• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.76-83
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the foodservice management practices and productivity in elementary schools in order to provide basic information for an efficient food service management. This approach was achieved using a variety quantitative and qualitative information including general foodservice management, managerial and operational factors, and the productivity in elementary school foodservice systems. The labor productivity in 28 school foodservice system was assessed and related to a number of influencing variables within the system. The productivity measurement was based upon the total meal equivalents as a ratio of the total direct and non-direct labor hours required to prepare these meals. Twenty-eight elementary schools located in Seoul and Kangnung were surveyed to get data for the variables. Questionnaire and a survey form were mailed. Statistical methods used in this study were descriptive analysis, $\chi$$^2$-test, 1-test and one-way ANOVA analysis. Elementary schools in Seoul were all located in urban areas, whereas elementary schools in Kangnung were in urban areas (40.0%), provincial areas (40.0%) and in isolated areas (20.0%). Total average number of meals including children and staff was 928.2${\pm}$ 650.0 with a yery significant difference (p<0.001) between Seoul and Kangnung. The average cost of school meal in Seoul and Kangnung were 1191.0 won and 1526.2 won, respectively. The result of Pearson Correlation analysis indicated that labor cost per meal, 1-week meal equivalents and meal equivalents per labor were significantly correlated with the productivity.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.400-403
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• 2011

This experiment was carried out to determine the effect of mechanization on lavor-saving in sweetpotato cultivation. The field experiment was conducted from 2005 to 2006 in Mokpo Experiment Station of the National Institute of Crop Science. In order to determine the efficiency of mechanical harvesting, different harvesting methods were compared. Mechanical harvesting method was done as follows: cutting of vines by machine, removal of plastic film mulching, and harvesting by two-row and one-row harvesting system. The result showed harvesting labor was decreased by 66.6% in two-row harvesting. The ratio of damaged sweetpotato by mechanical harvesting decreased by 49.4% in two-row and 38.4% in one-row harvesting compared to conventional method. The total labor cost was saved by 48.2% - 70.4% using mechanical method. In addition, the total income also increased by ca. 62.9% - 81.2%. Thus, it was concluded that mechanical harvesting is more efficient and economical method than conventional one.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.67-96
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• 2001

The recent economic crisis started at the end of 1997 has brought about changes in labor market practices. One of them is rapid increase in the ratio of workers with alternative employment arrangement, so-called contingent workers. This type of arrangement, unlike traditional employment arrangement, makes employers properly adjust employment to business cycles and it also makes it possible for employees to solve time and spatial constraints related to labor supply. However, recent experience has revealed its negative characteristics such as lower wage rate, deficient fringe benefits, insufficient job security. Using the data from the first and the second wave of the Korea Labor and Income Panel Survey, this study focuses on change in the tendency of being contingent workers and decomposition of the wage differentials among regular and contingent workers by estimating the switching regression model. Results show that the recent crisis significantly contributed to probabilities of being contingent workers, especially for women, the young, the older, and the lowly educated. Decomposition shows that one quarter or one third of 35% of wage differentials are due to the price effect that the same productive characteristics are differently paid by the types of employment arrangements.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.253-258
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• 2020

Depression is a disease with an increasing prevalence worldwide, and is highly associated with mortality as well as several diseases such as hypertension. The aim of this study is to discover clinical risk indicators associated with depression in the occupational group of simple labor workers. This study used the Seventh Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2016-2018) conducted by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. In association between depression and demographic information, age, sex, degree of stress perception, and stress perception ratio indices had a very high statistical association with depression, and education level and marital status were also associated with depression. Obesity indices such as abdominal circumference and body mass index were not associated with depression. Among the blood information, hemoglobin and hematocrit were highly associated with depression, and statistical significance was maintained even in the analysis adjusted for sex and age. The results of this study can be used as information for the prevention and treatment of depression in the occupational group of simple labor workers in the future.

• International Area Studies Review
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.19-35
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• 2018

This paper is to estimate the total factor productivity(TFP) in the Korean manufacturing and service industries during the period 1975:1-2016:4 using the stochastic frontier analysis model. In order to analyze the determinants for the total factor productivity the paper estimates the industry-specific determinant elasticities of TFP using the autoregressive distributed model. The industry-specific determinants, which reflect the industrial structure and properties include markup, the ratio of capital to labor(KL), and the ratio of foreign intermediate goods (FIG) to industrial output. The average value for total factor productivity growth was estimated to be 0.0199 in manufacturing and 0.0063 in the service industry. The markup and KL elasticities of TFP were estimated to be 2.481 and 0.651 in manufacturing respectively and -1.403 and 0.042 in the service industry respectively. The empirical results suggest that the industrial markup and the ratio of capital to labor have had decisive effects on the changes in the total factor productivity in the Korean manufacturing and service industries during the period 1975:1-2016:4.

