• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.18 no.1
• /
• pp.92-102
• /
• 2004

In this study, landscape changes were examined by periods through the analysis of visual quantity on the landscape components of national road including the mountains, the sky, road pavements, street trees, paddy fields and dry fields, billboard, telegraph pole, building, structure, slope, guard fence, soundproof wall, and median strip etc. For this, subject national road in suburb arreas was selected to grasp its landscape characteristics, and divisional criteria of landscape type of the national road were suggested to look into the trend of landscape changes by periods. Findings of this study are as follows：1.Divisional criteria of landscape type of the national road include location and geometry, structure, land use, perspective, and surrounding buildings of the national road. 2.The highest visual quantity was found in road pavements by periods among landscape components of the national road. It was found that this result has a thread of connection with previous study emphasizing the importance of road geometry as one of landscape components, and road geometry shall be regarded as a visually significant component in analyzing and evaluating landscape of the national road. 3.Most distinguished factors of landscape changes of the national road by periods were median strip(F＝33.296) and street tree(F＝32.881), and then the sky(F＝24.735) and mountain(F＝23.477) showed similar level of statistically significant difference. However, statistically significance difference was not found in buildings and structures. 4.It was shown that natural elements decreased gradually but structural landscape made of artificial elements became the main in construction of the national road. This result implies that although the scenic and ecological soundness is recognized in construction of the national road, it is not out of the limitation of functionalities that is, access and mobility.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
• /
• v.15 no.4
• /
• pp.345-354
• /
• 2009

The review of statements and coastal development characteristics in South Korea were diagnosed by the consultation on the coastal area utilization in Korea. The occupation and the use of public water were dominated by installation of coastal structure and seawater supply and drainage whereas the reclamation areas were predominantly utilized for developing industrial complex, harbor, fishing port and road. The occupation and the use were dominant in western coast, but reclamation was dominant in southern coast of Korea. The number of utilization cases was particularly greater in Jeonnam, Gyeongnam, and Gyeonggi Province including Incheon. The number of the statements reviews increased by more than 200 cases in 2008 compared with 2007, and most of them were the simple statements. The statements related to ocean disposal of dredged sediment, reclamation, dredging sediment, seawater supply and drainage, and marine sand mining were submitted for review. Coastal utilization was especially active in the regions of seawater quality criteria I and II. In particular, special management sea areas designated under the relevant marine regulations were utilized mostly by reclamation for developing harbor, fishing port and coastal structure. Development activities in national parks comprised primarily structure installation and coastal maintenance. In the fisheries resources protection areas, 40% of the total cases accounted for coastal maintenance, 31% for structure installation, and 16% for seawater supply and drainage. In addition, alternative plans for the improvement in policies and system of marine environmental impact assessment were suggested to enhance the function and confidence of the consultation on the coastal area utilization in Korea.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
• /
• 2015.05a
• /
• pp.217-217
• /
• 2015

The objective of this study was mainly to evaluate the water resources potential of Lake Tana Basin (LTB) by using Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). From SWAT simulation of LTB, about 5236 km2 area of LTB is gauged watershed and the remaining 9878 km2 area is ungauged watershed. For calibration of model parameters, four gauged stations were considered namely: Gilgel Abay, Gummera, Rib, and Megech. The SWAT-CUP built-in techniques, particle swarm optimization (PSO) and generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation (GLUE) method was used for calibration of model parameters and PSO method were selected for the study based on its performance results in four gauging stations. However the level of sensitivity of flow parameters differ from catchment to catchment, the curve number (CN2) has been found the most sensitive parameters in all gauged catchments. To facilitate the transfer of data from gauged catchments to ungauged catchments, clustering of hydrologic response units (HRUs) were done based on physical similarity measured between gauged and ungauged catchment attributes. From SWAT land use/ soil use/slope reclassification of LTB, a total of 142 HRUs were identified and these HRUs are clustered in to 39 similar hydrologic groups. In order to transfer the optimized model parameters from gauged to ungauged catchments based on these clustered hydrologic groups, this study evaluates three parameter transfer schemes: parameters transfer based on homogeneous regions (PT-I), parameter transfer based on global averaging (PT-II), and parameter transfer by considering Gilgel Abay catchment as a representative catchment (PT-III) since its model performance values are better than the other three gauged catchments. The performance of these parameter transfer approach was evaluated based on values of Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) and coefficient of determination (R2). The computed NSE values was found to be 0.71, 0.58, and 0.31 for PT-I, PT-II and PT-III respectively and the computed R2 values was found to be 0.93, 0.82, and 0.95 for PT-I, PT-II, and PT-III respectively. Based on the performance evaluation criteria, PT-I were selected for modelling ungauged catchments by transferring optimized model parameters from gauged catchment. From the model result, yearly average stream flow for all homogeneous regions was found 29.54 m3/s, 112.92 m3/s, and 130.10 m3/s for time period (1989 - 2005) for region-I, region-II, and region-III respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.33 no.2
• /
• pp.67-77
• /
• 2015

