• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.133-144
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• 2009

This study intends to suggest the improvements for the legal systems related to the conservation of mountain ridge areas. The 4 legal systems directly related to the conservation of mountain ridge areas are reviewed and the current conditions of adaptive reuse of mountain areas and destroy cases in Hwasung are examined. For solving the problems on the basis of the analysis, three proposals for the improvement on legal systems are suggested. First, the integration of present dual legal systems related to adaptive reuse of mountain areas on the assumption that the related criteria and provisions should be amended, second, activation of the legal systems such as natural landscape district and natural landscape review to make up for the laws related to adaptive reuse of mountain areas, third, the enactment and application of the ordinances related with the 'mountain area management law'.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.59-70
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• 2004

This study is about apartment greening to improve urban environment. To achieve this, questionnaires concerning the planter preferences were distributed. To improve perpendicular greening methods for apartments, MOCT (The Ministry of Construction and Transportation) reformed the law to obligate constructors to make apartment planters in June, 2000. But apartment residents take negative attitudes to making green space. It is difficult to manage the planters as well, so it is necessary that the point at making green spaces at apartments be scrutinized through questionnaires and an active method for making and managing the planter be made. The results show that apartment residents are reluctant to pay the expenses for planting and managing planters and have negative attitudes about plant purchases. If planting and managing of simplified planters are continually entrusted to residents, even vertical landscapes will be affected by illegal diversion and negligence as a result. Therefore, support from governments and local administrations are needed and legal obligation should be imposed on construction companies to install irrigation facilities.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.31-48
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• 2013

South Korea had encouraged farmers to breed bear to increase farmer's income since 1981. Currently farmers breed over thousand number of bears, however but the policy measures for breeding bears is expected to conflict the main stream of bear conservation due to South Korea belong to the member of CITES, which categorizes and manages bears under Wild Fauna and Flora Protection Act. Government needs to establish a special law containg the win-win relief strategy not only for farmers of breeding bears, but international corresponding policy. So, we have reviewed the domestic status and international trends on breeding bears, and suggest the alternative strategies of the policy such as a bear park, a bear village, use of species recovery center, use of a preservation organization. This policy should be accompanied with more detailed fact analysis, management agency, well equipped welfare facility and financial preparation for proper management of breeding bears against changing international trends on wildlife conservation.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.31 no.7
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• pp.593-607
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• 2022

Climate change has recently become a serious global issue, and carbon emissions and energy consumption are increasing, particularly in cities where economic activities and populations are concentrated. Accordingly, various countries worldwide are promoting the Green New Deal and promoting urban-centered climate change response policies with the aim of carbon neutrality. In Korea, following the "smart green city" project that creates a city where humans and the environment coexist, a similar "carbon neutral green city" policy is set to be introduced. Therefore, in this study, implications and directions for the sustainable introduction of the carbon neutral green city policy will be derived by comparing and analyzing the State and Tribal Assistance Grants of the U.S. bipartisan infrastructure law and the smart green city of the Korean new deal.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.38-48
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• 2010

The Gwanghalu garden which has a pond of approximately $6,000m^2$ around the pavilion at Namwon City, used as official uses consists of the various imaginary environmental elements such as moon palace as an immortal world, miniatured cosmology and law of nature. This study has focused on the interpretation of the imaginary environmental elements at 1) the name of garden structures, 2) the paintings on the structures, 3) the poems on the garden, and then emphasized on the values of imaginary environments at the historic sites which have been abandoned because of the Westernized scientific attitude in landscape design. Imaginary environment is the 3rd one above the natural and built environment which was a long traditional culture. Accordingly education on landscape architecture might pay attention to this lost environment, imaginary to give the people dream.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.103-116
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• 2018

The Park Act (1967~1980) was the first law to define urban parks in Korea. The urban parks of that time were similar to a reservation area used for other purposes after giving regulation. Because 'the urban park as a reservation area' in the past is a repeated park issue in the present, it is necessary to consider the issues of the original law system that created the cause. From this perspective, this study analyzed the legislation to reserve an urban park by collecting bills and information about the factual relationship between 1960 70s park issues and the Park Act. Analysis showed that the reason for the adoption of different kinds of urban parks in the law of a nature park is that a negative list separated from the Urban Planning Act is required to curb private usage. Inherent in the Park Act, however, was the problem of allowing the encroachment of urban parks by governmental power. (1) The Park Act sets out a wide range of cases to abolish urban park. (2) Unclear setting of governmental power could abuse the urban park. (3) Insufficient standards were able to erode the urban park with large for-profit facilities. (4) The inactivity of the Urban Public Park Committee had reduced democratic decision-making and professional judgement on park issues. Therefore, the Park Act was characterized as infringing on the environment and right to urban parks and took a passive attitude in creating parks and in citizen usage thereof. The Park Act had limitations as a progenitor for establishing the characteristics and concepts of urban parks.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.41-47
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• 2004