• Journal of Science and Technology Studies
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.29-61
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• 2016

This paper explains the one of the most problematic factor in the society that leads to social inequality - increase in non-regular work. Theoretically, this expansion of non-regular work can be explained by technologies that are designed to save the labor force, especially since corporations in Korea have strategies to replace the regular workers with temporary workers, to save money. OECD also noted that Korea's income inequality is pretty high in ranking when compared with the rest of the OECD members, and says that globalization and technological innovation are the factors of this problem. To refine the argument, this study also looks at relationship between development made in sciences - which can be stated as a proxy variable to look at the advances made in technology - and expansion of temporary work force by using VAR methodology. Based on the results of this analysis in the future temporary/regular workers ratio started with decline, then turn to rise. These temporary/regular workers ratio sustained growth prediction shows that the expansion of the temporary expansion contributes to instability and social inequality in the labor market and technological change are interrelated.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 1999.11a
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• pp.102-144
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• 1999

The major problems of food crop cultivation in Korea are low yield of most crops except rice. inefficient cultivation techniques for aged farmers. and low international competibility. Therefore, development of cultivation techniques of food crops should aim the yield. quality improvement, labor reduction and production cost. The primary issue for increasing the yield of soybean, barely and wheat is to reduce the yield gap between the farmer's yield and recommended ones of experiment station. More advanced cultivation techniques needs to be developed. and/or the conventional breeding methods to be reconsidered. The newly developed labor-saving mechanized technique needs to reduce labor hours , and the cost of agricultural implements and machineries. In other words the labor-saving mechanized technique should be developed based on the improvement of total farming system as well as systemic fundamental innovation of cultural methods. The efficiency of solar energy use in food production of Korea in 1997 is as low as $0.52{\%}$ so there is much room to increase yield. It is recommendable that the concept of food Production should be changed to energy Producing efficiency Per unit area basis from volume and weight of food materials. Moreover, introduction of resonable cropping system is needed to increase yield of main crops, farmer's income, solar energy use efficiency, and decrease of land service expenditure. Current cropping system emphasized on economic crops. especially in vegetables , is not desirable for resonable use of arable land. stability of agricultural management and staple food crop self-sufficiency ratio. It is desirable to increase food crops . that are energy of carbohydrate and protein rich and land dependent crops. in cropping system. And the agronomist should develop the cultural methods to replace food crops for food self-sufficiency and stable farming management instead of economic crops in current cropping system. Low-input and environmentally-sound crop cultivation techniques, especially nitrogen-reducing culture technique which is directly related to food crop quality, also needs to be developed urgently. The extended cultivation of corn in upland and barely and wheat in lowland as a feed stuffs is recommended to prevent further decrease of food self-sufficiency ratio, which is mainly caused by the high reliance on imported feed grain. It is also considered that the calculation and presentation methods of standard agricultural income needs to be improved. The current calculation method uses unit land area of 10a regardless of crop kinds , characteristics of agricultural management and cultivation scale. So, it is apt to lead misunderstanding of farm income value. Therefore. it should show an income of average farmers for certain number of years. Research and developing system for food producing is not desirable because they are conducted currently individual crop and mono-culture basis. But actual agricultural income is usually earned by cropping system including upland and lowland. For example. the barley and wheat is usually cultivated in double cropping system. The cooperation among research institutes such as university agribusiness. government and farmers is indispensible. The public information and education on importance and consumption habit of food crops is necessary in Korean society to increase food self-sufficiency through nationwide cooperation.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.47-67
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• 2007

