• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.266-273
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• 2017

This study was carried out to investigate the quality characteristics and antioxidative activity of bread containing lotus leaf powder (in ratios of 0, 1, 2, and 3% of the total flour). The pH of dough and bread were decreased as the concentration of lotus leaf powder increased. The volume of dough during fermentation did not show significant difference between 1% lotus leaf powder containing dough and control. The weight of bread increased by addition of lotus leaf powder. The volume, specific volume and baking loss rate of the bread decreased as lotus leaf powder levels increased. Redness and yellowness of the inner crumb were decreased by the addition of lotus leaf powder, but lightness was increased. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl-radical scavenging activity and total polyphenol contents were increased significantly as the concentration of lotus leaf powder increased. The overall acceptability of bread containing 1% lotus leaf powder showed no significant difference compared with control. The result exhibited that adding the lotus leaf powder into the bread increased antioxidant activity, and the highest quality improvement was obtained by incorporating 1% (w/w) lotus leaf powder into the bread formula.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.40-47
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• 2011

Sphagnum palustre is a semi aquatic moss. S. palustre has been used as Korean traditional medicine to treat cardiac pain and stroke. This study was carried out to analyze phytochemical constituents of S. palustre and investigate the biological activity for the promotion of human health. At first, we isolated seven compounds from the ethanolic extract of this plant, and their structures were characterized by spectroscopic methods. Their structures were characterized to be Coumarin(1), Caffeic acid(2), Quercetin(3), Astragalin(4), Luteolin(5), Chlorogenic acid(6), Rutin(7) were for the first time reported from this source. The ethanol extract from S. palustre which was tested for its anticancer activity against three human tumor cell line by in vitro assay.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.126-135
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• 2001

Quinacrine (QU), a phospholipase-A2 (PLA-2) inhibitor has been used clinically as a chemotherapeutic adjuvant. To understand the mechanisms leading to its chemotherapeutic effect, we have investigated QU-induced apoptotic signaling pathways in human cervical squamous carcinoma HeLa cells. In this study, we found that QU induced cytochrome c-dependent apoptotic signaling. The release of pro-apoptotic cytochrome c was QU concentration- and time-dependent, and preceded activation of caspase-9 and -3. Flow cytometric FACScan analysis using fluorescence intensities of $DiOC_6$/ demonstrated that QU-induced cytochrome c release was independent of mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT), since the concentrations of QU that induced cytochrome c release did not alter mitochondrial membrane potential (${\blacktriangle}{\Psi}_m$). Moreover, kinetic analysis of caspase activities showed that cytochrome c release led to the activation of caspase-9 and downstream death effector caspase-3, Caspase-3 inhibitor (Ac-DEVD-CHO) partially blocked QU-induced apoptosis, suggesting the importance of caspase-3 in this apoptotic signaling mechanism. Supplementation with arachidonic acid (AA) sustained caspase-3 activation induced by QU. Using inhibitors against cellular arachidonate metabolism of lipooxygenase (Nordihydroxyguaiaretic Acid, NDGA) and cyclooxygenase (5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraynoic Acid, ETYA) demonstrated that QU-induced apoptotic signaling may be dependent on its role as a PLA-2 inhibitor. Interestingly, NDCA attenuated QU-induced cytochrome c release, caspase activity as well as apoptotic cell death. The blockade of cytochrome c release by NDCA was much more effective than that attained with cyclosporin A (CsA), a MPT inhibitor. ETYA was not effective in blocking cytochrome c release, except under very high concentrations. Caspase inhibitor z-VAD blocked the release of cytochrome c suggesting that this signaling event is caspase dependent, and caspase-8 activation may be upstream of the mitochondrial events. In summary, we report that QU induced cytochrome c-dependent apoptotic signaling cascade, which may be dependent on its role as a PLA-2 inhibitor. This apoptotic mechanism induced by QU may contribute to its known chemotherapeutic effects.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.485-495
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• 2017

This study looked into the effects of acceptance and commitment therapy(ACT) program on the premenstrual symptoms, attitudes toward menstruation and perceived stress, in females in their 20's suffering from premenstrual syndrome(PMS). Among the 263 students from 3~4 year universities, 21 were selected as participants. 7 were assigned to the acceptance and commitment therapy(ACT) group, 7 were assigned to the cognitive behavior therapy(CBT) group, and 7 were assigned to the control group. As a result, emotional factor from the premenstrual symptoms has significantly decreased more in the acceptance and commitment therapy(ACT) group, and the cognitive behavior therapy(CBT) group in comparison to the control group. In regards to attitudes toward menstruation, there were no statistical significance in the acceptance and commitment therapy(ACT) group, however there were positive changes, and the cognitive behavior therapy(CBT) group displayed significant change in the follow-up study. In perceived stress, acceptance and commitment therapy(ACT) group displayed more significant decrease than the control group and the cognitive behavior therapy(CBT) group, and that level remained unchanged until the follow-up study.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.598-605
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• 2005