This study is to improve plan for the law and regulation systems on the perpendicular greening with containers to improve urban environment. The supports backed by laws and regulations are imperative for the activation of building greening. Although some local administrations in Korea try to lead perpendicular greening on building by means of Green Building certification system and so on, greening policies and managements are not pushed forward with consistency. Therefore building greening should be admitted to be a substitute green tract of land. The positive construction and management of greenzone should be accomplished as well. Devices, so to speak, which put greening under an obligation or authorize it as legal landscape area should be made rather than recommendations to make greenzone through current incentive systems. Positive perpendicular greening on building can be achieved by supplementing the law and regulation and incentive system about simplified planter. If planting and managing of simplified planter are continually entrusted to residents, even vertical landscapes will be affected by illegal diversion and negligence in result. Therefore, supports from governments and local administrations are needed.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.8-18
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• 2020

This study selected landscaping-related precedents among Supreme Court decisions to which the Basic Construction Industry Act and Civil Litigation Act were applied, and divided them by year, by sector type, and by litigation type according to the cause of the litigation, and examined time-series trends and the main characteristics of landscaping-related litigation. As a result of the analysis by year, it became apparent that litigation cases began to appear in earnest in 1977, similar to when landscape licenses were first issued. The types according to the cause of the litigation were analyzed by dividing them into 'planning', 'construction', and 'management'. Among them, 'planning' was the most frequently identified (409 cases). Various precedents were searched according to 'construction', and some of them were found to be due to unclear legal standards related to landscaping. In 'management', cases such as safety accidents and crimes were considered. The users, legal definitions, and purposes of the space served as the basis for judgments. As a result of analysis by case type, there were many administrative landscaping-related cases, and the proportion of criminal cases in the management type was the highest. The results of this study looked at precedents across the entire landscape industry, and it was significant that it provides basic data that could be used by the general public as that they were categorized by field. In the future, amendments to the law and various studies should be conducted to reduce and resolve disputes, and it is necessary to expand the publicity of precedents for this purpose.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.282-294
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• 2023

Efforts are being made internationally to pay attention to the landscape value of modern and contemporary heritage and to pass it on. However, in Korea, the registration of modern and contemporary landscape heritage as registered cultural properties is insignificant. There has also been little discussion on ways to improve the system in this regard. This study sought ways to improve the registration criteria and classification system of the registered cultural property system so that modern and contemporary landscaping heritage could be protected. Currently, the registration criteria for registered cultural properties are not stipulated for each type of heritage, but are stipulated as a single comprehensive standard. Registration criteria should be separately prepared so that the landscape value of the heritage can be reviewed. First, the registration criteria have an important value in understanding the development of landscape culture. Second, well-preserved landscaping reflects or characterizes the times. Lastly, it should be defined as related to the works of major artists or important figures or historical events. The classification system must match the studied building cultural property classification system, and the detailed types of modern and contemporary landscape heritage should be specified. The major classification follows the building cultural property classification system, but parks and green spaces, squares, and gardens, which can be called a single landscape heritage, should be added to the middle classification. Landscaping heritage, such as gardens combined with building heritage, shall be specified in the subcategory based on building use.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.33-41
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• 2021

This study identified the scale that traditional landscape design has taken up by analyzing a total of 1037 services for design of cultural heritage that had been ordered by the government agencies from 2018 to 2020, and has drawn characteristics of traditional landscape design focusing on major cases. The results are as follows. First, the number of order cases for traditional landscape design has shown differences annually in the services of design of cultural heritage, but the design amount has been found to have the similar average annually, which confirmed that the same level has been maintained each year. It was found that the number of cases of traditional landscape design requiring responsibilities or participations of landscape engineers for 3 years in the entire design had a high proportion of approximately 26%. Second, the traditional landscape design has required professional knowledge and experiences of landscape engineers that could not be replaced by the business operator for design of cultural heritage consisting of architects. The expertise has been shown differently depending on types of construction. First, the topographical design for the work to build a foundation has required understanding of ground shapes and its elevations and professional knowledge on calculation of the amount of the earth work and the remains maintenance technique etc. The plantation design has required basic knowledge on growth characteristics of trees and the environment for growth and understanding of the vegetation landscape of the past. Meanwhile, the design for traditional pavement and traditional landscape structures and facilities has required the expertise on traditional materials that are different from the modern ones and their processing and construction methods. The understanding of changes to water paths and ecosystem, the principles of fluids, and characteristics of each type of fluid was essential for the design for the ecological landscape work including the maintenance of a water system such as rivers etc. As such, the traditional landscape design has a scale accounting for approximately one fourth of the entire cultural heritage design and requires the expertise differentiated from other fields. This improves the provisions of the current law on limiting the actual design, suggesting the need for the establishment of a traditional landscape design company so that all traditional landscape designs can be carried out by landscape engineers.