• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.107-122
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• 1997

Radiation sensitivity data was generated for two human cancer cell lines(KB, RPMI 2650) and human primary gingival fibroblast was tested three times using a viable cell number counting with a hemocytometer, MTT(3-[4,5-Dimethylthiazol2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay, and LDH(Lactate dehydrogenase) assay. Single irradiation of 2, 4, 6, 10, 15, 20Gy were applied to the tumor cell lines and the primary cultured gingival fibroblast The two fractions of 4Gy and 10Gy were seperated with a 4 hour time interval. The irradiation was done with 241.5cGy/min dose rate using /sup 137/Cs MK cell irradiator at room temperature. The obtained results were as followed : 1. There was significantly different viable cell numbers as the amount of radiation dose on the tested cells were cell number counted with a hemocytometer. In fractions, there were more viable cells remaining. 2. Phase-contrast microscopically, radiation-induced morphologic changes were pronounced on the tumor cells, however, almost no differences on the gingival fibroblast. 3. There was significantly different absorbance at 2Gy on RPMI 2600, 4Gy on KB and GF in MTT assay. In fractions, the absorbance was significantly higher on KB. 4. The level of extracellular LDH activity in the experimental group was significantly higher in the 2-4Gy than the control group. 5. The total level of extracellular and intracellular LDH activity was decreased as increased amounts of radiation dose was applied.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.1202-1207
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• 2003

In order to clarify the neuroprotective effect of Cornu Saigae Tataricae(CST) water extract on cultured mouse spinal motor neuron damaged by hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl)- 2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay, LDH (Lactate Dehydrogenase) activity assay and SRB (Sulforhodamine B) assay were carried out after the cultured mouse spinal motor neuron were preincubated with various concentrations of CST water extract for 3 hours prior to exposure of hydrogen peroxide Cell viability of cultured mouse spinal motor neurons exposed to various concentrations of hydrogen peroxide for 6 hours was decreased in a dose-dependent manner. MTT50 values were 40 uM hydrogen peroxide. Cultured mouse spinal motor neurons in the medium containing various concentration of hydrogen peroxide for 6 hours showed increasing of LDH activity and decreasing of total protein synthesis. We know that hydrogen peroxide was toxic on cultured spinal motor neurons. Pretreatment of CST water extract for 3 hours following hydrogen peroxide prevented the hydrogen peroxide-induced neurotoxicity such as increasing of LDH activity and decreasing of total protein synthesis. These results suggest that hydrogen peroxide shows toxic effect on cultured spinal motor neurons and CST water extract is highly effective in protecting the neurotoxicity induced by hydrogen peroxide.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.362-367
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• 2011

The study was conducted to investigate functional materials as skin whitening and anti-inflammatory agent from Taraxacum officinale and Taraxacum coreanum. The total polyphenol and flavonoid content in the ethanol extract of Taraxacum officinale were found to be 64.07mg/g and 32.46mg/g, respectively. In tyrosinase inhibitory activity, the hot water extract of Taraxacum coreanum was higher than the other extracts. However, in nitric oxide (NO) scavenging ability, the ethanol extract of Taraxacum coreanum was higher than the other extracts. the ethanol extract of Taraxacum coreanum showed strong NO production inhibitory effect in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated Raw 264.7 cell. In the cell viability measurement by MTT assay and the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay against L929 cell, the extracts were exhibited fine cell viabilities and normal LDH release levels as nontoxic result in sample concentration of $250{\sim}1000{\mu}g/m{\ell}$. As a result, the ethanol extract and the hot water extract of Taraxacum coreanum could be applicable to functional materials for anti-inflammatory and skin whitening related fields, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.173-178
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• 2012

In this study, we investigated antibacterial activity and nitric oxide production inhibitory effect of the methanol extract and its fractions from Paeoniae Radix. In antibacterial activity by the disc diffusion assay against S. aureus, S. epidermidis and P. aeruginosa, the ethyl acetate fraction showed stronger antibacterial activity than other fractions and the extract. Moreover, the ethyl acetate fraction showed strong nitric oxide (NO) production inhibitory effect in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cell. However, in NO scavenging ability, the chloroform fraction was higher than the other fractions and the extract. In the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay against RAW 264.7 cell, the extract and fractions were exhibited normal LDH release level as nontoxic result without the ehtyl acetate fraction of 100 ${\mu}g/ml$. As a result, the ethyl acetate fraction and chloroform fraction of the methanol extract from Paeoniae Radix could be applicable to functional materials for antibacterial and anti-inflammatory related fields, respectively.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.996-1001
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• 2003

It is well known that oxidative stress of reactive oxygen species(ROS) may be a causative factor in the pathogenesis of bone disorder. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity of oxidative stress. Cell viability by MTS assay or INT assay, activity of glutathione peroxidase(GPx), lipid peroxidation(LPO) activity and cell viablity. And also protctive effect of glutamate receptors against ROS-induced osteotoxicity was examined by protein synthesis, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in cultured rat osteoblasts and osteoclasts. XO/HX decreased cell viability and GPx activity, protein synthesis and ALP activity, but increased LPO activity and LDH activity. In the protective effect, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists or AMPA/kainate receptor antagonists such as D-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (APV), 7-chlorokynurenic acid (CKA), 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX) and 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (DNQX), NMDA receptor antagonists but AMPA/kainate receptor antagonists showed protective effect on xanthine oxidase (XO) and hypoxanthine (HX) in these cultures by the increse of protein synthesis, ALP activity.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.220-224
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• 2003

