• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.71-75
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to verify antecedent variables that affect emotional labor. The results are as follows. First, display rules positively affected deep acting and negatively affected surface acting. Second, customer contact time positively affected deep acting but did not affect surface acting. Third, the interaction between display rules and customer contact time did not have significant effects on surface acting but negatively affected deep acting. The implications based on these results are as follows. First, theoretically, this study extends the range of leading variables that affect emotional labor and verifies the moderation effects between these variables. Next, practically, this study suggests that presenting harmonious criteria with regards to display rules and customer contact time that fit well into the concept of food service company is a very useful tool to manage emotional labor of the employees. The limitation of this study is that the causal relationship between variables demonstrated in this study cannot be generalized due to convenience sampling and cross sectional research.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.137-151
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• 2019

Using Korean Labor and Income Panel Study data, this paper estimates nominal wage rigidity in Korea by industry from 2005 to 2017 and evaluates the level of inefficiency of Korean labor market. And, after estimating employment volatility by industry using the Labor Force Survey at Establishments data for Korea, we combine the nominal wage rigidity and the employment volatility estimates and analyze the effect of nominal wage rigidity on employment volatility in Korea from 2011 to 2017. If the level of wage rigidity is high, it may be hard for the labor market to be in the equilibrium, and therefore, the market may have inefficiency. We find that the inefficiency of the labor market in Korea have increased from 2005 to 2017 and the industry of accommodation and food service activities has the highest level of inefficiency over the period. We also find that one-percent-point increase in wage rigidity increases employment volatility by 2.3-2.9 percent and the positive effect is bigger for workers with part-time and temporary jobs. The result implies that firms may adjust their labor costs by changing the number of casual workers, rather than permanent workers, when the labor market suffers from a high level of wage rigidity.

• Korean Parent-Child Health Journal
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.56-67
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to recognize and compare the concrete factors(perception of painless delivery, Strength of labor pain, the time of labor, APGAR score, satisfaction of painless delivery) on primiparae with and without painless delivery. The subjects were 100 primipara with painless delivery and 100 without painless delivery who had delivered at K university's general hospital in Daegu city. The data that were collected from May. 20, 1998 to July. 30 analysed by the SPSS program. The results of the study were summarized as follow; 1) As a result of the perspective of the painless labor, the mean of primiparae with painless labor was higher than primiparae without painless labor. It was statistically significant(t=-2.63, p=0.0093). 2) As a result of the strength of labor pain, the mean of primiparae without painless labor was higher than primiparae with painless labor. And it was statistically significant(t=17.074, p=0.000). 3) As a result of comparison to the time of labor, In the 1st stage, Without painless labor group was higher than the other (t=256, p=0.0114). In the 2nd stage, with painless labor group was higher than the other(t=-2.13, p=0.0346). But in the 3rd stage, there was no significant differences between two groups. 4) As a result of measuring APGAR score, there was no significant differences. 5) As a result of measuring the satisfaction of painless labor in painless labor group, 'satisfied with painless labor' is 77%, but 'unsatisfied with explanation from health care giver' was 33%. On the basis of above findings, the following is suggested ; It is needed a extended study which are designed for multiparae. And also we suggested that independent nursing-intervention program has to be developed for controlling the labor pain that must lead to positive labor experiences.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Navigation
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.37-44
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• 1989

Recently recognize the labor productivity of port physical distribution system in the port and shipping areas, Much Efforts for evaluating this productivity has been made continuously. BUt still there is little study, so far, on a systematic research for the management of port labor gangs, and even those were mainly depended on a rule of thumb. Especially the object of this study is to introduce the method of optimal allocation and assignment for the labor gangs per pier unit in the multiple ships berthed at an arbitary pier or port. In case the multiple ships have a homogeneous cargoes or do not have sufficient labor gangs to be assigned. The problem of optimal allocation and assignment of the labor gangs to be i) formalized with multi-state decision process in form of difference equation as the pattern which converted the independent multiple ships into a single ship with the intra-multiple ships, and ii) the optimal size of labor gangs could be obtained through the simple mathematical method instead of complicated dynamic programming, and iii) In case of shortage of labor gangs available the evaluation function considering the labor gangs available and total shift times was introduced, and iv) the optimal allocation and assignment of labor gangs was dealt at the point of minimizing the summation of the total shift times and at the point of minimizing the total cost charged for the extra waiting time except PHI time during port times for the multiple ships combinations.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.95-128
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• 2018

This study tries to measure the change in the state dependence of the three labor supply choices (part-time, full-time, and the state of unemployed) in Korean married women's labor market by estimating the dynamic multinomial logit model based on MSL (maximum simulated likelihood) method. A component representing individual's unobserved characteristics has been introduced, because it is crucial to control for unobserved heterogeneity in assessing the state dependence. Estimation results show that the state dependences of the three alternatives have strengthened recently. Therefore, part-time job has become more likely to be functioning as an extra option to participate in labor market rather than a bridge(stepping stone) or shelter between unemployment and full-time job.

