• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.200-209
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• 2019

Objectives : The liver is rich in mitochondria and it plays a key role in whole-body energy homeostasis. Mitochondria is double membrane-bound organelle that supplies energy for intracellular metabolism including Krebs cycle and beta-oxidation. Acupuncture is known to stimulate and regulate the flow of energy. To explore the effect of acupuncture on the mitochondrial respiratory chain activity in the rats' livers, the activity of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes I to IV was observed. Methods : The rats were divided into 4 groups; Normal 1 (no acupuncture treatment and anesthesia for 5 min), Normal 2 (no acupuncture treatment and anesthesia for 10 min), MA1 (acupuncture treatment at bilateral LR3 under anesthesia for 5 min), and MA2 (acupuncture treatment at bilateral LR3 under anesthesia for 10 min). All rats were sacrificed and the livers were examined for respiratory chain change. Results : There was no difference in ubiquinon oxidoreductase, succinate dehydrogenase, and ubiquinol cytochrome C oxidoreductase after acupuncture at LR3. Acupuncture at LR3 for 10 min increased the activity of cytochrome C oxidase compared with no acupuncture groups. Conclusions : Acupuncture at LR3 mediated mitochondrial respiratory chain activity via the cytochrome C oxidase signaling pathway in the livers of rats.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.29-43
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• 2016

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of LR3 and SP6 acupuncture on liver damage of streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Methods : Male ICR mice were divided into four groups, consisting of the normal mice group(N), acupuncture-free diabetic mice group(Con), LR3-acupuncture diabetic mice group(LR3) and SP6-acupuncture diabetic mice group(SP6). The following measurements were taken: Body weight, food intake and water intake for 2 weeks; liver weight, and glucose levels in the serum and liver; ALT and AST in the serum; reactive oxygen species(ROS), reduced glutathione(GSH) and oxidized glutathione(GSSG) in the liver; and lastly, receptor for advanced glycation endproducts( RAGE), $N{\varepsilon}-carboxymethyl$ lysine(CML), $N{\varepsilon}-carboxyethyl$ lysine(CEL), phosphorylation of inhibitory kappa B alpha($p-I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$), nuclear factor-kappa B($NF-{\kappa}B$), activator protein-1(AP-1), cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS), tumor necrosis factor-alpha($TNF-{\alpha}$), ${\beta}-actin$, cytochrome c and caspase in the liver. Results : The liver weight and GSH/GSSG ratio were significantly increased in SP6 compared to Con. The glucose levels in the liver were significantly decreased in LR3 compared to Con. The generation of ROS and GSSG were significantly decreased in SP6 compared to Con. The expressions of RAGE, CML, AP-1, $TNF-{\alpha}$, cytochrome c and caspase 3 were significantly decreased in LR3 compared to Con. The expressions of $p-I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$, $NF-{\kappa}B$, AP-1, COX-2, iNOS and caspase 3 were significantly decreased in SP6 compared to Con. Conclusion : It is predicted that LR3 acupuncture is related to reduced glucose levels in the liver and expressions of AGE, and that, SP6 acupuncture is related to reduced oxidative stress-related transcription factors and inflammation-related proteins. Therefore, we suggest that LR3 and SP6 acupuncture have protective effects on the liver of streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice by preventing apoptosis.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.37-43
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• 2018

Lattice-reduction (LR) techniques have been developed for signal detection in spatial multiplexing multiple input multiple output (MIMO) systems to obtain the largest diversity gain. Thus, an LR-assisted zero-forcing (ZF) receiver can achieve the maximum diversity gain in spatial multiplexing MIMO systems. In this paper, a simplified analysis of the achievable diversity gain is presented by fitting the channel coefficients lattice-reduced by a complex Lenstra-Lenstra-$Lov{\acute{a}}z$ (LLL) algorithm into approximated Gaussian random variables. It will be shown that the maximum diversity gain corresponding to two times the number of receive antennas can be achieved by the LR-based ZF detector. In addition, the approximated bit error rate (BER) expression is also derived. Finally, the analytical BER performance is comparatively studied with the simulated results.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.169-178
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• 2004

