• 대한한의학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.146-156
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• 1999

The present study was performed to investigate the effect of Yangkyuksanhoa-tang on the morphological changes of the basilar artery after experimentally induced subarachnoid hemonrrhages(SAH). Yangkyuksanhoa-tang has been used freguently for cerebrovascular accident Sprague Dawley rats weighing between 350-400 g were used. The 6 normal rats and 24 SAH elicited rats were used, The SAH induced by injection of the fresh autologus heart blood (0.3-0.4 ml) into the cisterna magna through the posterior atlanta-occipital membrane, Sample group was given 3.3 ml/kg/day of Yangkyuksanhoa-tang extracts for 2 days after SAH. The experimental animals were killed at 48hrs after SAH. The morphological changes of the arterial walls were examined by light and electron microscopy. Following are the obtained results: 1. In SAH elicited rats, the size of the lumen in basilar artery was diminished by about 45% and the thickness of arterial wall was increased by about 82%. In SAH elicited rats with Yangkyuksanhoa-tang treatment, the size of the lumen in basilar artery was merely diminished by about 18% and the thickness of arterial wall was merely increased by about 19%. 2. In light microscopic examination, the endothelium was swollen into a cuboid shape and the layer of smooth muscle was increased in the basilar artery of SAH elicited rats. In SAH elicited rats with Yangkyuksanhoa-tang treatment, the size of the lumen in basilar artery was enlarged and the thickness was decreased than in SAH elicited rats. The endothelium was flattened into a squamous shape and the layer of smooth muscle was decreased more than in SAH elicited rats. 3. In electron microscopic examination, the endothelial cells with fragmentation nuclei were changed into a cuboid shape and the internal elastic lamina were folded at the basilar artery of SAH elicited rat. The nuclei of smooth muscle cells were changed into a round or crumpled shape. The length of smooth muscle was shorten and thickness was increased. But all kinds of morphologic changes were diminished in SAH elicited rats with Yangkyuksanhoa-tang treatment. Conclusion : Yangkyuksanhoa-tang extracts were effective to treat cerebral vasospasm after experimentally induced subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats.

• 한국어병학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.79-85
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• 1991

1. 병사어(病死魚)는 체색흑화(體色黑化), 복부팽만(腹部膨滿) 및 안구돌출(眼球突出) 증상(症狀)을 나타내며 항문(肛門)에 불투명(不透明)한 점액편(粘液便)을 달고 있었다. 2. 내부증상(內部症狀)은 아가미와 간(肝)이 퇴색(褪色)하여 빈혈증상(貧血症狀)을 나타내었고, 위(胃)에는 우유상(牛乳狀) 물질(物質)이 함유(含有)되어 있었다. 3. 병리조직학적(病理組織學的)으로는 골격근내(骨格筋內) 출혈(出血)과 괴사소(壞死巢)가 형성(形成)되어 있었고, 신장(腎臟) 및 비장(脾臟)의 조혈조직(造血組織)은 심하게 괴사(壞死)되었으며, 신장(腎臟)의 괴사(壞死) 부위(部位) 내(內)에는 괴사잔사(壞死殘渣)가 산재(散在)해 있었다. 4. 췌장(膵臟)의 외분필부(外分泌部) 선세포(腺細胞)도 과립상(顆粒狀)으로 붕괴(崩壞), 괴사(壞死)되었고, 세포외(細胞外) 및 세포질내(細胞質內)에 봉입체(封入體)가 형성(形成)되어 있었다. 5. 간세포(肝細胞)는 세포단위(細胞單位)의 괴사(壞死)가 일어났고, 소화관(消化管)의 점막고유층(粘膜固有層), 과립층(顆粒層), 근층(筋層) 및 점막(粘膜) 하조직(下組織)에도 괴사(壞死)가 일어났다. 6. 따라서 1990년(年) 2(월)月 강원도(江原道) 일원 송어양식장(養殖場)에서 사육중(飼育中)이던 산천어(山川魚) 치어(稚魚)가 대량(大量) 폐사(斃死)한 것은 전염성(傳染性) 조혈기(造血器) 괴사증(壞死症)에 의한 것으로 생각된다.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.188-195
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• 2001

제2형 막증식성 사구체 신염은 전자현미경 검사 상 기저막 내에 리본과 같은 형태의 전자고밀도물질이 참착되어 지속적인 보체의 감소와 혈뇨, 단백뇨등을 나타내는 원발성 사구체 질환이다. 저자들은 내원 4년 전에 신장조직검사상 연쇄상구균 감염 후 급성사구체 신염을 진단 받은 후 4년 이상 지속되는 혈뇨와 보체의 감소로 재차 시행한 신장조직검사상 확진된 제 2형 막증식성 사구체신염 1례를 경험하였기에 국내외 문헌 고찰과 함께 보고하는 바이다.