The purpose of this paper is to draw historic valuable resources to conserve through the analysis about the preservation status of historic urban environment in Suwon Hwaseong Fortress. As for the conservation of urban environment, it is important to protect the resources showing historical continuity and to manage the resources remaining characteristics of place, the analysis of the preservation status is focused on the perspective of preservation of physical form and land use. This paper makes progress through three phases. First, in order to understand urban environment in Hwaseong Fortress overall, it compares land registration original map in 1911 to current map in 2014 by the four items of topography, water environment, streets and sites. Next, changes of four items in urban environment have been reviewed further by the research of maps, relative literatures, field survey and interview, and are classified according to the criteria of preservation-partially preservation-disappearance. After analysing preservation status, valuable urban historic cultural resources are drawn separately by being preserved continually and by being preserved partially but remaining characteristics of place. As a result, natural factors of topography and waterway and urban factor of streets are remained considerably preserved. And even if these factors are changed, the ground environment features support to understand historic urban context. Second, as preservation of topography, water environment, streets and sites are closely related to each other, integrated conservation frameworks are needed to enhance urban historic landscape. Third, modern historic resources in Hwaseong are remained unchanged and thus it is necessary to understand urban historic environment by the layers of various times besides Joseon Dynasty period. Fourth, historic sites and streets which had been preserved through urban development process are destroyed by recent historic cultural restoration policies, therefore urban historic resources worthy of conservation should be treated prudently.

• Land and Housing Review
• /
• v.9 no.3
• /
• pp.1-8
• /
• 2018

In Europe and the United States, the use of limit states design has almost been established for pile foundation design. According to the global trend, the Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs has established the basic design criteria of the bridge under the limit state design method. However, it is difficult to reflect on the design right now because of lack of research on resistance coefficient of the pile method and ground condition. In this study, to obtain the resistance coefficient of PHC bored pile which is widely used in Korea, the bearing capacity calculated by the LH design standard and the bridge design standard method, the static load test(21 times) and the dynamic load test(EOID 21 times, Restrike 21) The reliability analysis was performed on the results. The analysis of the resistance coefficient of PHC bored pile by loading test was analyzed by adding more than two times data. As a result, the resistance coefficient obtained from the static load test(ultimate bearing capacity) was 0.64 ~ 0.83 according to the design formula and the target reliability index, and the resistance coefficient obtained from the dynamic load test(ultimate bearing capacity) was 0.42~0.55. Respectively. The resistance coefficient obtained from the modified bearing capacity of dynamic load test(EOID's ultimate end bearing capacity + restrike's ultimate skin bearing capacity) was 0.55~0.71, which was reduced to about 14% when compared with the resistance coefficient obtained by the static load test(ultimate bearing capacity). As a result of the addition of the data, the resistivity coefficient was not changed significantly, even if the data were increased more than 2 times by the same value or 0.04 as the previous resistance coefficient. In conclusion, the overall resistance coefficient calculated by the static load test and dynamic load tests in this study is larger than the resistance coefficient of 0.3 suggested by the bridge design standard(2015).