Effects of chitosan-ascorbate(CA) and calcium lactate(CL) on fermentation and quality of squid sikhae were investigated CA and LA were added at $0.5\%$ (designated CA1 and CL1) and $1.0\%$(CA2 and CL2) concentrations, respectively and fermented for 12 days at $10^{\circ}C$. pH of CA-added sikhae was higher than that of control, while acidity of the former was lower than that of the latter. During 12 days of fermentation, CA-added sikhae showed higher protease activity than control by $2.3\~2.6$ times and CL-added sikhae by $2.8\~3.6$ times. At 12 days of fermentation, CA-added sikhae revealed higher protease activity than control by $1.2\~1.4$ times and CL-added sikhae by $1.5\~1.9$ times. CA-added sikhae also showed higher amino-nitrogen content than control by $1.4\~1.7$ times and CL-added sikhae by $1.9\~3.5$ times. In comparison of CA1 with CA2, CA2 showed all higher pH, protease and amylase activity, and amino-nitrogen content than CA1. In analysis of electrophoresis, molecular weights of major proteins in ~w squid were $116.9\~119.0$, 96.5 and 59.3kDa. However, after fermentation for 12 days, a protein band of 119.0kDa disappeared but a new protein band with below 14 kDa appeared in sikhae, especially CA-added sikhae. In sensory evaluation, the intensity of sour taste was the highest for control and the lowest for CA2. Softness of squid was the highest for control and the lowest for CA2. Overall acceptability was the best for CA2. In conclusion, these results suggest use of $1\%$ CA in sikhae preparation as addition of CA(CA2) increased the protease and amylase activity, nitrogen content of amino form, sensory acceptability as well as shelf-life of sikhae.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.97-103
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• 2016

The antioxidant and digestive enzyme inhibitory effects of Eisenia bicyclis extracted by various extraction methods (RE, reflux extraction; SE, ultrasonification extraction; AE, autoclave extraction; LE, low-temperature high-pressure extraction) were investigated. The extraction yield (55.21%) and the laminarin (39.03%), fucoidan (24.75%), total polyphenol (115.68 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid (36.67 mg RHE/g) contents of AE were higher than those in other methods. The DPPH radical (86.60%, 500 mg%), ABTS radical (58.56%, 25 mg%), nitrite (86.38%, 100 mg%) scavenging activities of the Eisenia bicyclis extracted by AE were higher than those of Eisenia bicyclis extracted by other methods. The ABTS radical and nitrite scavenging activities were above 98% in all tested Eisenia bicyclis extracts and these activities were dependent on its concentration. The inhibitory effects of AE against amylase (50 mg%) and ${\alpha}$-glucosidase (5 mg%) were 64.76% and 86.71%, respectively. The AE showed the best inhibitory effect of Eisenia bicyclis extracts (50 mg%) against trypsin (24.37%) and ${\alpha}$-chymotrypsin (49.05%), respectively. These results suggest that Eisenia bicyclis extracted by AE can be used as a bioactive and functional material in the food industry.

• Clean Technology
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.481-486
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• 2013

Alkali-surfactant-polymer (ASP) solution was manufactured by using the domestic surfactants for enhanced oil recovery. Domestic surfactants such as linear alkylbenzene sulfonic acid (LAS) and dioctyl sulfosiuccinate (DOSS) were used. This surfactants were purchased from AK chemtech Co., Ltd. (Korea). LAS and DOSS were blended and the ratio of LAS to DOSS are 1:1 and 2:1. Decane was used as a model compound of the crude oil. Surfactant solution and decane were blended to analyze microemulsion. Brine-oil-surfactant are mixed at varying concentration of brine from 0.8 to 3.6 wt.%. Increasing salinity causes the phase transition of microemulsion from water to middle to oil. Also, by measuring the surface tension and interfacial tension using pendent drop tensiometer and Huh's equation optimal ratio of the ASP solution was determined.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.464-470
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• 2006

Diblock copolymers consisting of methoxy Poly (ethylene glycol) (MPEG) and poly (${\epsilon}-ca$ prolactone) (PCL), poly(${\delta}-valerolactone$) (PVL), poly(L-lactide) (PLLA), or poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) were prepared to compare the characterization of diblock copolymers as a drug carrier. MPEG-PCL, MPEG-PVL, MPEG-PLLA, and MPEG-PLGA diblock copolymers were synthesized by the ring-opening polymerization of ${\epsilon}$-caprolactone or ${\delta}$-valerolactone in the presence of $HCl{\cdot}Et_2O$ as a monomer activator at room temperature and by the ring-opening polymerization of L-lactide or a mixture of L-lactide and glycolide in the presence of stannous octoate at $130^{\circ}C$, respectively. The synthesized diblock copolymers were characterized with $^1H-NMR$, GPC, DSC, and XRD. The micellar characterization of MPEG-polyester diblock copolymers in an aqueous phase was carried out by using NMR, dynamic light scattering, AFM, and fluorescence techniques. Most micelles exhibited a spherical shape in AFM. Thus, ore confirmed that the micelles formed with MPEG-polyester diblock copolymers have possibility as a potential hydrophobic drug delivery vehicle because a hydrophobic drug could be preferentially distributed in the micelle core.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.203-218
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• 1980

