• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.56-63
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• 2007

In case of bus rollover, the body structure of the bus should be designed to ensure the survival space for passengers. So, this study focuses on evaluating rollover strength through a computer simulation using the commercial code, LS-DYNA3D at the initial stage of vehicle development. For this study, section structure was modeled using a simple beam element, and impact boundary conditions required by ECE(Economic Commission for Europe) regulation No.66 were applied. In order to confirm the validity of the beam element bus model, the results compared with the test results and shell element bus model. The analysis errors from beam element bus model are due to the difference in strain energy of joint area between beam and shell model. In this study, a method for the joint modeling was suggested by using nonlinear springs to which the collapse mechanisms were applied.

• 소성∙가공
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.429-434
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• 2004

Manufacturing process for milli components has recently gained researcher's focus with the increasing tendency toward highly integrated and micro-scaled parts for electronic devices. The milli-components need more precise manufacturing process than the conventional manufacturing process since the parts require higher dimensional accuracy than the conventional ones. In order to enhance the forming accuracy and productivity, various forming procedures proposed and studied by many researchers. In this paper, forming analysis of milli-components has been studied with a new micro-former. In modeling of progressive dies, multi-stage forming sequence has been analyzed with finite element analysis by LS-DYNA3D. The analysis proposes the sequential die and part shapes with the corresponding punch force and dimensional accuracy. The analysis also considers the effect of elastic dies on the dimensional accuracy of the formed parts. The analysis result demonstrates that the elastic analysis in the milli-forming process is indispensable for accurate forming analysis. The analysis procedure in the paper will provide good information in design of a new micro-former and milli-component

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.371-388
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• 2011

In this paper, time-continuous constitutive equations for strain rate-dependent materials are presented first, among which those for the overstress and the consistency viscoplastic models are considered. By allowing the stress states to be outside the yield surface, the overstress viscoplastic model directly defines the flow rule for viscoplastic strain rate. In comparison, a rate-dependent yield surface is defined in the consistency viscoplastic model, so that the standard Kuhn-Tucker loading/unloading condition still remains true for rate-dependent plasticity. Based on the formulation of the consistency viscoplasticity, a computational elasto-viscoplastic constitutive model is proposed for the short fiber-reinforced fresh cementitious paste for extrusion purpose. The proposed constitutive model adopts the von-Mises yield criterion, the associated flow rule and nonlinear strain rate-hardening law. It is found that the predicted flow stresses of the extrudable fresh cementitious paste agree well with experimental results. The rate-form constitutive equations are then integrated into an incremental formulation, which is implemented into a numerical framework based on ANSYS/LS-DYNA finite element code. Then, a series of upsetting and ram extrusion processes are simulated. It is found that the predicted forming load-time data are in good agreement with experimental results, suggesting that the proposed constitutive model could describe the elasto-viscoplastic behavior of the short fiber-reinforced extrudable fresh cementitious paste.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.133-148
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• 2019

This paper reports on the energy absorption characteristics of a lattice-web reinforced composite sandwich cylinder (LRCSC) which is composed of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) face sheets, GFRP lattice webs, polyurethane (PU) foam and ceramsite filler. Quasi-static compression experiments on the LRCSC manufactured by a vacuum assisted resin infusion process (VARIP) were performed to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed cylinders. Compared with the cylinders without lattice webs, a maximum increase in the ultimate elastic load of the lattice-web reinforced cylinders of approximately 928% can be obtained. Moreover, due to the use of ceramsite filler, the energy absorption was increased by 662%. Several numerical simulations using ANSYS/LS-DYNA were conducted to parametrically investigate the effects of the number of longitudinal lattice webs, the number of transverse lattice webs, and the thickness of the transverse lattice web and GFRP face sheet. The effectiveness and feasibility of the numerical model were verified by a series of experimental results. The numerical results demonstrated that a larger number of thicker transverse lattice webs can significantly enhance the ultimate elastic load and initial stiffness. Moreover, the ultimate elastic load and initial stiffness were hardly affected by the number of longitudinal lattice webs.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.563-577
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• 2022