This paper aims at suggesting several ways lo change financial vulnerability and to improve managerial capability of local public hospitals (LPHs) in Korea through the identification of factors affecting profitability. Several findings of the research are as follows: To begin with, LPHs exhibited a statistically significant difference in their profitability from one another, according to tile analyses of their profitable margins from tile general characteristics. It depends on the number of hospitals in the area, the population of the hospital-built area, the number of competing hospitals, the number of staff per 100 beds, the opening of special clinic, the educational function, and the capacity of rooms. However, there was no variable in the managerial characteristics, presenting a significant difference, in contrast with hospitals which have been managed by private companies and made a great amount of profits. Second, according to the analyses of profit differences in behavioral effort-characteristics, a statistically significant difference was revealed upon the basis of the efforts to improve the clinic service, invite special patients, and shorten the period of being hospitalized. Third, the result of analyses about the difference of profitability from medical care and finance is statistically significant in the rate of labor cost, the rate of management cost, bed-occupancy rate, and the period of being hospitalized. Fourth, according to the analyses of the factors influencing the net profit ratio of the entire capital, Adjusted explanatory power(Adjusted $R^2$) was shown up to 65.2%, which is high. To compare the adjusted explanatory power stage by stage, the first stage model applying only two variables such as structural and strategic characteristics exhibited 23.8%, and the second stage model adding financial characteristics showed 51.5%. The explanatory power was much improved up to 65.2% when the third stage model incorporated the outcome of medical care performance. When the return on investment(ROI) was examined by using the multi-variate linear regression analysis at the final model of third stage, it was found that ROI had a positive relationship with the increase rate of patients, labor costs per doctor, and medical care rate of socially protected inpatients. However, it revealed that ROI had a negative relationship with the ratio of labor costs, the number of patients per managerial staff, and occupancy rate of rooms, respectively. The research suggests that in order for LPHs to increase profitability, LPH, should make efforts not only to attract patients to the hospitals without any discrimination of the patients depending on their financial status, but also to develop efficient management methods to reduce labor costs.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• v.19
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• pp.145-209
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• 1992

This study, that is made by an on-the-spot survey and a library survey, is aimed at finding some problems in the recognition regarding public library users and suggesting the clue to solve the problems revealed in the way of having compared with 'Book-Room' and Public Library. Poor material was always a troublemaker in this study. Especially the part of 'Book-Room' phenomenon is wholly dependent upon a field survey, that is, interview with a 'book-room' clerks, gathering the advertising leaflets, a close observation on 'Book-Room', etc. There are little printed materials, much less precedent research theses. In the other parts of this paper, there are needed good statistical materials, but the nortion presented in the public library user statistics-for example pupil, students, housewives, old men, the generality of people, etc.- is so vague that it is insufficient and unhelpful for this study. In my judgment, with all these limitations, this article gets some results as follows : 1. 'Book-Room' is the cultural organization which is being operated by, for, of the community inhabitants and it takes on the character of movement - labor movement, cultural movement, and community movement. 2. The pioneer of the Book-Room is 'Yangso Hyupdong chohap' (which means good book- cooperative association) lasted from 1978 to the next year. 3. 'Arom'(means learning) Book-Room is the first real Book-Room at Seomyon district in Pusan established in 1987. 4. Book-Room can be classified by its character as 'Labor BookRoom' and 'Cultural Book-Room'. There are 10 Labor BookRooms and 4 Cultural Book-Rooms in Pusan. 5. Labor Book-Rooms organized themselves to 'Labor Book-Room conference'. 6. Book-Rooms have done their best to extort the needs and interests of the community inhabitants, but relatively public libraries do not, hence the majority of residents are neglected from the public library service. This is at Book-Rooms' back to have been spread so quickly. 7. There is a very large gap between the component ratio of community inhabitants by class and that of public library users by same criterion, that is, in the case of the former, the labor class goes beyond a half point, in the latter, the majority of public library user is composed of students and housewives. 8. Researchers and librarians have concentrated their attention and effort not upon whole residents in community but upon existing users at present time. They do not try to develope potential users. So, researchers' and librarians' recognition regarding the public library users needs to be changed. 9. The concept of 'core-user' may be the key to solve the problems related with public library users. For the purpose of ensuring the 'core-user', it is necessary to study the community and inhabitants.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.9-16
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• 2005

This study was conducted in order to improvement of fishing gear and fishing operating system for anchovy boat seine by labor saving improved nets. Field experiments were carried out observe geometry of nets and fishing operating system by catcher boats. The obtained results are summarized as follows : The Vertical net opening of fore wing net, wing net, inside wing net, square, fore bag net, flapper, after bag net of the labor saving improved net according to the distance between catcher boats were varied in the range of 5.0${\sim}$7.8, 14.4${\sim}$21.1, 16.2${\sim}$21.2, 14.0${\sim}$17.3, 11.7${\sim}$13.9, 5.4${\sim}$6.9, 8.2${\sim}$9.8m respectively, varied in the range of 50${\sim}$78, 25${\sim}$36, 24${\sim}$31, 31${\sim}$38, 61${\sim}$73, 71${\sim}$91, 87${\sim}$104% of the actual ratio of net opening in each part. Labor saving improved net was performed instant net opening in fore wing net and maintained stable net opening and towing depth by means of attached net pendant. Also, it was minimized as net pocket phenomenon leading to guide anchovy for more catch by means of attached body net. The opening in accordance with distance between catcher boats and towing speed. The catch of labor saving improved net was increased than traditional net due to decrement of net resistance by improvement of bag net leading to increasement of towing speed and reduction of escape anchovy as well as improve nets of whole operation system.