• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제62권3호
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• pp.356-364
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• 2020

The reproductive performance of lactating sows was investigated by using different feeding methods including conventional feeding (CF, 3 times/d) or free feeding (FF), and different dietary energy level including low energy (LE: 3,300) or high energy (HE: 3,400 kcal/kg) during the hot season. A total of twenty-eight crossbred (Yorkshire × Landrace) sows were distributed into four treatments as a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Sows in the FF group showed lower body weight and backfat loss (p < 0.05) compared with the CF group. Backfat loss during lactation was lower (p < 0.05) in sows fed HE diet than in that fed LE diet. There were no significant differences in litter survival rate and weaning to estrus interval, but the litter weight at weaning was improved (p < 0.05) in FF and HE sows. Hence, it is concluded that using the free-feeding system or increased dietary energy density leads to improved sow performance during hot ambient temperature.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제37권5호
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• pp.883-895
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• 2024

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of a fatty acid-balanced oil, instead of soybean oil, on reproductive performance, nutrient digestibility, blood indexes, milk composition in lactating sows, and fecal microbial composition in piglets. Methods: Twenty-four sows (Landrace×Yorkshire, mean parity 4.96) were randomly allotted to two treatments with twelve pens per treatment and one sow per pen based on their backfat thickness and parity. The experiment began on day 107 of gestation and continued until weaning on day 21 of lactation, lasting for 28 days. The control group (CG) was fed a basal diet supplemented with 2% soybean oil and the experimental group (EG) was fed the basal diet supplemented with 2% fatty acid-balanced oil. Results: The fatty acid-balanced oil supplementation increased (p<0.05) the apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, and gross energy in sows. The lower (p<0.05) serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and albumin levels of sows were observed in the EG on day 21 of lactation. Dietary supplementation with the fatty acid-balanced oil decreased the fat content, increased the immunoglobulin G level, and changed (p<0.05) some fatty acid content in milk. Moreover, the fatty acid-balanced oil supplementation changed (p<0.05) the fecal microbial composition of piglets, where the average relative abundance of Spirochaetota was decreased (p<0.05) by 0.55% at the phylum level, and the average relative abundance of some potentially pathogenic fecal microorganism was decreased (p<0.05) at the species level. Conclusion: The fatty acid-balanced oil improved nutrient digestibility, changed the serum biochemical indices and milk composition of sows, and ameliorated the fecal microbial composition of piglets.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제52권4호
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• pp.271-280
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• 2010

본 연구는 제한급여하는 포유모돈사료에 Aspergillus niger 유래 복합효소를 수준별로 첨가하였을 때, 무제한급여 무첨가구와 비교하여 포유모돈의 생산성, 유생산 및 혈액성상에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 처리군은 무제한급여 대조군, 제한급여군내 0%, 0.02%, 0.04%, 0.08% 복합효소첨가구의 5처리구이었고, 처리구당 10두씩 총 50두의 모돈(Berkshire)을 공시하였다. 포유기간 동안 모돈당 포유자돈수는 9두로 표준화하였다. 모돈의 혈액성상을 조사하기 위하여 포유 27일차 오전사료급여 전에 전 모돈의 혈액을 채취하였다. 복합효소 첨가수준이 증가함에 따라 복당이유체중, 자돈이유체 중 및 복당증체중은 유의하게 증가하였고(P<0.05), 무제한급여 대조군과 제한급여내 첨가군 간에는 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 복합효소 첨가수준이 증가함에 따라 이유시 체평점 및 등지방두께가 유의하게 증가하였고(P<0.05), 포유 중 등지방두께가 전반적으로 복합효소 첨가수준이 증가함에 따라 적게 감소하는 경향이었다(P>0.05). 혈중 무기인의 농도는 복합효소수준이 증가함에 따라 유의하게 증가하였고(P<0.05), 혈중 유리지방산농도는 복합효소의 수준이 증가함에 따라 유의하게 증가하였다(P<0.05). 유생산량은 처리군 간에 유의한 차이가 없었고, 유지방생산량은 복합효소첨가 수준이 증가함에 따라 유의하게 증가하였다(P<0.05). 분배설량은 무제한급여군이 제한급여군보다 유의하게 높았지만(P<0.01), 제한 급여군내 복합효소수준이 증가함에 따라서는 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 분중 인배설량은 복합효소수준이 증가함에 따라 분내인배설량이 유의하게 감소하였다(P<0.05). 복당자돈증체대비 모돈 사료비는 복합효소수준이 증가함에 따라 무제한급여 대조군에 비하여 1.25% 내지 9.67% 절감되었다. 이상의 결과로부터 제한급여하는 포유모돈사료에 복합효소의 첨가는 포유기동안 복당 자돈생산성을 증가시켰을 뿐만 아니라 무제한 급여수준에 준하는 생산성적을 나타내어 사료비 절감효과가 나타났다. 또한 복합효소의 수준별 첨가에 따른 분중 인배설량 감소는 환경오염감소에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.533-537
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• 2004

The experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that supplementing diets of lactating first parity sows with a mixture of carbohydrases (CS) improves lactation performance and second parity reproductive performance. The CS used in this study contained 7 units/g of $\alpha$-1,6-galactosidase, 22 units/g of $\beta$-1,4-mannanase, $\beta$-1,4-mannosidase and trace amounts of other enzymes. Twenty primiparous sows (Newsham Hybrid) were allotted to either the control group (no CS supplement) or the CS group (0.1% CS supplement) and fed the experimental diets during 21 d lactation period. Sows and nursing pigs were weighed at birth and weekly until weaning. Days of weaning-to-estrus were recorded. Sows had free access to feed and water. Feed intake of sows was measured daily. During the second parity gestation and lactation, all the sows were fed the same gestation and lactation diets and their reproductive performance was measured. During the second parity, there were 14 sows (7 sows per group) remained productive. For the first lactation, maternal body weight loss of the CS group was smaller (p<0.05) than that of the control group. There was no difference in litter weight gain between two groups. Voluntary feed intake of sows did not differ between the two groups. Days of weaning-to-estrus of the CS group were smaller (p<0.05) than those of the control group. In the second parity, there was no difference in the reproductive performance between the two groups. In conclusion, supplementing CS in the diet of lactating sows during the first parity decreased body weight loss and days of weaning-to-estrus of sows. However, these effects of the CS supplementation in the first parity were not successfully carried over to the second parity.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권11호
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• pp.1598-1604
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• 2017

Objective: The present study investigated the litter performance of multiparous sows fed 3% and 6% densified diets at farrowing to weaning during summer with mean maximum room temperature of $30.5^{\circ}C$. Methods: A total of 60 crossbred multiparous sows were allotted to one of three treatments based on body weight according to a completely randomized design. Three different nutrient levels based on NRC were applied as standard diet (ST; metabolizable energy, 3,300 kcal/kg), high nutrient level 1 (HE1; ST+3% higher energy and 16.59% protein) and high nutrient level 2 (HE2; ST+6% higher energy and 17.04% protein). Results: There was no variation in the body weight change. However, backfat thickness change tended to reduce in HE1 in comparison to ST treatment. Dietary treatments had no effects on feed intake, daily energy intake and weaning-to-estrus interval in lactating sows. Litter size, litter weight at weaning and average daily gain of piglets were significantly greater in sows in HE1 compared with ST, however, no difference was observed between HE2 and ST. Increasing the nutrient levels had no effects on the blood urea nitrogen, glucose, triglyceride, and creatinine at post-farrowing and weaning time. The concentration of follicle stimulating hormone, cortisol and insulin were not affected by dietary treatments either in post-farrowing or weaning time. The concentration of blood luteinizing hormone of sows in ST treatment was numerically less than sows in HE2 treatment at weaning. Milk and colostrum compositions such as protein, fat and lactose were not affected by the treatments. Conclusion: An energy level of 3,400 kcal/kg (14.23 MJ/kg) with 166 g/kg crude protein is suggested as the optimal level of dietary nutrients for heat stressed lactating sows with significant beneficial effects on litter size.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제62권1호
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• pp.14-20
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• 2020

