• Applied Microscopy
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.43-48
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• 2012

This study shows that ceresin wax, candellila wax and microcrystalline wax mixed together with liquid paraffin oil to produce lipsticks (LS-1, LS-2) and capric/caprylic triglyceride oil added to produce lipsticks (LS-3, LS-4). After each type of lipsticks were molded, LS-1 and LS-3 was put into a cooling chamber ($5^{\circ}C$). LS-2 and LS-4 was put into a cooling chamber ($5^{\circ}C$) for 18 hours and kept in an incubator ($45^{\circ}C$) for 5 hours and put again into a cool chamber ($5^{\circ}C$). After that, the wax's three dimensional network structure was observed under scanning electron microscopy. Regardless of the kind of oil, the LS-1 and LS-3 wax structure had more distinct shape than the lipstick wax structure of LS-2 and LS-4. Also, regardless of the kind of wax, the three dimensional network structure was modified as the storage temperature increased. As a result, the lipstick's molding temperature increased, the wax's structure size also increased and the shape irregularly modified. This modification causes sweating phenomenon which affected lipstick's surface rheological property.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.1-11
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• 2022

Purpose : This study was conducted to assess the status of sarcopenia and locomotive syndrome in the Korean elderly population over 65 years of age by applying the recently updated screening tool for diagnostic evaluation of sarcopenia and locomotive syndrome. Methods : Sarcopenia and locomotive syndrome (LS) were diagnosed and evaluated in 210 Korean elderly people over 65 years of age. There were 36 patients in the "sarcopenia group", 164 in the "locomotive syndrome group", and 10 in the "normal group". The collected data were analyzed using the chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Results : The diagnostic evaluation of sarcopenia and LS showed the presence of sarcopenia in 9.05 % of males and 8.10% females among the Korean elderly population over 65 years of age. Prevalence of stage 1 locomotive syndrome (LS 1) was 95.24 %; stage 2, (LS 2) 36.19 %; and stage 3 (LS 3), 16.19 % among the study population. Both the sarcopenia diagnostic indicator and the LS evaluation indicators showed significant differences between the three groups. All the subjects in the sarcopenia group had LS; further, on comparison of the detailed composition ratio of each patient with LS, the prevalence of LS in the sarcopenia group was found to be: LS 1 41.67 %, LS 2 41.67 %, and LS 3 16.67 %, whereas in the LS group, it was found to be: LS 1 66.46 %, LS 2 16.46 %, and LS 3 17.07 %. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant. Conclusion : It was confirmed that sarcopenia is correlated with LS incidence. This suggests that the evaluation of motor LS can be used as a tool for the early diagnosis and prevention of sarcopenia in cases of functional decline due to aging in the elderly population.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.55-67
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• 2021

A 210-day experiment was conducted to examine the effects of starvation on survival, external morphometric traits, and sectioned morphometric traits in Far Eastern catfish(Silurus asotus). The survival rate decreased to 92.2±0.47% in the fed group and to 74.4±2.59% in the starved group. Eight dimensions of Ls, DALPO/Ls, DADOP/Ls, ED/Ls, CH/Ls, BDAA/Ls, BDMA/Ls, and BWAA/Ls showed significant differences (p<0.05), and 16 other dimensions of DALAD/Ls, DPDPL/Ls, HPLAA/Ls, HALAV/Ls, HALOP/Ls, DAUPO/Ls, DADAV/Ls, DADAA/Ls, Max BL/Ls, Man BL/Ls, LD/Ls, HWOP/Ls, DAUF/HL, DAUS/HL, IW/HL, and DAUE/HL were not significantly different among the initial, fed, and starved groups (p>0.05). The fed group showed higher total height (THX), wider width (WX), and larger area (AX) than those of the starved group in each body section. This research provides information on the morphometric traits and body sections of starved Far Eastern catfish. These results can be used as a basic guide to indicate nutritional status and assist in aquaculture methods for Far Eastern catfish. Moreover, the methods used in this study were considered helpful because the survey analysis method can be used to investigate information on the nutritional status of other fish species.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.425-434
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• 2023

