• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.1-14
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to identify the efficiency of LID technologies for controlling non-point source pollution from urban areas. The recent technical responses to managing water resource and urban areas according to the influence of climate change is an important national policy, along with green growth. Through various reference studies reasonable ways to consider a wholistic plan on urban-eco-friendly river management, the Low Impact Development (LID) as the adequate river management method is being undertaken in foreign countries to technically apply to urban plans. However, the LID is at the initial stage in Korea, with no specific studies implemented. Thus, this study explored whether LID technologies can be efficient measures to control non-point source pollution on the cost side. Ulsan's Namgu and Bukgu have been chosen as case studies that illustrate the efficiency of the LID technologies. On investigation, if LID technologies are designed properly, the efficiency of them is expected to higher than that of sewage treatment plant.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.432-438
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• 2010

LIDMOD2 was developed for evaluation of low impact development (LID) and best management practice (BMP) by modification of Site Evaluation Tool (SET). The modification includes employment of SCS-CN method for annual runoff simulation, unit load method for annual pollutant loads simulation, and the method proposed by Korean TMDL for calculating pollutant reduction by BMPs. The CN values were updated with regionalized parameters within Nack-Dong River basin because these are important parameters for simulating hydrology. LIDMOD2 was tested by applying to Andong Bus terminal. As a simulation results, pollutant loads and surface runoff will be significantly increased by post-development without LID compared with those from pre-development. LID technique was simulated to efficiently reduce surface runoff and pollutant load and increase infiltration. LIDMOD2 is screening level tool and easy to use because LIDMOD2 is based on spread sheet and most of parameters are regionalized. LIDMOD2 was illustrate that it could evaluate LID well by summarizing and graphing annual hydrology, annual pollutant loading, and hydrograph for event storm. The calculation methods related with pollutant loads are employed from the guideline of Korean TMDL and it can be useful tool for Korean TMDL to evaluate the effect of LID/BMP on developing area.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.491-501
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• 2018

This study presents a systematic framework to derive the best values of design and planning parameters for low impact development (LID) practices. LID was developed to rehabilitate the distorted hydrological cycle due to the rapid urbanization. This study uses Water Management Analysis Module (WMAM) to perform sensitivity analysis and multiple scenario analysis for LID design and planning parameters of Storm Water Management Model (SWMM). This procedure was applied to an urban watershed which have experienced rapid urbanization in recent years. As a result, the design and planning scenario derived by WMAM shows lower total flows and peak flow, and larger infiltration than arbitrary scenarios for LID design and planning parameters. In the future, economic analysis can be added for this application in the field.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2016.05a
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• pp.317-317
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• 2016

저영향개발(Low Impact Development, LID) 시설들은 미국 일본 등 선진국을 중심으로 관련법에 따라 개발 및 적용 되어왔으나 국내에서는 최근에서야 LID 시설을 적용할 수 있는 제도적인 틀을 구축하고 있는 실정이며, 국내 여건에 맞는 LID 시설을 개발하여 그 효용성을 검증하기 까지는 상당한 시간이 소요될 것으로 판단된다. 서울시는 2014년 '서울특별시 빗물관리에 관한 조례 전부개정조례'를 발표함으로써 한국형 LID 시설을 대단위로 적용 하고 검증 할 수 있는 발판을 마련하였다. 서울시의 2014년 전부개정조례에 따르면 시장 및 구청장은 저영향개발 계획 수립의 실효성 확보를 위하여 저영항개발 사전협의 제도를 마련하여 시행하여야 하며, 시장은 저영향개발 지구단위계획을 수립하여야 한다. 이에 따라, 본 연구에서는 실제로 적용 가능한 투수포장 주차장을 설계 할 수 있도록 투수 주차장형 LID 시설을 검증할 수 있는 투수효율성 검증실험단지를 설계 및 구축 하였다. 과거 도심의 우수배제는 중앙 집중형 시스템으로 단기간에 우수를 차집하여 배제하는 방식이었으나, 근래에는 집중형 우수배제 시스템의 위험성, 경제성 그리고 용량한계 등 여러 가지 문제점이 부각되면서 분산형 시스템으로의 전환이 이루어지고 있다. 물순환도시 및 지속가능한 도시 등이 분산형 우수배제 시스템의 예이며, 주차장, 도로, 건물 등 불투수 표면으로부터의 우수를 지면으로 침투 및 침루시키는 방법 등을 활용하여 건전한 물순환을 꾀하고 있다. 침투 및 침루 능력은 각각 포장체 및 포장면 하부구조의 재료와 밀접한 관련이 있으며 재료의 선정은 하부구조의 안정성 확보를 고려하여 선택되어야 한다. 또한 우수 배제를 위한 유공관은 접합점에서 강도를 유지하면서 효율적으로 유수를 배제할 수 있어야 하며, 저류조 설치는 강수의 활용목적에 맞게 선정되어야 한다. 이러한 투수 주차장형 LID 시설은 하나의 시스템으로서 포장체의 재료에 따른 공학적 성질, 하부구조 구축방법 및 재료 선정 그리고 유공관 배열 등에 따라 그 시스템의 거동이 변화하므로 기존에 행해왔던 단순 재료실험으로는 투수성 주차장의 우수배제 시스템을 평가할 수 없다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 이를 검증할 수 있는 투수효율성 검증실험단지 설계 및 구축하였다.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.569-578
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• 2018