• 한국해양학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 1987

신양리층은 제주도 성산반도 주변에 발달된 층으로 주로 화산쇄설물, 현무암 역, 패각편으로 이루어져 있으며, 퇴적구조, 주직 및 퇴적물의 성분을 중심으로 암상 을 분류한 결과위로 가면서 평행층리 사암상(I), 역암상(II), 사층리 사암상(III)으 로 구분되었다. (암상 I)은 조립질 박층과 세립질 박층이 규칙적으로 반복 교호하 는 쇄기모양 및 평행층리를 보여주며 이는 foreshore 퇴적환경의 특징적인 퇴적구조 이다. 본 암상의 입자들을 다른 두 암상에 비해 양호한 원마도와 분급도를 보이며 부분적으로 역분급층리를 보인다. (암상 II)는 clast-supported하고 매우 불량한 분 급도의 현무암 역으로 이루어져 있으며 신앙리해변을 따라 연속되어 노출되어 있 다. 역 사이의 공간을 주로 화산쇄설물과 원마도가 양호한 소량의 패각쇄설물로 채 워져 있다. 현무암 역의 크기 감소뿐만 아니라 최대 층후도 남쪽(신양리)으로 가면 서 줄어든다. 이 암상 하부에 는 직 하부의 (암상 I)로부터 기원한 커다란 판상의 역이층리면에 평행하게 누워 있으며 역의 크기는 다양하고 불규칙하며 어떤 지역적 인 방향성을 보이지 않는다. 이는 원지(in-situ) 침식잔류 역으로 판단된다. 따라서 현무암역은 해수면의 상대적인 상승으로 인한 해빈잔류역으로 이역들을 부분적으로 연안류와 파랑에너지의 영향을 받았을 것으로 판단된다. (암상 II)의 상부에 발달한 남쪽으로 경사하는 사층리는 연안류의 존재와 방향을 알려준다. (암상 III)은 세립내 지 중립사 크기의 주로 화산쇄설물로 이루어진 암상으로 상부 내해안(upper shoref ace)의 특징인 육지와 바다쪽으로 경사하는 bidirectional trough cross-stratification 과 파랑물결구조가 나타난다. 전반적으로 신양리층은 foreshore에서 상부내해안에 이르는 환경에서 퇴적되었으며 (암상 I)과 (암상 II)사이에는 소규모의 부정합이 존재한다.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.89-95
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• 2009

p63은 다양한 상피 조직의 줄기세포와 전구세포에 존재한다는 사실이 잘 알려져 있으나, 치아 형성, 특히 사기질과 뿌리 형성시기에서의 p63 위치느 ㄴ아직 연구해야 할 과제로 남아 있다. 본 연구에서는 p63이 치아 발생 동안 치아상피에 편재하여 나타나는 것을 면역조직화학 기법을 이용하여 확인하였다. p63은 피부, 모낭, 구강점막 그리고 턱밑샘 도관을 포함하는 상피의 바닥층과 바닥위층에 위치하였다. 그러나 치아 부위에서는 치아관의 모든 세포, 사기질기관, 헤르트비히 뿌리상피집 그리고 말라세쯔 상피잔사에 p63이 관찰되었다. 이 결과는 치아 발생 중 p63이 줄기세포 유지 외에도 다른 기능을 한다는 사실을 보여준다.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.73-80
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• 2000