An analysis was conducted on landfill gas generation and surface emission by major routes for three landfill sites of S Landfill in the metropolitan area. LS1, which had a total landfill gas generation ratio of 10.9%, accounted for 49.4% of the total surface emissions. The total surface emission of methane alone was 13.6 Nm³/min in the three landfill sites. Among them, the surface emission of methane at LS1, LS2, and LS3 was 8.4(61.7%), 4.0(29.4%), and 1.2 Nm³/min(8.9%), respectively. By emission path in the upper, slope, and dike, it was 7.3(53.2%), 6.4(46.7%), and 0.02 Nm³/min(0.1%). The dike section of the major surface emission areas showed the largest oxidation rate at 87.5%, followed by the upper at 72.3%, and the slope at 71.8%. Based on methane generation, LS1 had the largest surface emission contribution rate, with 61.7% of the total by S Landfill. By major emission path, the slope section of LS1 accounted for 41.7% of the total, the upper section of LS2 24.4%, and the upper section of LS1 20.0%, which accounted for 86.1% of the total methane surface emission of S Landfill. Therefore, it is concluded that intensive management will be necessary.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.97-106
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• 2009

Although lovastatin (LS) is widely used in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia, its bioavailability is known to be around 5%. This study was aimed to increase the solubility and dissolution-permeation rates of LS using solid dispersions (SDs) with bile salts. The solubilities of LS in water, aqueous bile salt solutions and non-aqueous vehicles were determined, and effects of bile salts on the cellulose or duodenal permeation of LS from SDs were evaluated using a horizontal permeation system. SDs were prepared at various ratios of LS to carriers, such as sodium deoxycholate (SDC), sodium glycocholate (SGC) and/or 2-hydroxypropyl-$\beta$-cyclodextrin (HPCD). The addition of bile salts (25 mM) in water increased markedly the solubility of LS by the micellar solubilization. Some non-aqueous vehicles were effective in solubilizing LS. From differential scanning calorimetric studies, it was found that the crystallinity of LS in SDs disappeared, indicating a formation of amorphous state. The SDs showed markedly enhanced dissolution compared with those of their physical mixtures (PMs) and drug alone. In the dissolution-permeation studies using a cellulose membrane, the donor and receptor solutions were maintained as a sink condition using pH 7.0 phosphate buffer containing 0.05% sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS). The flux of LS alone was nearly same as that of LS-SDC-HPCD (1:3:6) PM. However, the flux of LS-SDC-HPCD (1:3:6) SD slightly increased compared with drug alone and PM, suggesting that entrapment of LS in micelles does not significantly hinder the permeation across cellulose membrane. In the dissolution-duodenal permeation studies using a LS-HPCD-SDC (1:3:6) SD, the addition of various bile salts in donor solutions (25 mM) enhanced the permeation of LS markedly, and the fluxes were found to be $0.69{\pm}0.41$, $0.87{\pm}0.51$, $0.84{\pm}0.46$, $0.47{\pm}0.17$ and $0.68{\pm}0.32{\mu}g/cm^2/hr$ for sodium cholate (SC), SDC, SGC, sodium taurodeoxycholate (STDC) and sodium taurocholate (STC), respectively. The stepwise increase of donor SGC concentration increased the flux dose-dependently. From the relationship of donor SGC concentration and flux, the concentration of SGC initiating the permeation across the duodenal mucosa was calculated to be 11.1 mM, which is nearly same as the critical micelle concentration (CMC, 11.6 mM) of SGC. However, with no addition of bile salts and below CMC, the permeation was very limited and irratic, indicating that LS itself is very poor permeable. Higher protions of bile salt in SD such as LS-SDC or LS-SGC (1 : 49 and 1 : 69) showed highly promoted fluxes. In conclusion, SD systems with bile salts, which may form their micelles in intestinal fluids, might be a promising means for providing enhanced dissolution and intestinal permeation of practically insoluble and non-absorbable LS.

