• IEIE Transactions on Smart Processing and Computing
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.243-249
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• 2016

This paper proposes a new watermarking algorithm to embed watermarks in thr process of sample adaptive offsets (SAO) for high efficiency video coding (HEVC) compressed videos. The proposed method embeds two-bit watermark into the SAO offsets for each coding tree unit (CTU). To minimize visual quality degradation caused by embedding watermark, watermark bits are embedded into SAO offset depending on the SAO types of block. Furthermore, the embedded watermark can be extracted by simply adding four offsets and checking their least significant bits (LSB) at the decoder side. The experimental results show that the proposed method achieves 0.3% BD-rate increase without much visual quality degradation. Two-bit watermark for each CTU is embedded for more bit watermarking. In addition, the proposed method requires negligible computational load for watermark insertion and extraction.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.7
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• pp.4516-4521
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• 2014

Digital watermarking for digital image authentication and integrity schemes are based on fragile watermarking and can detect any modifications in a watermark embedded image by comparing the embedded watermark with the regenerated watermark. Therefore, the digital watermark for image authentication and integrity should be erased easily when the image is changed by digital image processing, such as scaling or filtering etc. This paper proposes an effective tamper detection scheme for digital images. In the proposed scheme, the original image was divided into many non-overlapping $2{\times}2$ blocks. The digital watermark was divided into two LSB of each block and the image distortion was imperceptible to the human eye. The watermark extraction process can be used to determine if the watermarked image has been tampered. The experimental results successfully revealed the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.

• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.666-679
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• 2018

The discrete wavelet transform (DWT) has good multi-resolution decomposition characteristic and its low frequency component contains the basic information of an image. Based on this, a fragile watermarking using the local binary pattern (LBP) and DWT is proposed for image authentication. In this method, the LBP pattern of low frequency wavelet coefficients is adopted as a feature watermark, and it is inserted into the least significant bit (LSB) of the maximum pixel value in each block of host image. To guarantee the safety of the proposed algorithm, the logistic map is applied to encrypt the watermark. In addition, the locations of the maximum pixel values are stored in advance, which will be used to extract watermark on the receiving side. Due to the use of DWT, the watermarked image generated by the proposed scheme has high visual quality. Compared with other state-of-the-art watermarking methods, experimental results manifest that the proposed algorithm not only has lower watermark payloads, but also achieves good performance in tamper identification and localization for various attacks.

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 2002.04a
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• pp.820-822
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• 2002

본 논문에서는 저작권 보호(copyright protection)와 인증(authentication)을 동시에 할 수 있는 워더마킹 기법(watermarking method)을 제안한다. 저작권을 보호하기 위하여 원 영상을 웨이블릿 변환하여 얻어진 웨이블릿 계수 중 중요한 계수의 LSB(Least Significant Bit)와 워터마크를 XDR연산으로 워터마크를 삽입한다. 소비자측면에서는 전송 받은 디지털 컨텐츠에 대한 인위적인 조작 여부를 쉽고 간단하게 파악할 수 있다. 기존 방법의 경우 워터마크로 ID-number나 이진 영상을 사용한 반면 본 논문에서는 워터마크로 그레이 영상을 사용하므로 저작권 정보를 잘 표현할 수 있으며 워터마크 추출시에 원 영상을 필요로 하지 않는다.

• Journal of the Institute of Convergence Signal Processing
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.187-193
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• 2012

An image authentication scheme for gray scale image through embedding a digital watermark by quantization of Integer Wavelet Transform (IWT) coefficients of the image is proposed in this paper. Proposed method is designed to detect modification of an image and to identify tampered location of the image. To embed the watermark mid-frequency band of a second level IWT was used. An approximation of the original image based on LL band was stored in LSB bits of the pixel data as a recovery mark for restoration of the image. Watermarked image has achieved a good PSNR of 40 dB compared to original cover image. Restored image quality was also very good with a PSNR of more than 35 dB compared to unmodified watermarked image even when 25% of the received image is cropped. Thus, the proposed method ensures a proper balance between the fidelity of the watermarked image and the quality of the restored image.

• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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• 2003.11c
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• pp.1823-1826
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• 2003

본 논문에서는 디지털 영상의 인증 및 무결성을 위한 Fragile Watermarking 기법을 제안한다. 이 기법은 원 영상과 워터마크 영상을 각각 랜덤하게 섞고, 랜덤수와 LUT를 이용하여 워터마크를 LSB에 삽입하므로 보안성을 갖는다. 또한, 워터마크 삽입 추출과정에서 두 개의 비밀키와 XOR를 이용하여 간단히 처리할 수 있다. 실험을 통하여 영상의 변형 여부 및 조작 위치를 검출하였다.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2003.07d
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• pp.1427-1430
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• 2003

본 논문에서는 저작권 보호를 위하여 임계값을 이용한 워터마킹 기법을 제안한다 저작권을 보호하기 위하여 원 영상을 웨이블릿 변환하여 얻어진 웨이블렛 계수의 LSB(least significant bit)와 워터마크 영상을 동적 임계값을 적용하여 생성한 4장의 이진영상을 각 주파수 영역 HL1, LH1, HL2, LH2에서 XOR연산을 하여 워터마크를 삽입한다. 화질 열화가 많은 저주파 영역과 손실압축에 약한 고주파 영역을 제외한 영역에 워터마크를 삽입하였다. 실험결과로써, 화질의 열화가 적은 워터마크 삽입영상을 얻을 수 있었으며, 강인하게 워터마크가 추출이 되었다.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2000.09a
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• pp.697-700
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• 2000

워터마크의 실현방법은 크게 두 가지로 나누어지는데, 하나는 공간영역에서 처리방법이고 다른 하나는 주파수영역에서 처리방법이다. 초기에는 공간영역에서 처리가 많이 연구되었으나 공간영역에서의 워터마크 삽입방법은 주로 least significant bit(LSB)을 조작하기 때문에 주파수영역의 방법보다 각종 신호처리에 의해 워터마크가 쉽게 없어지는 단점이 생긴다. 따라서 현재는 그런 단점들을 잘 극복할 수 있는 방법으로 주파수 영역에서의 워터마크 삽입 방법이 많이 쓰인다. 본 논문에서는 디지털 영상을 위한 다해상도 이산 웨이브렛 변환을 사용한 워터마킹 방법을 제안하였다.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.242-245
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• 2019

In this paper, watermark embedding technique was proposed to securely conceal the watermark in color cover image by applying the spatial encryption technique. The embedded watermak can be extracted from stego-image without loss. The quality of the stego-image is very good. So it is not possible to visually distinguish the difference between the original cover image and the stego-image. The validity of the proposed technique was verified by mathematical analysis. The proposed watermark embedding technique can be used for intellectual property protection, military, and medical applications that require high security.

• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.385-399
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• 2017

Nowadays, with the development of signal processing technique, the protection to the integrity and authenticity of images has become a topic of great concern. A blind image authentication technology with high tamper detection accuracy for different common attacks is urgently needed. In this paper, an improved fragile watermarking method based on local binary pattern (LBP) is presented for blind tamper location in images. In this method, a binary watermark is generated by LBP operator which is often utilized in face identification and texture analysis. In order to guarantee the safety of the proposed algorithm, Arnold transform and logistic map are used to scramble the authentication watermark. Then, the least significant bits (LSBs) of original pixels are substituted by the encrypted watermark. Since the authentication data is constructed from the image itself, no original image is needed in tamper detection. The LBP map of watermarked image is compared to the extracted authentication data to determine whether it is tampered or not. In comparison with other state-of-the-art schemes, various experiments prove that the proposed algorithm achieves better performance in forgery detection and location for baleful attacks.