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.47 no.6
• /
• pp.12-23
• /
• 2019

The purpose of this study was to develop and study an experiential natural education program that could emphasize the importance of the natural environment by providing natural experience opportunities using the natural resources of the urban forest parks using Youngheung Park in Suwon, Gyeonggi Province as a target site. The research target was limited to Suwon Yeongheung Park, which had the potential to become a place for education, where urban forest conservation and sustainable use already coexist. The natural education resources derived by surveying and analyzing the basic environment and the ecology of plants and animals in Suwon Yeongheung Park were organized to establish program goals, directions, and themes. Suwon Yeongheung Park is a water-rich forest that forms an ecological system of wetlands, including rice paddies, muknon wetlands, and dungbun, near a valley area. The U-shaped walkway was smoothly formed along the ridge and includes Doran-gil, which is among the Palochrome Road, designated by the city of Suwon. The soil is acidic, with a pH 4.40, due to urban pollution and acid rain, and is not good for plant growth. Most of the artificial forests, natural forests, and arable land were found using land use and extant life surveys. Old trees were distributed in artificial forests, the oak clusters in natural forests, and the fields and darrinones were distributed in the arable areas. As the forest vegetation declined, the cedar forest was underway, and the cedar trees and red bean pear trees were cultivated due to their adaptability to the urban environment. There are 13 large of 180 sacks, one being 109 centimeters in diameter, the largest silvery tree, and 105 oak trees, provide food and shelter for animals. Six species of waterfowl that used the 22 kinds of forest wetlands, while four species of amphibians and two species of reptiles reside in the wetlands. Natural Monument No. 327, Mauryuk, Class II Endangered Wildlife, was also observed in the wetlands. Eight other species of surface dragonflies and three species of butterflies were observed. By systemizing the resources, members, and characteristics of the forest ecosystems in Suwon Yeongheung Park based on five criteria, the program for a hands-on natural education was presented with the aim of understanding the urban forest ecosystem in Suwon Yeongheung Park, having an affinity with the city, and recognizing its relationship with the community and society. However, further research is needed as there are limitations of research on programs characterized by different ages and classes.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.47 no.4
• /
• pp.12-23
• /
• 2019

This study was carried out to investigate and analyze the environmental characteristics of restoration areas in the riparian zones of the Han River, and to quantify the amount of topsoil organic carbon storage. As a result of investigation and analysis of 21 survey sites, the total number of species planted was found to be 17, and the mean number of species was $2.86{\pm}0.13$ species per site. At least one species and a maximum of 7 species were planted at each site. The mean diameter at breast height was $9.1{\pm}0.6cm$, the mean height was $6.2{\pm}0.3m$ and the root content in soil was $0.13{\pm}0.18g/cm^2$. As a result of the analysis of the soil characteristics, 6 out of 21 items, such as the bulk density, solid ratio, gravel ratio, soil hardness, sand content, and pH increased as the soil layer deepened. The topsoil organic carbon storage by layer was $11.54{\pm}1.08ton/ha$ at 0-10cm, $8.69{\pm}0.81ton/ha$ at 10-20cm, $7.97{\pm}0.79ton/ha$ at 20-30cm, and the total from 0 to 30cm was $28.21{\pm}7.31ton/ha$. The highest amount of topsoil organic carbon storage by land use in the past was $35.17{\pm}5.31ton/ha$ in agricultural lands, followed by $28.16{\pm}8.31ton/ha$ in residential areas, $21.87{\pm}9.05ton/ha$ in commercial areas, $19.23{\pm}12.48ton/ha$ in industrial areas, and $17.07{\pm}11.33ton/ha$ in the barren areas. The highest amount of topsoil organic carbon storage in the restored areas was $38.46{\pm}3.14ton/ha$ in 2006, followed by $28.57{\pm}7.84ton/ha$ in 2016, and $16.78{\pm}6.06ton/ha$ in 2011. The results of this study are expected to provide a basic database and evaluation criteria for enhancing the carbon abatement effects of the restoration sites in riparian zones in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.40 no.3
• /
• pp.1-11
• /
• 2012