To minimize the negative alterations in hydrologic and water quality environment in urban areas due to urbanization, Low Impact Development (LID) techniques are actively applied. In Korea, LID facilities are classified as Non-point Pollution Reduction Facilities (NPRFs), and therefore they are evaluated using the performance evaluation method for NPRFs. However, while LID facilities are generally installed in small, distributed configuration and mainly work with the infiltration process, the existing NPRFs are installed on a large scale and mainly work with the reservoir process. Therefore, some limitations are expected in assessing both facilities using the same method as they differ in properties. To solve these problems, in this study, a new method for performance evaluation was proposed with focus on bio-retention LID facilities. EPA SWMM was used to reproduce the hydrologic and water quality phenomena in study area, and SWMM-LID module used to simulate TP interception performance by installing a bio-retention cell under various conditions through long-term simulations. Finally, an empirical formula for Load Capture Ratio (LCR) was derived based on storm water interception ratio in the same form as the existing method. Using the existing formula in estimating the LCR is likely to overestimate the performance of interception for non-point pollutants in the extremely low design capacity, and also underestimate it in the moderate and high design capacity.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.580-586
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• 2011

Low impact development (LID) technique is recently proposed as new concept to reduce surface runoff and pollutant loading with various best management practices (BMPs). In this study, LIDMOD2, which is one of the model to evaluate LID, was applied at Mohyeon developing area to evaluate the redcution of annual runoff and pollution loading, cost-reduction efficient by LID with design of structural BMPs including bioretention, wet pond, and wetland. As a simulation results, the bioretention had the highest reduction efficiency for runoff (41.43%), and 22% for T-N and 22% for BOD. Wet pont had the highest reduction efficiency for T-P as showing 25% of reduction rate. As a results of cost-reduction efficient, wet pont represented the highest cost-effective for T-N and BOD with showing 0.43 T-P kg/million won and 17.37 BOD kg/million won, respectively, and bioretention represented the highest cost-effective for T-P with showing 2.52 T-P kg/million won. LID technology could reduce effectively surface runoff and nonpoint source pollution and construct sustainable development. LIDMOD2 could be suggested as useful tool to evaluate and design LID.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2020.06a
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• pp.321-321
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• 2020

도시화로 인해 유역의 불투수면적이 증가함에 따라 수문학적 요소와 수질에 큰 변화를 가져왔다. 불투수면적의 증가는 강우시 지표유출의 증가, 토양층 침투 차단으로 인한 지하수 재충전 감소 및 지하수위 감소를 초래하여 결과적으로 기저유출을 감소시킨다. 이러한 증가된 불투수면적이 강우유출수의 수문 및 수질에 미치는 영향을 완화하기 위해 최근 저영향개발 (Low Impact Development; LID) 기법이 개발되어 적용되고 있다. LID 기법은 개발 이전의 수문순환 상태에 최대한 근사하도록 개발하는 기법으로 우수 유출 속도 감소, 유역에서의 저류, 침투 및 증발산 과정 촉진, 하류로의 오염물질을 저감시킨다. 효과적인 저영향개발 기법 적용을 위해서는 시설 설치 전 모형을 이용한 저영향개발 기법의 적용 효과를 파악해야 한다. 이에 따라 많은 저영향개발 기법 모형들이 개발되었으며, 그 중 SWMM (Storm Water Management Model) 모형이 LID 효과분석을 위해 많이 이용되고 있다. 그러나 SWMM 모형의 경우, 저영향개발 기법으로 모의되는 침투 후 토양 물 흐름이 토양의 수분 조건을 고려하지 않고 모의가 되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 HSPF(Hydrological Simulation Program: FORTRAN) 모형을 이용하여 LID 시설 내에서의 저류현상을 구현하고 수문요소에 대한 영향을 분석하고자 한다. HSPF 모형의 입력자료를 구축하여 모형을 구축하고 LID 모형 적용 전에 모형의 보정 및 검정을 수행하였으며, LID 시설을 적용하여 유역내 수문요소들의 변화를 분석하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 향후 LID 효과 분석을 위한 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2022.05a
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• pp.343-343
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• 2022