The goal of this study was to determine an effective interval of playing a nursing sound stimulus. One hundred forty four lactating multiparous sows (Landrace; parity range: 2 to 7) and their litters (Landrace × Yorkshire) were divided into 3 block (48 each), each of which was randomly assigned to one of the four treatment groups including control which had no call stimulus (n = 12 each). The call of nursing and suckling, plus a click sound, were used as a nursing sound stimulus that was played in the intervals of 35 min (T35), 40 min (T40) and 45 min (T45) right after the first parturition in each experimental group until the day of weaning. Nursing sound stimuli did not affect the sow feed intake and back fat thickness loss. No differences were detected among treatments in the percentages of sows returning to estrus within 5 days after weaning and sows without crushed piglets. However, the piglets' weaning weight and daily weight gain in T35 and T40 groups was greater (p < 0.01) than the controlled piglets. These results suggest that a nursing sound stimulus can improve the performance of suckling piglets, and that 35 or 40 min interval of playing a nursing sound could be the effective sound stimulus for nursing sows.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제35권11호
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• pp.1725-1732
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• 2022

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of selenium benefits on the physiological responses, litter performance, blood profiles and milk composition of lactating sows and tissue concentration of their progeny when mixed form of selenium was provided in a lactation diet. Methods: A total of 45 multiparous sows (Yorkshire×Landrace) with similar body weight, backfat thickness, and parity were assigned to one of three treatments with 15 sows per treatment in a completely randomized design. Organic and inorganic selenium were mixed and added to the diet at 0.15 ppm and 0.25 ppm, respectively. A non-Se-fortified corn-soybean meal basal diet served as a negative control. Treatments were as follows: i) Control: corn-soybean meal based diet, ii) ISOS15: control+ inorganic Se 0.15 ppm+organic Se 0.15 ppm, iii) ISOS25: control+inorganic Se 0.25 ppm+organic Se 0.25 ppm. Results: Serum selenium concentrations of sows and piglets were increased by the supplemental Se mixture at 7 days of lactation compared with the control (p<0.01, respectively). The kidney and muscle selenium concentrations of piglets were increased by the supplemental Se mixture at 21 days of lactation compared with the control (p = 0.03; p = 0.04, respectively). Conclusion: Consequently, supplementation with mixed inorganic and organic selenium in a lactating diet could improve the selenium status of sows and piglets; no differences were observed among the mixing levels.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제61권5호
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• pp.294-303
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• 2019

This study was performed to evaluate the effects of dietary vitamin levels on physiological responses, blood profiles, and reproductive performance in gestating sows. A total of 52 F1 multiparous sows ($Yorkshire{\times}Landrace$) with an average body weight of $223.5{\pm}31.7kg$, an average parity of $6.4{\pm}2.7$, and an average backfat thickness of $18.5{\pm}4.9mm$ were divided into four treatment groups considering body weight, backfat thickness, and parity in a completely randomized design with 13 replicates. The treatments were 100% (V1), 300% (V3), 600% (V6) and 900% (V9) of the National Research Council (NRC) Nutrient Requirements of Swine. The gestation diet was formulated based on corn-soybean meal (SBM) and contained 3,265 kcal of metabolizable energy (ME)/kg and 12.00% crude protein. During the lactation period, all sows were fed the same commercial lactation diet. There was no significant difference in body weight of gestating sows. However backfat thickness tended to increase when higher levels of vitamins were provided to gestating sows (p < 0.10). When high levels of dietary vitamins were provided, the body weight change of lactating sows increased (p < 0.01). When sows were fed higher levels of vitamins, the feed intake of lactating sows tended to decrease (p = 0.06). There were no treatment differences in the number of total born, born alive, stillbirth piglets, or the body weight of piglets according to different dietary vitamin level. As dietary vitamin level increased, the serum concentration of $25(OH)D_3$ in sows at 90 days of gestation linearly increased (p < 0.01). Furthermore, the serum vitamin E level of gestating sows was linearly increased with increasing dietary vitamin level (p < 0.05). The current NRC vitamin requirements are sufficient for gestating sows and higher levels of vitamins in the gestation diet did not show any beneficial effects for gestating and lactating sows.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제49권4호
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• pp.451-458
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• 2007