To test the protective effect of Sophorae Radix (SR) on the damage of cardiac endothelial cells by xanthine oxidase (XO)/hypoxanthine (HX)-induced oxygen tree radical, Neutral Red (NR), lactate dyhydrogenase (LDH), and c-fos immunopositive cells assay were used in the presence of SR extract. The results of these experiments were obtained as follows ; Cardiac endothelial cells treated with XO/HX showed the cytotoxicity such as a decrease in viability, and increases in LDH activity and c-fos immunopositive cells. Cardiac endothelial cells pretreated with SR extract protected the increase of LDH activity. Alos, cardiac endothelial cells pretreated with SR extract inhibited the increase of c-fos immunopositive cells. These results show that XO/HX induces toxic effects in cultured cardiac endothelial cells derived from neonatal rat, and suggest that SR extract is very effective in the prevention of XO/HX-induced toxicity.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.19-28
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• 2005

The objectives of the current study were to develop polyclonal antibodies in sheep against adipocyte plasma membrane(APM) proteins isolated from swine, to investigate tissue specificity, and to determine cytotoxic effects of antiserum on swine adipocytes. Plasma membrane proteins from adipocyte, brain, heart, kidney, liver, and spleen were isolated using a 32% sucrose gradient. Adult male sheep was immunized three times at three week interval with the purified swine APM proteins. Antiserum was taken from immunized sheep at 10, 12, and 14 days after the third immunization. Antiserum expressed strong reactivity with APM proteins determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA), and the reactivity could be detected at dilutions in excess of 1 : 81,000. Antiserum showed very low binding affinity with proteins isolated from brain, heart, kidney, liver, or spleen. Tissue specificity of the antiserum was reconfirmed by Western immunoblotting using anti-sheep immunoglobulin G•alkalinephosphatase conjugate as a secondary antibody. The reactivity of antiserum to the external surface of fixed swine adipocytes was confmned by an immunohistochemical technique using anti-sheep immunoglobulin G-FITC. Confluent swine adipocytes in culture were lysed by antiserum treatment and cytosolie lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) was released as a dose-dependent patterns while adipocytes treated with normal sheep serum maintained their integrity and expressed low level of LDH. These results implicate that fat contents in the pigs can be reduced by immunological methods.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.57-66
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• 2010

The antioxidant and neuronal cell protective effects of water extract from purple sweet potato were investigated. The total phenolics and monomeric anthocyanin contents of purple sweet potato extract were 44.25 mg/g and 2,394 mg/L, respectively. The antioxidant activities of purple sweet potato extract were evaluated using various antioxidant tests, including 1,1-diphenyl- 2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino- bis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activities, ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) and reducing power. In these assays, the extract of purple sweet potato presented significant radical scavenging activities, FRAP, and reducing power in a dose-dependent manner. MTT {3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)- 2,5-diphenyl- tetrazoliumbromide} reduction assay showed significantly increase in cell viability when PC12 cells were pretreated with purple sweet potato extract. Because oxidative stress is also known to increase neuronal cell membrane breakdown, we further investigated by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and neutral red uptake assay. Purple sweet potato extract inhibited oxidative stress-induced membrane damage in neuronal cells. Therefore, these data results demonstrated that water extract of purple sweet potato have antioxidant activity and neuronal cell protective effect thus it has great potential as a natural source for human health.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.193-198
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• 2008

In order to evaluate on the effect of kaempferol on the cytotoxicity of oxygen tree radicals, XTT assay was performed to determine the cell viability after skin fibroblasts derived from human (Detroit 51) that were treated with various concentrations of hydrogen peroxide $(H_2O_2)$. And also, the effect of kaempferol on the cytotoxicity induced by H202 that was examined by cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity in these cultures. $H_2O_2$ decreased cell viability in dose-dependent manner in these cultures and the $XTT_{90}\;and\;XTT_{50}$ values were determined at concentration of $35{\mu}M\;and\;90{\mu}M$ of $H_2O_2$ after skin fibroblasts derived from human were treated with $15{\sim}90{\mu}M$ of $H_2O_2$ for 6 hours, respectively. $H_2O_2$ was highly toxic on cultured skin fibroblasts derived from human by toxic criteria of Brenfreund and Puerner (1984). In the protective effect of kaempferol on $H_2O_2$-induced cytotoxicity, kaempferol increased DPPH radical scavenging activity and significantly decreased LDH activity. From these results, it is suggested that oxygen tree radical, $H_2O_2$, was highly toxic on cultured skin fibroblasts derived from human, and also kaempferol of flavonoid showed the protection on $H_2O_2$-induced cytotoxicity.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.14-22
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• 2009

In vitro cytotoxicity of 23 alkyl phenols (APs) on human cervical cancer cell lines (HeLa) was determined using the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) cytotoxicity assay. Two different sets of descriptors were used to construct the calibration model based on Genetic Algorithm-Multiple Linear Regression (GA-MLR) based on the experimental data. A statistically robust Structure-Activity Relationships (QSAR) model was achieved ($R^2$=95.05%, $Q^2_{LOO}$=91.23%, F=72.02 and SE= 0.046) using three Dragon descriptors based on Me (0D-Constitutional descriptor), BELp8 (2D-Burden eigenvalue descriptor) and HATS8p (3D-GETAWAY descriptor). However, external validation could not fully prove its validity of the selected QSAR in characterization of the cytotoxicity of APs towards HeLa cells. Nevertheless, the cytotoxicity profiles showed a finding that 4-n-octylphenol (4-NOP), 4-tert-octyl-phenol (4-TOP), 4-n-nonylphenol (4-NNP) had a more potent cytotoxic effect than other APs tested, inferring that increased length and molecular bulkiness of the substituent had important influence on the LDH cytotoxicity.