This study focused on establishing a natural rainwater circulation system using rainwater meant for relatively large urban development projects such as a new town development. In particular, when the location selection techniques for individual elements of a natural rainwater circulation system are developed for the integrated rainwater management, changes in hydrological environment will be minimized and the natural water circulation would be restored to realize the low impact development (LID). In that case, not only the excess will be reduced but water space and green areas in a city would also increase to improve the urban sustainability. First of all, there were five elements selected for the location selection of a rainwater circulation system intended for the integrated rainwater management: rainwater collection, infiltration, filtration, retention and movement spaces. After generating these items, the location selection items and criteria were defined for each of the five elements. For a technique to apply the generated evaluation items and criteria, a grid cell analysis was conducted based m the suitability index theory, and thematic maps were overlapped through suitability assessment of each element and graded based on the suitability index. The priority areas were identified for each element. The developed technique was applied to a site where Gim-cheon Innovation City development is planned to review its feasibility and limitations. The combined score of the overlapped map for each element was separated into five levels: very low, low, moderate, high and very high. Finally, it was concluded that creating a rainwater circulation system conceptual map m the current land use plan based on the outcome of the application would be useful in building a water circulation system at the de1ailed space planning stage after environmental and ecological planning. Furthermore, we use the results of this study as a means for environment-friendly urban planning for sustainable urban development.

• Spatial Information Research
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.13-24
• /
• 2012

To prevent the damage to human health by climate change, vulnerability assessment should be conducted for establishment of adaptation strategies. In this study, vulnerability assessment was conducted to provide information about vulnerable area for making adaptation policy. vulnerability assessment for human health was divided into three categories; extreme heat, ozone, and epidemic disease. To assess vulnerability, suitable indicators were selected by three criteria; sensitivity, adaptive capacity, and exposure, spatial data of indicators were prepared and processed using GIS technique. As a result, high vulnerability to extreme heat was shown in the low land regions of southern part. And vulnerability to harmful ozone was high in the surrounding area of Dae-gu basin and metropolitan area with a number of automobiles. Vulnerability of malaria and tsutsugamushi disease have a region-specific property. They were high in the vicinity of the Dimilitarized zone and south-western plain, respectively. In general, vulnerability of human health was increased in the future time. Vulnerable area was extended from south to central regions and from plain to low mountainous regions. For assessing vulnerability with high accuracy, it is necessary to prepare more related indicators and consider weight of indicators and use climate prediction data based on the newly released scenario when assessing vulnerability.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.44 no.1
• /
• pp.119-128
• /
• 2016

Urban park planning has become difficult due to the lack of municipal funds. Thereupon, a special scheme was imposed for city park planning. Since then, a legal amendment was made for economical improvement and more active participation. However, there are a lot of questions about whether it was a suitable direction for parks and where it should be emphasized for public interest. Base on these concerns, this study examined the basis and characteristics of location, creation, and maintenance of private development parks in Japan, which was the policy model of Korean private parks. Location and space planning of private development parks was made up considering an effective green network and disaster prevention function, and a minimum area was about 1.42ha. The minimum area, 1ha, was established on the basis of considering realistic possibilities, disaster protection, and universal validity. It was also amended to consider the standard of type two mid- to high-rise exclusive residential areas and consultation with regional governance. Finally, it was built on the lowest limit of ordinance of the relevant city; for example, 100% of the floor area ratio, 30% of the building coverage ratio, and the maximum height of 11 stories, etc. For maintenance, private and public sectors were working together. Maintenance fees for 35 years (based on $300yen/m^2$ per month) were paid en bloc by the licensee. However, the city was paid for facilities that accompanied excessive maintenance costs. Meanwhile, it seemed difficult to introduce attractive profit facilities because of the limitations in location, usage permission, and introduction equipment; furthermore, there were problems with management authority, and the burden of expenses was deducted. For creating private Korean parks, this study suggested that we should build priority of creating city parks and select appropriate locations first; also, we need to make criteria for location, creation, and standard management rules that are relevant to the whole nation of Korea.