Objective : This study was designed to investigate the effects of acupuncture, moxibustion and electro-acupuncture at LI4 and LR3, BL18 and BL25 on serum gastin level in rats. Methods : LI4 and LR3 which belong to Large Intestine Meridian and liver Meridian are acupuncture points frequently used for healing gastrointestinal disease in oriental medicine. BL18 and BL25 which belong to Bladder Meridian are acupuncture points used for healing hepatic disease and intestinal disease in oriental medicine. Serum gastrin level by radioimmnunoassay was measured at 3 days after acupuncture, moxibustion and electro-acupuncture of those acupoints. Results & Conclusion : Moxibustion applied to the BL18 acupoint, BL25 acupoint decreased gastrin level of serum, but moxibustion applied to the BL18+BL25 acupoints did not produced significant effect. Acupuncture applied to the LI4 acupoint, LR4 acupoint did not produced significant effect, but acupuncture applied to the LI4+LR4 acupoints increased gastrin level of serum, Electro-acupuncture applied to the LI4 acupoint, LR4 acupoint increased gastrin level of serum, and electro-acupuncture applied to the LI4+LR4 acupoints also increased gastrin level of serum.

• 인지과학
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.41-63
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• 1995

트리접합문법의 LR상향식 파싱 방법을 제시한다.먼저 트리접합문법의 형식특성을 기술하기 위한 접합규칙 시스템을 도입하여 파싱과정을 효율적으로 수행할 수 있게 한다.트리접합문법은 문맥의존성을 갖고 있는데,접합 순간은 문맥자 유문법 체계로 기술할 수 있음을 보이고,이러한 특성을 기반으로 상향식 파싱방법을 유도한다.본 논문에서 제시한 LR상향식 파싱방법은 트리접합문법에 문맥자유문법의 파싱방법을 변형하여 적용할 수 있음을 보인다.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제39권5호
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• pp.246-254
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• 2017

호소, 하천 등에 다량의 영양염류의 유입과 수문학적, 지리학적, 생물학적 요소 등으로 인해 남조류가 대량 발생하게 되며 대표적 독성물질인 마이크로시스틴-LR(MC-LR)이 증가한다. MC-LR이 포함된 지표수를 적절하게 처리하기 위하여 정수처리공정에서는 고도산화공정을 적용하고 있다. 다양한 고도산화공정 중 특히 UV, $UV/H_2O_2$, $UV/O_3$, $UV/TiO_2$ 등에 대한 연구는 꾸준히 되어왔다. 기존의 UV램프의 짧은 교체주기, 수은 폐기물 발생, 큰 열 손실 등의 단점을 보완한 UV-LED를 MC-LR제거에 적용하였다. MC-LR 초기농도 $100{\mu}g/L$을 280 nm의 파장인 LED-L ($0.024mW/cm^2$)와 LED-H ($2.18mW/cm^2$)를 이용하여 산화시켰을 때 각각 최대 약 30%, 95.9%의 MC-LR 제거율을 나타냈다. LED-H를 조사 시 자연유기물 변화는 휴믹물질, UVD, SUVA가 감소하는 경향을 보였고 방향족 유기물이 지방족 유기물로 분해되어 저분자 물질이 되었다. $LED-H/H_2O_2$($H_2O_2$: 1, 2, 5, 10 mg/L)산화반응에 의한 MC-LR제거율은 LED-H 단독에 의한 MC-LR 제거율과 유사하였다. 남조류가 발생한 낙동강 원수를 대상으로 LED-L산화를 적용하여 수질분석을 통하여 특성변화를 확인하였다. DOC 및 TOC의 변화는 거의 없었으나 SUVA와 $UV_{254}$의 감소로 인하여 유기물의 분해되었으며 조류유래물질인 용존 및 총 MC-LR, geosmin, 2-MIB농도가 시간이 지남에 따라 서서히 감소하였다.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.59-66
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• 2010

목적 : 태충($LR_3$)에 자침을 하는 것이 쥐의 유방 조직에 미치는 혈역학적 변화를 측정하기 위하여 diffuse optical imaging 기법을 사용하였다. 방법 : 실험에 사용한 쥐는 자침을 하지 않은 대조군 7마리, 태충에 자침을 한 실험군 8마리로 총 2개의 군으로 나누었다. 몸무게 170g 정도의 건강한 암컷 쥐는 100% 산소와 1.5% isoflurane을 혼합한 것을 이용하여 마취시켰다. 자침은 양 발등의 첫째와 둘째 중족골 사이의 지점인 태충($LR_3$)에 20분간 시행하였다. Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic에서 개발된 modulated imaging system을 이용하여 자침하기 전과 자침하고 있는 동안에 산화혈색소(OHb), 탈산소혈색소(RHb), 총 혈색소(THb)와 조직 산소 포화도($StO_2$)의 영상을 얻었다. 결과 : 실험 결과 태충($LR_3$)에 자침을 한 실험군에서는 대조군에 비하여 유의성이 있는 OHb THb의 감소와 유의성이 없는 RHb의 증가가 나타났다. 결론 : Diffuse optical imaging 기법으로 자침 중에 조직 산소공급과 혈류량의 변화를 확인할 수 있었고, 이는 비침습적으로 자침의 효과를 측정하는 데 활용할 수 있다고 생각한다. 또한 자침으로 인한 유방조직의 혈역학적 조절은 암 검진뿐만 아니라 암 치료에도 다른 치료와 병행하여 활용할 수 있으리라 생각한다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.345-362
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• 2017

