmful area. However, the physical fragility of sensor node makes reliable routing in harmful area a challenging problem. Since several sensor nodes in harmful area could be damaged all at once, the network should have the availability to recover routing from node failures in large area. Many routing protocols take accounts of failure recovery of single node but it is very hard these protocols to recover routing from large scale failures. In this paper, we propose a routing protocol, which we refer to as LSFA, to recover network fast from failures in large area. LSFA detects the failure by counting the packet loss from parent node and in case of failure detection LSFAdecreases the routing interval to notify the failure to the neighbor nodes. Our experimental results indicate clearly that LSFA could recover large area failures fast with less packets than previous protocols.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.13-26
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• 2009

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is one of the key technologies that make it possible to provide u-service in a ubiquitous society, however, it has disadvantages such as difficulty of managing sensor nodes and weaknesses of stability or mobility in large-scale WSNs. In order to solve these problems, 6LoWPAN that integrates with WSNs and IP networks has been studied widely. In this paper, we propose a Location Tracking Service Based on Google Map (LTSGM) system using 6LoWPAN. Since LTSGM system provides visual location information of sensor nodes through Google Map, it is possible to makes it easier than ever to manage sensor nodes in large-scale WSNs. Moreover, LTSGM can be used for various services such as applications for disaster or crime because it can trace the location of mobile nodes. Implementation of LTSGM system will be a test platform for 6LoWPAN.

• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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• 2011.04a
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• pp.576-579
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• 2011

Wireless sensor network are widely all over different fields. Because of its distinguished characteristics, we must take account of the factor of energy consumed when designing routing protocol. Wireless sensor networks consist of small battery powered devices with limited energy resources. Once deployed, the small sensor nodes are usually inaccessible to the user, and thus replacement of the energy source is not feasible. Hence, energy efficiency is a key design issue that needs to be enhanced in order to improve the life span of the network. In BCDCP, all sensors sends data from the CH (Cluster Head) and then to the BS (Base Station). BCDCP works well in a smallscale network however is not preferred in a large scale network since it uses much energy for long distance wireless communication. TBRP can be used for large scale network, but it weakness lies on the fact that the nodedry out of energy easily since it uses multi-hops transmission data to the Base Station. Here, we proposed a routing protocol. A Cluster Based Energy Efficient Tree Routing Protocol (CETRP) in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) to prolong network life time through the balanced energy consumption. CETRP selects Cluster Head of cluster tree shape and uses maximum two hops data transmission to the Cluster Head in every level. We show CETRP outperforms BCDCP and TBRP with several experiments.

• Journal of Korea Society of Industrial Information Systems
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.63-71
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• 2012

Most of sensor networks are difficult to be debugged, verified, and upgraded once they are deployed in the fields, for they are usually deployed in real world and large scale. Therefore, before deploying the sensor networks, we should test and verify them sufficiently in realistic testbeds. However, since we need to control physical environments which interact with sensor networks, it takes much of time and cost to test and verify sensor networks at the level of resource-constrained sensor nodes in such environments. This paper proposes an efficient software framework for evaluating and verifying sensor networks in the view points of network and application operations (i.e., accuracy of sensing algorithms). Applying the proposed software framework to the development of a simulator for a smart parking application based on wireless sensor network, this paper verifies the feasibility of the proposed framework.

• Journal of information and communication convergence engineering
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.337-342
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• 2012

The medical industries are integrated with information technology with mobile devices and wireless communication. The advent of mobile healthcare systems can benefit patients and hospitals, by not only providing better quality of patient care, but also by reducing administrative and medical costs for both patients and hospitals. Security issues present an interesting research topic in wireless and pervasive healthcare networks. As information technology is developed, many organizations such as government agencies, public institutions, and corporations have employed an information system to enhance the efficiency of their work processes. For the past few years, healthcare organizations throughout the world have been adopting health information systems (HIS) based on the wireless network infrastructure. As a part of the wireless network, a mobile agent has been employed at a large scale in hospitals due to its outstanding mobility. Several vulnerabilities and security requirements related to mobile devices should be considered in implementing mobile services in the hospital environment. Secure authentication and protocols with a mobile agent for applying ubiquitous sensor networks in a healthcare system environment is proposed and analyzed in this paper.