플라스틱 제품의 가소제 성분으로 쓰여지며, 내분비 교란물질로 알려져 있는 di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP)가 흰쥐 부속생식선의 발달에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위하여, 미성숙한 상태의 웅성 흰쥐에 DEHP(1g/kg/day, 2g/kg/day, 3g/kg/day)를 15일간 구강으로 삽관 투여한 후, 저정낭 상피세포들을 중심으로 광학 및 전자 현미경적 관찰을 실시하였다. DEHP 투여에 의한 광학현미경적 변화로서는 분비선의 크기와 상피층의 두께가 감소하고, 강소 주변부위에서 교원섬유를 비롯한 결합조직 성분들이 증가하는 경향을 나타냈다. 저정낭 분비세포들의 미세구조를 보면, 원주형의 대조군 세포들내 전자밀도가 높은 분비과립들은 소포내 가장자리에 치우쳐 있었고, 세포질내에서 조면소포체와 골지복합체가 잘 발달하였으며, 다수의 미세융모들이 존재하고 있었다. DEHP 1g을 처리한 실험군에서 분비세포들의 미세구조상의 뚜렷한 변화는 관찰되지 않았으나, 미세융모와 분비소포의 분포가 다소 감소한 것으로 나타났다. 2g을 처리한 실험군에서는 분비세포의 세포질이 감소하여 세포의 형태가 원주형에서 입방형으로 변화되었으며, 핵막이 불규칙한 모습을 보였고, 조면소포체의 발달이 미흡하였으며, 분비소포의 수도 크게 감소하였다. 3g을 처리한 실험군에서는 세포소기관들의 미세구조가 뚜렷한 변화를 나타냈다. 핵내 이질염색질이 크게 증가하였고, 세포질내에서 분비소포를 거의 관찰할 수 없었으며, 2차 리소솜이나 공포들도 관찰할 수 있었다. 이상과 같이, DEHP는 저정낭내 분비세포들의 분화 및 기능을 농도 의존적으로 억제하는 것으로 나타났으며, 이러한 저해작용은 DEHP에 의한 테스토스테론의 농도 감소와 연관이 있는 것으로 판단된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권9호
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• pp.1320-1325
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• 2005

A 2${\times}$3 factorial arrangement of treatments was used to determine the effects of olaquindox and cyadox on immune response of Landrace${\times}$Large-White geld piglets that had been orally given 10$^{10}$ CFU of Escherichia coli (E. coli, O$_{139}$:K$_{88}$). Factors included (1) E. coli inoculation or control, and (2) no antimicrobials, 100 mg/kg olaquindox and 100 mg/kg cyadox in the basal diet respectively. E. coli inoculums were orally administered 7 days after the diets were supplemented with olaquindox and cyadox. The effects of the two antimicrobials were assessed in terms of: (1) average daily gain (ADG), (2) systemic immune response (the number of white blood cells and lymphocytes, leukocyte bactericidal capacity, lymphocyte proliferation response to PHA, immunoglobulin concentrations, and total serous hemolytic complement activity), and (3) intestinal mucosal immunity including the number of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) and immunoglobulin A secreting cells (ASCs) in the intestinal lamina propria. E. coli inoculation reduced ADG (p<0.05) during the period of d 0 to d 14 after the challenge while the antimicrobial supplementations improved ADG (p<0.01) during the experiment. ADG in cyadox-supplemented pigs was higher (p<0.05) than that in olaquindox-supplemented pigs. The antimicrobials decreased IEL and ASC counts in the jejunum and ileum (p<0.01) while E. coli inoculation caused them to increase (p<0.01). Jejunal ASCs in the cyadox-supplemented pigs were lower (p<0.05) than those in the olaquindox-supplemented. E. coli elicited increase (p<0.05) in white blood cell counts, leukocyte bactericidal capacity, lymphocyte proliferation rate, serous IgA concentrations, and serous hemolytic complement activity. The antimicrobials decreased the measured systemic immune parameters, but not significantly (p>0.05). The data suggest that olaquindox and cyadox suppress E. coli-induced immune activation, especially intestinal mucosal immune activation, which may be involved in the observed growth promotion.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제63권2호
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• pp.237-247
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• 2020