The primary purpose of this study was to determine the risk of various disease outcomes due to exposure to cyanobacteria toxin (microcystin-LR) through drinking water in a Korean watershed. In order to determine the risk in a more quantitative way, the risk assessment framework developed by the National Research Council (NRC) of the United States (US) - hazard identification, dose-response relationship, exposure assessment, and risk characterization - was used in this study. For dose-response relationships, a computer software (BenchMark Dose Software (BMDS)) developed by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was used to fit the data from previous studies showing the relationship between the concentration of microcystin-LR and various disease outcomes into various dose-response models. For exposure assessment, the concentrations of microcystin-LR in the source water and finished water in a Korean watershed obtained from a recent study conducted by the Ministry of Environment of Korea were used. Finally, the risk of various disease outcomes due to exposure to cyanobacteria toxin (microcystin-LR) through drinking water was characterized by Monte-Carlo simulation using Crystall Ball program (Oracle Inc.) for adults and children. The results of this study suggest that the risk of disease due to microcystin-LR toxin through drinking water is very low and it appears that current water treatment practice should be able to protect the public from the harmful effects of cyanobacteria toxin (microcystin-LR) through drinking water.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제63권3호
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• pp.520-530
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• 2021

This experiment was performed to verify whether dietary heat-killed Lactobacillus rhamnosus (LR) improves growth performance and modulates immune responses of weaned pigs. Ninety-six weaned pigs ([Landrace × Yorkshire] × Duroc; 6.95 ± 0.25 kg body weight [BW]; 28 d old) were randomly allocated to four treatments: 1) a basal diet without heat-killed LR (CON), 2) T1 (CON with 0.1% heat-killed LR), 3) T2 (CON with 0.2% heat-killed LR), and 4) T3 (CON with 0.4% heat-killed LR). Each treatment had six pens with four pigs (6 replicates per treatment) in a randomized completely block design. The heat-killed LR used in this study contained 1 × 10⁹ FU/g of LR in a commercial product. Pigs were fed each treatment for four weeks using a two-phase feeding program to measure growth performance and frequency of diarrhea. During the last week of this study, all diets contained 0.2% chromic oxide as an indigestible marker. Fecal sampling was performed through rectal palpation for the consecutive three days after the four adaptation days to measure apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter, crude protein, and gross energy (GE). Blood sampling was also performed on day 1, 3, 7, and 14 after weaning to measure immune responses such as serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), C-reactive protein (CRP), and cortisol. The heat-killed LR increased (p < 0.05) growth rate, feed efficiency, and ATTD of GE for overall experimental period compared with CON, but reduced (p < 0.05) post-weaning diarrhea. In addition, pigs fed diets contained heat-killed had lower concentrations of serum TNF-α (d 7; p < 0.05), TGF-β1 (d 7; p < 0.10), and cortisol (d 3 and 7; p < 0.05) than pigs fed CON. In conclusion, dietary heat-killed LR improved growth rate, modified immune responses of weaned pigs, and alleviated post-weaning diarrhea.

• Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.65-69
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• 2015

Low level laser therapy (LLLT) has facilitated an improvement in acupuncture treatment. In this study, we stimulated Shaochong (HT9), Dadun (LR1), Shaohai (HT3), and Yingu (KI10) acupoints with pulsed laser diodes 532 nm [green laser] and 658 nm [red laser] in rats with induced middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO). The animals were divided into 6 groups: intact control; MCAO control without LLLT; LLLT with red laser at HT9·LR1 and HT3·KI10 (RR); LLLT with green laser at HT9·LR1 and HT3·KI10 (GG); LLLT with green laser at HT9·LR1 and red laser at HT3·KI10 (GR); and LLLT with red laser at HT9·LR1 and green laser at HT3·KI10 (RG). We evaluated the immunohistochemical changes in the hippocampal CA1 region, and complete blood count changes. Compared to the MCAO control group, the RG group showed a significant decrease in Bax and cytochrome c levels in the hippocampus, and a significant increase in hemoglobin level, hematocrit, total white blood cell, neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, and erythrocyte counts.