This paper presents experimental and numerical investigations of a new seismic enhancement method for existing reinforced concrete (RC) frames by using an external sub-structure, the hybrid seismic retrofit method (HSRM) system. This retrofit system is an H-shaped frame bolt-connected to an existing RC frame with an infilled-concrete layer between their gaps. Two RC frames were built, one with and one without HSRM, and tested under cyclic loading. The experimental findings showed that the retrofitted RC frame was superior to the non-retrofitted specimen in terms of initial stiffness, peak load, and energy dissipation capacity. A numerical simulation using a commercial program was employed for verification with the experiments. The results obtained from the simulations were consistent with those from the experiments, indicating the finite element (FE) models can simulate the seismic behaviors of bare RC frame and retrofitted RC frame using HSRM.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제49권1호
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• pp.65-79
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• 2023

This paper presents a development of empirical evaluations, which can be used to evaluate the damage of fiber-reinforced concrete composites (FRC) wall subjected to close-in blast loads. For this development, a combined application of numerical simulation and machine learning approaches are employed. First, finite element modeling of FRC wall under blast loading is developed and verified using experimental data. Numerical analyses are then carried out to investigate the dynamic behavior of the FRC wall under blast loading. In addition, a data set of 384 samples on the damage of FRC wall due to blast loads is then produced in order to develop machine learning models. Second, three robust machine learning models of Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) are employed to propose empirical evaluations for predicting the damage of FRC wall. The proposed empirical evaluations are very useful for practical evaluation and design of FRC wall subjected to blast loads.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.241-250
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• 2007

폭발하중을 받는 콘크리트 구조물을 섬유 복합재 등의 보강 재료를 사용하여 보강하는 경우에는 강성 증가와 함께 적절한 연성을 확보할 수 있어야 한다. 그러나, 폭발하중을 받는 구조물의 설계 및 해석에 일반적으로 사용되는 기존의 근사적이며 단순화 모델은 보강 재료에 대한 효과를 정확히 반영할 수 없을 뿐 아니라 해석 결과의 정확성 및 신뢰성에 문제가 제기되어왔다. 또한, 동적 하중에 대한 콘크리트와 철근의 응답은 정적 하중에 대한 응답과 상이하기 때문에 기존의 정적, 준정적하에서 정의된 재료물성값들을 폭발하중에 대한 응답 계산에 사용하는 것은 부적절하다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 명시적(explicit) 해석 프로그램인 LS-DYNA를 사용하여 매우 빠른 재하속도를 갖는 폭발하중에 대하여 강도 증진 및 변형률 속도 효과가 반영된 재료 모델을 포함하고 있는 정밀 HFPB(high fidelity physics based) 유한요소해석 기법을 제시하였다. 제시된 해석적 기법을 통하여 탄소섬유 복합재와 유리섬유 복합재를 사용하여 보강된 콘크리트 벽체의 폭발하중에 대한 거동을 해석하였으며, 이를 보강하지 않은 벽체의 해석 결과와 비교함으로써 보강 성능 분석을 실시하였다. 해석 결과 보강에 따른 최대 처짐이 약 $26{\sim}28%$ 감소하는 보강 성능을 확인하였으며, 제안된 해석 기법이 보강 재료와 보강 기법의 유효성을 평가하는데 효과적으로 적용할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권11호
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• pp.1568-1574
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• 2012