• Journal of Construction Engineering and Project Management
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.37-43
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• 2011

Labor productivity is a significant factor associated with controlling time, cost, and quality. Many researchers have developed models to define methods of measuring the relationship between productivity and various parameters such as the size of working area, maximum working hours, and the crew composition. Most of the previous research has focused on estimating productivity; however, this research concentrates on estimating labor productivity and developing time and cost data for repetitive concrete pouring activity. In Korea, "Standard Estimating" only entails the average productivity data of the construction industry, and it is difficult to predict the time and cost spent on any particular project. As a result, errors occur in estimating duration and cost for individual activities or projects. To address these issues, this research sought to collect data, measure productivity, and develop time and cost data using labor productivity based on field conditions from the collected data. A probabilistic approach is also proposed to develop data. A case study is performed to validate this process using actual data collected from construction sites. It is possible that the result will be used as the EVMS baseline of cost management and schedule management.

• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2011.02a
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• pp.256-261
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• 2011

Labor productivity is a significant factor related to control time, cost, and quality. Many researchers have developed models to define method of measuring the relationship between productivity and various constraints such as the size of working area, maximum working hours, and the crew composition. Most of the previous research has focused on estimating productivity; however, this research concentrates on estimating labor productivity and developing time and cost data for repetitive concrete pouring activity. In Korea, "Standard Estimating" only contains the average productivity data of the construction industry, and it is difficult to predict the time and cost of any particular project; hence, there are some errors in estimating duration and cost for individual activity and project. To address these issues, this research collects data, measures productivity, and develops time and cost data using labor productivity based on field conditions from the collected data. A probabilistic approach is also proposed to develop data. A case study is performed to validate this process using actual data collected from construction sites and it is possible that the result will be used as the EVMS baseline of cost management and schedule management.

• Korean Journal of Rural Living Science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.81-97
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to analyze the structure of time use by housewives in rural households, and to compare the time use structure of housewives with that of their husbands. To attain this goals, we have selected 108 farmhouses considering agricultural area and size in L993. Data was collected by observing how (i. e., doing what kinds of work) housewives and husbands spend time, Time use was divided into four categories : physiological time, socio-cultural time, household work time and agricultural labor time. The results in this study present a valuable insight to assuage the overloaded works of rural housewives. The major results can be outlined as follows : 1. Rural housewives worked 1.2 times longer hours a day than their husbands did. 2, There existed a severe labour time imbalance between housewives and husbands during the busy farming season. 3. The time use patterns of housewives and husbands were significantly different across agricultural areas. Also, the education level of a housewife was associated with the length of her labor time.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.335-341
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to measure the labor intensity of menus according to various cooking types. Through a literature review and in-depth interview, the attributes that affected the labor intensity were identified as the level of skill, amount of effort, degree of tiredness, time consumed, and machine usage. A survey was conducted in April, 2001 among cooks who Dew the entire process of cooking. There was a strong positive correlation between labor intensity and labor intensity attributes. Through regression analysis, a regression equation was obtained between labor intensity and labor intensity attributes. The labor intensity index calculated from this study showed the extent of labor intensity of menus. The result of this study could be used as basic data for foodservice manager to establish a menu planning and work schedule based on a scientific method.

• Journal of Family Relations
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.47-72
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• 2017

Objectives: Do husbands with working wives share domestic labor more equally than husbands with unemployed housewives? Is the husband's contribution sufficient enough to satisfy his wife? These questions have long inspired many researchers to find ways to more accurately estimate husband's domestic contributions and narrow the emotional gap following the different threshold of satisfaction within couples, but not without some limits. This study attempted to figure out an answer to the above-mentioned subject by using time diaries of Korean married couples with a preschooler as their first-born child and relying on the typology of husbands' sharing of housework and childcare, which allowed me to overcome some limitations of prior research. Method: I analyzed a total of 1,716 diaries of 858 married couples from 2014 Korea Time Use Survey with descriptive statistics, t-test, cluster analysis, and multinomial logit. Results: Analytic results showed that husbands in dual-earner households did share domestic labor more equally than husbands in single-earner households, but there were different types of husband's contribution depending on time they spent in housework and childcare. While more than half of husbands with employed wives shared more or less than ten percent of domestic labor, the rest were divided into one group of husbands who shared both housework and childcare more heavily and evenly, and another group who were mainly involved in childcare duties. It is interesting that husbands who made the least contributions to domestic labor were not the ones with the lowest level of satisfaction with their sharing of household labor, whereas their wives were deeply dissatisfied, leading to a huge emotional gap within couples. Conclusion: Identifying factors associated with the three different types allowed me to find a point of intervention to narrow the emotional gap that is likely to harm the marital relationship if left unattended to.