강우의 유출은 하늘에서 발생한 강우가 다양한 유역을 거쳐 하천 및 해안 등으로 방류되는 일련의 과정을 의미한다. 강우의 유출과정에서 좀 더 효율적인 유량처리를 위하여 대부분의 도시 유역에는 우수관망이 설치되어 있다. 우수관망은 일정 빈도 이하의 강우량 방재를 목적으로 설계하며, 해당 강우량을 초과하는 경우 침수피해가 발생한다. 우수관망의 목표 강우를 초과하는 경우를 위하여 우수 저류지, 펌프장 및 LID(Low Impact Development) 시설물 설치 등 다양한 노력이 지속되어 왔으며, 이를 더욱 효율적으로 관리하기 위한 연구가 지속되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 강우 발생유역을 격자로 분할하여 우수의 흐름을 파악하여 효율적인 저류지 및 LID 시설물의 설치 위치를 지정하고자 한다. 분석지역은 경상남도 창원시 마산합포구 인근이며, ArcGIS 10.8을 이용하여 해당 지역의 지형을 3D로 구현하였으며 EPA-SWMM 5.1을 이용하여 침수분석을 진행하였다. 또한, 구성된 TIN(Triangulated Irregular Network)를 10m × 10m 크기의 격자로 분할하여 지표고에 따른 유량의 흐름 및 중첩을 판단하였다. 분할된 격자들 중 유량의 중첩 정도가 가장 높으며 침수피해 정도가 높은 지역을 대상으로 종류 및 크기를 고려한 최적의 비용과 효율을 갖는 저류지 및 LID 시설물 설치 위치를 결정하였다. 우수관망 시스템, LID 시설물, 우수 저류지 각각의 시선에서 접근한 기존의 연구와 달리 다양하고 포괄적인 방재시설물 설치를 통해 더욱 효율적이고 경제적인 우수 방재 시스템 구현에 도움이 될 것으로 기대된다. 우수관망 시스템, LID 시설물, 우수 저류지 각각의 시선에서 접근한 기존의 연구와 달리 다양하고 포괄적인 방재시설물 설치를 통해 더욱 효율적이고 경제적인 우수 방재 시스템 구현에 도움이 될 것으로 기대된다.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.35 no.11
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• pp.795-802
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• 2013

According to the increase of impervious area due to the town development, the rate of infiltration generally lessens and that of runoff rises during wet weather events. And it is concerned that its impacts on water quality for the downstream water bodies due to the change of rainfall runoff patterns may also increase. To cope with these issues, LID (Low Impact Development) techniques which try to maintain the characteristics of rainfall runoff regardless of the town development have been introduced actively. However, the behaviors of each LID technique for rainfall runoff and pollutant loads is not understood sufficiently. In this study, considering the applications of some LID techniques, several sets of simulations using a distributed rainfall runoff model, SWMM-LID, have been conducted for D town whose development is progressing. As the results of the simulations, the rates of infiltration/storage have been decreased from 78% in the case before the town development to 15% after the development and increased again by 24% with LID techniques such as porous pavement, rain barrel and rain garden. The rates of runoff have been increased more than three times from 20% in the case before the development to 74% after the development, and they have also been decreased to 66% by the adoption of LID techniques. It has been simulated that porous pavement is more effective than others in the view point of the reduction of runoff and rain barrel is more attractive for the management of pollutant loads (TSS, BOD, COD, T-N and T-P). Therefore, if some LID techniques should be selected for the a new town, it could be concluded that some techniques with better infiltration functions are recommendable for the control of runoff, and ones with larger storage functions for the management of pollutant loads.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.322-326
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• 2006

A low iodine diet (LID) for $1{\sim}2$ weeks is recommended for patients who undergoing radioiodine remnant ablation. However, the LID educations for patients are different among centers because there is no concrete recommendation for protocol of LID. In this investigation, we compared two representative types of LID protocols performed in several centers in Korea using urine iodine to creatinine ratio (urine I/Cr). Methods: From 2006, April to June, patients referred to our center for radioiodine remnant ablation of thyroid cancer from several local hospitals which had different LID protocols were included. We divided into two groups, stringent LID for 1week and less stringent LID for 2 weeks, then measured their urine I/Cr ratio with spot urine when patients were admitted to the hospital. Results: Total 27 patients were included in this investigation (M:F=1:26; 13 in one-week stringent LID; 14 in two-week less stringent LID. Average of urine I/Cr ratio was $127.87{\pm}78.52{\mu}g/g$ in stringent LID for 1 week, and $289.75{\pm}188.24{\mu}g/g$ in less stringent LID for 2 weeks. It was significantly lower in stringent LID for 1 week group (p=0.008). The number of patients whose urine I/Cr ratios were below $100{\mu}g/g$ was 6 of 13 in stringent LID for 1 week group, and 3 of 14 in less stringent LID for 2 weeks group. Conclusion: Stringent LID for 1 week resulted in better urinary I/Cr ratio in our investigation compared with the other protocol. However it still resulted in plenty of inadequate range of I/Cr ratio, so more stringent protocol such as stringent LID for 2 weeks is expected more desirable.