Three Holstein steers in the growing phase, each with a ruminal cannula, were used to test the hypothesis that the synchronization of the hourly rate of carbohydrate and nitrogen (N) released in the rumen would increase the amount of retained nitrogen for growth and thus improve the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis (EMPS). In Experiment 1, in situ degradability coefficients of carbohydrate and N in feeds including Korean rice wine residue (RWR) were determined. In Experiment 2, three total mixed ration (TMR) diets having different rates of carbohydrate and N release in the rumen were formulated using the in situ degradability of the feeds. All diets were made to contain similar contents of crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) but varied in their hourly pattern of nutrient release. The synchrony index of the three TMRs was 0.51 (LS), 0.77 (MS) and 0.95 (HS), respectively. The diets were fed at a restricted level (2% of the animal's body weight) in a $3{\times}3$ Latin-square design. Synchronizing the hourly supply of energy and N in the rumen did not significantly alter the digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, NDF or acid detergent fiber (ADF) (p>0.05). The ruminal $NH_3$-N content of the LS group at three hours after feeding was significantly higher (p<0.05) than that of the other groups; however, the mean values of ruminal $NH_3$-N, pH and VFA concentration among the three groups were not significantly different (p>0.05). In addition, the purine derivative (PD) excretion in urine and microbial-N production (MN) among the three groups were not significantly different (p>0.05). In conclusion, synchronizing dietary energy and N supply to the rumen did not have a major effect on nutrient digestion or microbial protein synthesis (MPS) in Holstein steers.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제40권8호
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• pp.711-719
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• 2016

본 연구에서는 철도차량의 대형사고의 주요원인 되는 타고오름 충돌에 대해 이론 모델을 정립하여 선두차량의 타고오름 거동에 대한 이론식을 도출하였다. 이론식을 검증하기 위하여 상용 소프트웨어인 LS-DYNA를 사용하여 이론모델과 동일한 단순 2차원 모델과 실제 동력대차 모델이 적용된 단순 3차원 모델을 만들어 시뮬레이션으로 비교하였다. 타고오름 현상에서 가장 중요한 전두 완충기 수직변위에 대해 시뮬레이션과 이론식을 비교한 결과 최대 편차율은 0.5 [%]과 3.9 [%] 발생하여 이론식이 실제 모델에도 잘 적용될 수 있음을 확인하였다. 또한, 고무 완충기와 유압 버퍼 2가지를 적용한 여러 가지 충돌조건에 대해 이론식을 적용하여 선두 차량 간 타고오름 량을 분석하고, 사고 후 재현 시뮬레이션이나 전두부 충돌완충 설계 시 활용할 수 있는 이론적 방법을 제시하였다.

• 한국지리정보학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.112-121
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• 2007

유역에서 발생하는 토양침식의 경우 하천과 가까운 거리에 있는 토사는 하천으로 유입될 가능성이 크지만 하천으로부터 멀리 떨어진 토사는 강우에 의해 하천으로 이송되는 양이 줄어든다. 하천의 유사유출량을 예측하는 것은 유역과 하천의 관리측면에서 기본적인 사항이다. 따라서 유역에서 발생되는 토사량 중 하천으로의 유사유출량을 계산해 낼 필요가 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 유역에서의 토양유실량을 계산하고 강우 시 유출되어 하천으로 유입되는 유사유출량을 예측하여 하천의 유사유출량을 분석하는 것이다. 하천의 유사유출량을 분석하는 방법은 여러 가지가 있으나 본 연구에서는 RUSLE와 GRID를 이용하여 토양유실량을 계산하고, 유사전달비 방법과 경험적 방법을 이용하여 유사유출량을 산정하였다. GIS를 이용하여 유역의 DEM자료와 경사도, 토양도, 토지이용도를 구축하여 RUSLE의 입력자료로 사용하였다. 연구대상지역은 광주광역시에 있는 영산강상류 유역을 선정하였다. 토양유실량은 LS인자를 계산하는 방법에 따라 3가지 방법을 적용하였고 각 방법별로 2가지의 유사전달비 추정방법을 적용하여 6가지 경우에 대해 유사유출량을 산정하였다. 그리고 건교부의 경험적 방법에 의한 유사유출량과 상대적 크기를 비교하였다. 본 연구에서 산정된 유사유출량은 댐이나 하도의 계획, 설계, 관리, 재해영향평가에 활용될 수 있을 것이다.