Unscheduled DNA synthesis, chromosome aberrations, sister chromatid exchanges and DNA replication inhibition induced by the combined treatments with ara-C and UV-light or MMS in $HF_1$, CHO and $HelaS_3$ cells were studied, and the results obtained were as follows: (1) Ara-C was found to inhibit UV-or MMS-induced unscheduled DNA synthesis and the inhibitory effect of ara-C was more remarkable in its post-treatment. (2) Ara-C enhanced the rate of chromosome aberrations induced by MMS or UV-light. Post-treatment with ara-C exhibited the synergistic effect on MMS-induced chromosome aberrations mainly by increases of chromatid deletions. (3) Contrarily, ara-C did not increase the rate of sister chromatid exchanges, particularly in the pre-treatment with MMS, although it was found to induce sister chromatid exchanges. (4) The rate of DNA synthesis was declined immediately after are-C treatment and then recovered. The combined treatments with ara-C and UV-light or MMS showed that the initial response on replication inhibition was similar to that of ara-C, but later responses were similar to that of UV-light or MMS treated group.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.215-224
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• 2006

In order to search the availability of the lectin extracted from Korean mistletoe(Viscum album coloratum) as an adjuvant for the avian vaccines, attempts were made to determine toxicity of the lectin in chicks and its immunostimulating activity on the inactivated vaccines against Newcastle disease virus(NDV). For the determination of toxicity, the lectin was injected into the thigh muscle of SPF chicks(Charles River) of 1-week-old and observed hematologically and pathologically. For the determination of immunostimulating effects, lectin-adjuvanted, inactivated NDV vaccines were injected into the thigh muscle of SPF chicks in the same age group. Sera of the chicks were examined for the hemagglutination-inhibition(HI) antibodies induced, their HI titers and reaction to the NDV antigens. The data were further compared with those from aluminum hydroxide [$Al(OH)_3$]-adjuvanted vaccines and vaccines without adjuvant, and the results are as follows. There were no significant changes observed in the values of RBC, WBC, Hb, PCV, MCV, MCH, MCHC, AST, ALT, BUN, creatinine and total proteins in the chicks administered with lectin of 1.1, 2.2 and $22.2{\mu}g/kg$ body weight, which means the lectin has no effects on blood values and functions of liver and kidney. In histopathologic observation, no lesions were observed in the brain, heart, liver, lung, spleen, kidney, thymus and bursa of Fabricius of the chicks administered with lectin of 1.1, 2.2 and $22.2{\mu}g/kg$ body weight. There were inflammatory lesions, such as congestion, hemorrhage, edema, infiltration of macrophages and coagulation necrosis observed in the thigh muscle of chicks administered with lectin of $22.2{\mu}g/kg$ body weight, whereas no changes were observed in 1.1 and $22.2{\mu}g/kg$ lectin administered chicks. In chicks immunized with lectin($4.4{\mu}g/kg$ of body weight)-adjuvanted B1, LaSota and Ulster 2C vaccines, HI titers in reciprocal values for $log_2$ were 1.8-2.2 at 1 week after vaccination, which was similar with those of 1.5-2.9 by $Al(OH)_3$-adjuvanted vaccines. The HI titers by the lectin-adjuvanted vaccines reached to 3.9-5.3 at 4 weeks, whereas those by the $Al(OH)_3$-adjuvanted vaccines were more high as 7.3-9.3. Meanwhile, the immunostimulating effects of the lectin were recognized while compared to the HI titers with 2.4-3.7 in chicks immunized with vaccines without adjuvants at 4 weeks after vaccination. The chicks immunized with lectin-adjuvanted vaccines were enough to resist challenges by Kyojeongwon strain, a very virulent NDV at 4 weeks after vaccination as well as chicks immunized with $Al(OH)_3$-adjuvanted vaccines. The HI titers by the lectin-adjuvanted vaccines reached to high level as 8.7-10.3 as those with 8.2-9.6 by the $Al(OH)_3$-adjuvanted vaccines at 6 weeks after vaccination, which may be the booster effects by the challenge virus. Antibodies specific to the HN and F antigens of NDV were observed in the sera of both chicks immunized with lectin-adjuvanted vaccines and $Al(OH)_3$-adjuvanted vaccines.