본 연구는 포유중인 모돈에서 이유 전과 후에 성선자극호르몬 투여 및 예정시각 인공수정이 번식성적에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 포유중인 모돈은 대조구, 이유 전 2일 및 이유 후 1일에 성선자극호르몬을 주사 하였다. 성선자극호르몬을 주사한 모돈의 1/2은 발정확인 후 24 및 36시간에 인공수정 하였고, 1/2은 GnRH 주사 후 24 및 36시간에 각각 예정시각 인공수정 하였다.포유중인 모돈에서 대조구, 이유 전 및 이유 후 성선자극호르몬을 투여 하여 발정재귀를 관찰한 결과 이유 후 성선자극호르몬 투여구가 발정재귀율이 높게 조사 되였으나 유의적 차이는 없는 것으로 조사되었다. 성선자극호르몬 투여가 발정재귀 시간에 미치는 영향을 조사한 결과 이유 전 성선자극호르몬 투여구가 발정 재귀시간이 유의적으로 짧은 것으로 조사되었다(P<0.01). 포유중인 모돈에서 성선자극호르몬을 이유 전 또는 이유 후에 투여한 후 인공수정을 실시한 결과 분만율과 산자수는 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 예정시각 인공수정에 따른 산자수는 이유 전 성선자극호르몬 처리구와 이유 후 성선자극호르몬 처리구에서 예정시각 인공수정 처리구가 발정관찰인공수정에 비하여 유의적으로 적었다(P<0.01).이상의 결과를 종합해 보면 성선자극호르몬은 포유중인 모돈에서 난포를 발육시킬 수 있으며, 이유 전 성선자극호르몬의 투여는 발정재귀일의 단축 효과를 기대 할 수 있으나 포유돈에 있어 발정재귀율 개선과 향상된 번식성적과의 상관 관계 정립을 위한 추가적인 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.371-378
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• 2005

This study was conducted to evaluate effects of dietary herbal extracts mixturetMiracle" included Angelicae Gigantis Radix, Rehmanniae Radix, Cnidii Rhizoma, Glycyrrhizae Radix, Schizandrae Fructus, Plantago asiatica and Dioscoreae Radix) on the productivities of lactating sowsand growth performance and hematological characteristics of piglets. Twenty seven sows (Yorkshire ${\times}$ Landrace ${\times}$ Duroc, 1 to 3 parities) were used in a 21 day old trial. Dietary treatments included 1) CON (control; basal diet), 2) HPMO.l (basal diet + herbal plant mixture 0.1 %) and 3) HPMO.2 (basal diet + herbal plant mixture 0.2 %). Backfat thickness losses from farrowing to weaning was decreased in HPM treatmentscompared with control(linear effect, P $\leq$ 0.003). ADFI was decreased in sows fed herbal plant mixture(linear effect, P < 0.05). Also, treatments of dietary herbal plant mixture reduced day of return to estrus compared with control(linear effect, P < 0.05). Energy digestibility in HPM treatments were higher than control(linear effect, P $\leq$ 0.05). In piglets, weight gain(P > 0.05) and survivability(P> 0.05) after weaning werenot affected by treatments. No statistical differences were found(P> 0.05) forhematological characteristics in piglets. In conclusion, dietary herbal plant mixture reduces backfat thickness losses and day of return to estrus and improves energy digestibility in lactating sows.