Objective : Fixation of the C1-2 segment is challenging because of the complex anatomy in the region and the need for a high degree of accuracy to avoid complications. Preoperative 3D-computed tomography (CT) scans can help reduce the risk of complications in the vertebral artery, spinal cord, and nerve roots. However, the patient may be susceptible to injury if the patient's anatomy does not match the preoperative CT scans. The intraoperative 3D image-based navigation systems have reduced complications in instrument-assisted techniques due to greater accuracy. This study aimed to compare the radiologic outcomes of C1-2 fusion surgery between intraoperative CT image-guided operation and fluoroscopy-guided operation. Methods : We retrospectively reviewed the radiologic images of 34 patients who underwent C1-2 fusion spine surgery from January 2009 to November 2018 at our hospital. We assessed 17 cases each of degenerative cervical disease and trauma in a study population of 18 males and 16 females. The mean age was 54.8 years. A total of 139 screws were used and the surgical procedures included 68 screws in the C1 lateral mass, 58 screws in C2 pedicle, nine screws in C2 lamina and C2 pars screws, four lateral mass screws in sub-axial level. Of the 34 patients, 19 patients underwent screw insertion using intraoperative mobile CT. Other patients underwent atlantoaxial fusion with a standard fluoroscopy-guided device. Results : A total of 139 screws were correctly positioned. We analyzed the positions of 135 screws except for the four screws that performed the lateral mass screws in C3 vertebra. Minor screw penetration was observed in seven cases (5.2%), and major pedicle screw penetration was observed in three cases (2.2%). In one case, the malposition of a C2 pedicle screw was confirmed, which was subsequently corrected. There were no complications regarding vertebral artery injury or onset of new neurologic deficits. The screw malposition rate was lower (5.3%) in patients who underwent intraoperative CT-based navigation than that for fluoroscopy-guided cases (10.2%). And we confirmed that the operation time can be significantly reduced by surgery using intraoperative O-arm device. Conclusion : Spinal navigation using intraoperative cone-beam CT scans is reliable for posterior fixation in unstable C1-2 pathologies and can be reduced the operative time.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.35-43
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• 2000

Objective : Percutaneous lumbar approaches such as arthroscopic discectomy, laser discectomy, and nucleotome remain controversial and have technical limitations to free fragment disc, bony pathology and access to L5-S1, The purpose of this study was to determine efficacy of this new endoscopic system and to report techniques and tactics. Methods : From July 1997 to May 1998, we treated 40 consecutive patients(43 levels) with the MED system. Mean age was 32 years(range ; 18 to 62). There were 30 males and 10 females. All patients had sciatica with SLRT limitation. There were 23 patients with disc herniation at L4-5 and 14 patients at L5-S1. Three patients had 2 level disc herniations. There was one far lateral disc herniation at L4-5. Results : Using modified MacNab criteria, there were 37 excellent results and 3 good result. Most patients were discharged within 3-4 days except 2 patients with dural tearing. There were no other complications. Mean operation time was 1.5 hours(range : 40 minutes to 2.5 hours). Conclusion : The MED system is a reliable approach to lumbar disc herniations. This system combines the advantages of conventional open surgery and a minimally invasive technique. As tactics for the doctors who wish to attempt, "palpate" the lamina by first dilator, identification of interlaminar space by removal of overlying soft tissue and confirmation of the shoulder portion of nerve root before discectomy are important to this procedure. We conclude that lumbar disc herniations can be successfully treated with MED approach.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.43-60
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• 1998

This study examined the histomorphomeric and histological changes of the left and right kidney in uninephrectomized rat. The results were as follows: 1. In the control, the right kidney was more prominent than the left in the basement membrane of glomerular capillaries. The podocyte had well developed Golgi apparatus in the left kidney and rough endoplasmic reticulum in the right kidney. 2. At the 30 days after unilateral nephrectomy, the basal lamina of glomerular capillaries was prominently thickened in the right kidney. The cytoplasm of the podocyte of the left kidney was markedly increased and had free ribosomes, developed Golgi apparatus and rough endoplasmic reticulum. 3. At the 30 days, the section of the glomeruli were more enlarged in the left kidney than in the right. 4. At the 20 day, the nuclear section of the podocytes were markedly enlarged in the right kidney, but those of the left kidney were diminished. The mitochondrial section of the podocytes were prominently increased in the right kidney. 5. The nuclear section of the parietal layer lining cells was no significant change in the right kidney. That of the left kidney was increased at the 20 days and decreased at the 40 days. The nuclear section of glomerular endothelium of the left kidney increased earlier than the right. 6. In the morphometry of the control kidney, the section areas, long and short diameters, the nuclear section, the mitochondrial section of the proximal tubule cells, and the changes of those were more large in the right kidney than in the left. 7. The luminal secretory vesicles and peroxisomes of the left kidney were more than the right at the 20 days. The increase of mitochodrial section in the proximal tubule cells of the left kidney was more prominent than the right. The large cytoplasmic vacuoles were more prominent in the left kidney than in the right. 8. The thickness of cytoplasm and brush border was more thick in the control left kidney than in the control right. The change of cytoplasmic thickness of the left kidney was increased earlier than in the right and both kineys were increased in the thickness of brush border at the 30 days.