• Proceedings of the KIPE Conference
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• 2020.08a
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• pp.324-325
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• 2020

계통 연계용 PCS(Power Conditioning System)에 적용되는 미국 인증 규격은 UL1741로써 PCS의 하드웨어 안정성과 소프트웨어의 기능 및 안정성을 요구한다. UL1741은 연계 규정으로 IEEE 1547.1을 요구하고 있으며, 본 논문에서는 소프트웨어 기능 및 안정성을 요구하는 UL1741SA 항목을 검증하기 위하여 데베소프트사의 SIRIUS 장비를 이용하여 효과적이고 정합성 있는 시뮬레이션 결과를 도출한다.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.161-170
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• 2001

We conducted both the small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA) polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and mitochondrial (mt) DNA RFLP analyses for a genetic characterization of Acanthamoeba isolates from contact lens storage cases of students in Seoul, Korea. Twenty-three strains of Acanthamoeba from the American Type Culture Collection and twelve clinical isolates from Korean patients were used as reference strains. Thirty-nine isolates from contact lens storage cases were classified into seven types (KA/LS1 , KA/LS2, KA/LS4, KA/LS5, KA/LS7 KA/LS18, KA/LS31). Four types (KA/LS1 , KA/LS2, KA/LS5, KA/LS18) including 33 isolates were regarded as A. castellanii complex by riboprints. KA/LS1 type was the most predominant (51.3%) in the present survey area, followed by KA/LS2 (20.9%), and KA/LSS (7.7%) types. Amoebae of KA/LS1 type had the same mtDNA RFLP and riboprint patterns as KA/E2 and KA/E12 strains, clinical isolates from Korean keratitis patients. Amoebae of KA/LS2 type had the identical mtDNA RFLP patterns with A. castellanii Ma strain, a corneal isolate from an American patient as amoebae of KA/LS5 type, with KA/E3 and KA/E8 strains from other Korean keratitis patients. Amoebae of KA/LS 18 type had identical patterns with JAC/E1, an ocular isolate from a Japanese patient. Three types , which remain unidentified at species level, were not corresponded with any clinical isolate in their mtDNA RFLP and riboprint patterns. Out of 39 isolates analyzed in this study, mtDNA RFLP and riboprint patterns of 33 isolates (84.6%) were identical to already known clinical isolates, and therefore, they may be regarded as potentially keratopathogenic. These results suggest that contact lens wearers in Seoul should pay more attention to hygienic maintenance of contact lens storage cases for the prevention of Acanthamoeba keratitis.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.447-452
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• 2017

A closely associated set of characteristics was analyzed using both classical and truss dimensions to discriminate sexual dimorphism between spawning season and non spawning season in grass puffer, Takifugu niphobles. In non-spawning season, $1{\times}10/Ls$ of classical dimension was significantly different between male and female (P<0.05). In spawning season, $1{\times}9/Ls$ and $1{\times}10/Ls$ of classical dimension, $3{\times}8/Ls$, $3{\times}9/Ls$, $3{\times}10/Ls$, $4{\times}8/Ls$, $4{\times}9/Ls$ and $8{\times}9/Ls$ of truss dimension and $7{\times}9/HL$ of head part dimension were significantly different between male and female (P<0.05). The results of this study may be useful as basic information of other fish species to compare the change of sexual dimorphism between spawning season and non spawning season.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.48-53
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• 2002

This paper Proposes an iterative Local Search (ILS) algorithm for Rural Postman Problems (RPPs). LS searches neighbors from an initial solution in solution space and obtains a nearoptimal solution which can be a local-minima. As an extension of LS, the ILS algorithm is a method that uses various initial solutions for LS. Hence. ILS can overcome the defect of LS. This paper proposes LS and ILS methods for 18 RPPs and analyzes the results of LS and ILS. In the simulation results, the ILS method obtained the better results than the LS method.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.83-85
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• 2016

The OFDM with LS signal detection performs worse in fast time varying channels as the channel matrix has higher chance of becoming ill-conditioned. Various regularization methods are applied to avoid performance degradation in LS signal detection. In this paper, we proposed a CGLS method with the stopping criteria imposed by the characteristics of the modulation method, which shows performance comparable to that of the optimal LMMSE.